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BANKING IN INDIA
Shivam Shekhar
CONTENTS
▷What is Banking sector?
▷Pre-Independence Scenario
▷Post-Independence Scenario
▷Post-Liberalisation Scenario
▷Current Scenario
What is Banking Sector?
Bank & its role, Types of banking
Bank & its role
▷Bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits
from public and creates credit.
▷In addition banks also provide lending activities
either directly or through capital markets.
▷In simple words, facilitates the holding & exchange
of money.
▷Banks earn by interests on loans & investing the
money available with them in high-return investment
areas.
Types of banking
▷Personal Banking: Our day to day banks; Deposits,
withdrawals, loans etc
▷Commercial Banking: Deposits, business loans &
offer investment products
▷Investment Banking: Services such as raising
capital, assist in M&A
▷Private Banking: Banking, investment & other
services to high-net-worth-individuals(HNWI’s)
Pre-Independence Scenario
Early banks, 20th Century banking
Early banks
▷Commercial Bank & Calcutta Bank merged in 1829
to form Union Bank of Calcutta later failed in 1848
▷Allahabad Bank, the oldest functional bank today
estd. in 1865
▷Foreign banks started to appear in 1860’s in Calcutta
with CEP(later converted to BNP Paribas) & HSBC
▷First entirely Indian Bank, Oudh Commercial Bank
estd. in 1881 in Faizabad followed by Punjab National
Bank at Lahore in 1894
20th Century banking
▷Early 20th Century, period of stability in Indian
Economy
▷1906-11, several banks inspired by Swadeshi
movement
▷Several banks started in Udupi district of
Karnataka, called “Cradle of Indian Banking”
▷RBI found in 1935 to respond to economic troubles
after WW1
▷1914-18 to 1939-45, from WW1 to WW2 and further
couple of years until Independence, Banking sector
was in troubles
Post-Independence Scenario
Early independence years, Nationalisation of banks
Early independence years
▷Partition impacted Punjab & Bengal, the 2 major
hubs of economy
▷Govt initiated measures to play role in economy
▷Nationalisation of RBI in 1949
▷Banking Regulation Act enacted in 1949
empowering RBI to “regulate, control & inspect the
banks in India”
▷Banking industry was important to facilitate
development of economy
Nationalisation of banks
▷Despite of RBI regulations, majority of banks were
controlled privately
▷Govt nationalised 14 largest banks holding at least
85% of deposits through an ordinance
▷Second round of nationalisation in 1980 nationalised
6 more banks giving govt the control of over 91% of
banking business
▷Reason given was to give govt more control of credit
delivery
Post-Liberalisation Scenario
Banking in 1990s
Banking in 1990s
▷By the end of 1990, India was in a serious economic
crisis
▷In early 1990s, govt started liberalisation by licensing
small number of private banks; License Raj was slowly
phased out; Allowed FDI in many sectors
▷Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank etc are results of
this measures
▷This revitalised the banking sector in India with
rapid growth in all 3 sectors namely govt banks,
private banks & foreign banks
Current Scenarios
Structure of banking sector, Adoption of modern technologies,
Recent activities
Structure of banking sector
▷Broadly classified into Scheduled & Non-
Scheduled Banks
▷Scheduled banks further divided into 5 groups: SBI
& its associates, Nationalised banks, Private sector
banks, Foreign banks, Regional rural banks
▷Largest commercial bank today is SBI
▷Today, India has over 150 banks with over 100,000
branches and more than $ 1.0 trillion in deposits
▷India’s banking sector is now mature
Adoption of modern technologies
▷1984: MICR adopted for standardised cheques
▷1987: ATM started by HSBC
▷1988: Committee on Computerisation in Banks set up
▷1996: Internet Banking started by ICICI Bank
▷2004: RTGS started for real time payments
▷2005: NEFT started for electronic funds transfer
▷2010: IMPS started for immediate payments
▷2016: UPI started for payments using mobile phones
Future prospects
▷RBI gave a glimpse of what future banking would be like
and following are salient points:
▷Multilayered banking structure with 4 tiers
▷Continuous banking license opposed to previous policy
▷Consolidation of banks as few cater to global needs
▷Dilution of govt stakes in Public Sector Banks
▷Foreign banks in India will have better presence
▷More presence abroad for Indian banks

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Banking in India

  • 2. CONTENTS ▷What is Banking sector? ▷Pre-Independence Scenario ▷Post-Independence Scenario ▷Post-Liberalisation Scenario ▷Current Scenario
  • 3. What is Banking Sector? Bank & its role, Types of banking
  • 4. Bank & its role ▷Bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from public and creates credit. ▷In addition banks also provide lending activities either directly or through capital markets. ▷In simple words, facilitates the holding & exchange of money. ▷Banks earn by interests on loans & investing the money available with them in high-return investment areas.
  • 5. Types of banking ▷Personal Banking: Our day to day banks; Deposits, withdrawals, loans etc ▷Commercial Banking: Deposits, business loans & offer investment products ▷Investment Banking: Services such as raising capital, assist in M&A ▷Private Banking: Banking, investment & other services to high-net-worth-individuals(HNWI’s)
  • 7. Early banks ▷Commercial Bank & Calcutta Bank merged in 1829 to form Union Bank of Calcutta later failed in 1848 ▷Allahabad Bank, the oldest functional bank today estd. in 1865 ▷Foreign banks started to appear in 1860’s in Calcutta with CEP(later converted to BNP Paribas) & HSBC ▷First entirely Indian Bank, Oudh Commercial Bank estd. in 1881 in Faizabad followed by Punjab National Bank at Lahore in 1894
  • 8. 20th Century banking ▷Early 20th Century, period of stability in Indian Economy ▷1906-11, several banks inspired by Swadeshi movement ▷Several banks started in Udupi district of Karnataka, called “Cradle of Indian Banking” ▷RBI found in 1935 to respond to economic troubles after WW1 ▷1914-18 to 1939-45, from WW1 to WW2 and further couple of years until Independence, Banking sector was in troubles
  • 9. Post-Independence Scenario Early independence years, Nationalisation of banks
  • 10. Early independence years ▷Partition impacted Punjab & Bengal, the 2 major hubs of economy ▷Govt initiated measures to play role in economy ▷Nationalisation of RBI in 1949 ▷Banking Regulation Act enacted in 1949 empowering RBI to “regulate, control & inspect the banks in India” ▷Banking industry was important to facilitate development of economy
  • 11. Nationalisation of banks ▷Despite of RBI regulations, majority of banks were controlled privately ▷Govt nationalised 14 largest banks holding at least 85% of deposits through an ordinance ▷Second round of nationalisation in 1980 nationalised 6 more banks giving govt the control of over 91% of banking business ▷Reason given was to give govt more control of credit delivery
  • 13. Banking in 1990s ▷By the end of 1990, India was in a serious economic crisis ▷In early 1990s, govt started liberalisation by licensing small number of private banks; License Raj was slowly phased out; Allowed FDI in many sectors ▷Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank etc are results of this measures ▷This revitalised the banking sector in India with rapid growth in all 3 sectors namely govt banks, private banks & foreign banks
  • 14. Current Scenarios Structure of banking sector, Adoption of modern technologies, Recent activities
  • 15. Structure of banking sector ▷Broadly classified into Scheduled & Non- Scheduled Banks ▷Scheduled banks further divided into 5 groups: SBI & its associates, Nationalised banks, Private sector banks, Foreign banks, Regional rural banks ▷Largest commercial bank today is SBI ▷Today, India has over 150 banks with over 100,000 branches and more than $ 1.0 trillion in deposits ▷India’s banking sector is now mature
  • 16. Adoption of modern technologies ▷1984: MICR adopted for standardised cheques ▷1987: ATM started by HSBC ▷1988: Committee on Computerisation in Banks set up ▷1996: Internet Banking started by ICICI Bank ▷2004: RTGS started for real time payments ▷2005: NEFT started for electronic funds transfer ▷2010: IMPS started for immediate payments ▷2016: UPI started for payments using mobile phones
  • 17. Future prospects ▷RBI gave a glimpse of what future banking would be like and following are salient points: ▷Multilayered banking structure with 4 tiers ▷Continuous banking license opposed to previous policy ▷Consolidation of banks as few cater to global needs ▷Dilution of govt stakes in Public Sector Banks ▷Foreign banks in India will have better presence ▷More presence abroad for Indian banks