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Introduction to World Banking Structure
The banking structure is one of the most important component in the economy of the
world to get it grow faster. In any of the country the banking is one of the key aspect by
which a country can develop. The bank and the economy of the country are interrelated
with each other. There are number of financial institutions which include Insurance
Companies, investment banks, finance companies but bank is one of the most important
financial institution which helps in creation and flow of money in the economy. The
bank is an institution which helps depositors to deposit their money and with the
deposit money they supply the capital in the economy and bank is the most important
sector which is regulated worldwide. In the economy to get it encourage and make
stability in the financial organization there is an International banking structure and the
financial organization which helps the economy to get it stable.
In generally it is used to say that World Bank has been originated in Italy. In the middle
of the 12th Century, there is a big financial crisis and at that time Italy is lacking behind
because of the effects on the World War in their country. They desperately needs
money in order to cover their war expenses and make country stable so at that time
government comes with a plan and forced their citizen to take loan from world bank at
rate of 5% per annum in order to meet their war expenses. Such loans are known as
‘compare’, ‘Monte’ etc.
The World Bank usually created to meet the needs of the war-torn countries but now
the meaning of World Bank has changed. The mission of World Bank has now globally
wider in the world and the most important mission of the World Bank is to provide
Long-Term Financing for the development of the economy.
WWoorrlldd BBaannkk
International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD)
International Development
Association or IDA.
World Bank is comprises of two main bodies which are International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) & International Development Association, IDA.
International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD)
IBRD is also known an International Bank for Reconstruction & Development. The name itself
can give you the idea of the functioning of the bank. The main function of this institution is to
provide the funds or finance to developing countries in order of the development of the
country. The institution provide Loans at lower interest rates and moreover at no interest rates.
They also provide technical and research assistance to the developing countries and also
provide loans for developing the economy of the country. They provide infrastructure loans.
They provide loans on various projects which can help in development of the country such as
Power plant, Roads, Rail projects, ports, telecommunication, water system, health, education
and debt relief and all these projects help in the development of any country.
IBRD comprises of 188 members nationwide and each country pays some subscription amount.
Each country has 250 votes and the largest shareholder is USA in IBRD but the decisions are
made by the majority votes and the largest shareholder has benefit and can control the result
because they have most of the votes.
On the other hand International Development Association IDA has started their functioning in
1960. IDA works with IBRD and focuses its efforts on the poorest countries in the world and
they also offer assistance to the poorest countries when their economy is struggling.
Motto Working for a World Free of Poverty
Formation July 1944; 71 years ago
Type Monetary International Financial
Organization
Legal status Treaty (Legal Status)
Purpose Main purpose is Crediting
Headquarters USA Washington, D.C
Region Worldwide
Membership IBRD 188 country
IDA 173 country
Key people President - Jim Yong Kim
Parent organization World Bank Group
Data Facts & Figures
GDP Sector Composition
Source: The World Factbook (sector composition)
GDP means monetary value of all goods and services which produced in a country in a specific
period of time.
Analysis: The GDP of India is around 2048 billion US Dollar in 2014 and GDP value of India
represents 3.33% of world economy. Acc. to this report, you can see the contribution of each
sector in a GDP. Service sector includes hotel, transport, government services such as health,
education. It also includes Bank services and many more services included in GDP.
In this report you can see the contribution of service sector in an economy of each country and
service sector is one of the most important sectors and it contributes around more than 60% in
their GDP. The USA is on the top with high GDP Contribution and their service sector has approx
80% contribution in GDP and India holds 10th position in world in GDP and their service sector
holds around 60% contribution in GDP.
Rank Country
GDP
(millions of
$)
Agriculture Industry Services Year
GDP Share GDP Share GDP Share GDP Sector
1 USA 17,420,000 278,720 1.6 3,605,940 20.7 13,535,340 77.7 2014 2014
2 China 10,360,000 1,004,920 9.7 4,548,040 43.9 4,807,040 46.4 2014 2014
3 Japan 4,770,000 57,240 1.2 1,225,890 25.7 3,486,870 73.1 2014 2014
4 Germany 3,820,000 34,380 0.9 1,176,560 30.8 2,612,880 68.4 2014 2014
5 France 2,902,000 49,334 1.7 562,988 19.4 2,289,678 78.9 2014 2014
6
United
Kingdom 2,848,000 17,088 0.6 586,688 20.6 2,244,224 78.8 2014 2014
7 Brazil 2,244,000 130,152 5.8 534,072 23.8 1,579,776 70.4 2014 2014
8 Italy 2,129,000 46,838 2.2 508,831 23.9 1,573,331 73.9 2014 2014
9 Russia 2,057,000 82,280 4 746,691 36.3 1,228,029 59.7 2014 2014
10 India 2,048,000 366,592 17.9 495,616 24.2 1,185,792 57.9 2014 2014
11 Canada 1,794,000 30,498 1.7 505,908 28.2 1,257,594 70.1 2014 2014
12 Australia 1,483,000 54,871 3.7 428,587 28.9 999,542 67.4 2014 2014
13 South Korea 1,449,000 34,776 2.4 560,763 38.7 853,461 58.9 2014 2014
14 Spain 1,400,000 44,800 3.2 355,600 25.4 999,600 71.4 2014 2014
GDP growth (annual %)
Country Name Indicator Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
China GDP growth (annual %) 10.63 9.48 7.75 7.68 7.27
United Kingdom GDP growth (annual %) 1.54 1.97 1.18 2.16 2.94
India GDP growth (annual %) 10.26 6.64 5.08 6.90 7.29
United States GDP growth (annual %) 2.53 1.60 2.32 2.22 2.39
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/GB-US-CIN?display=graph
In above data the growth of India is impressive and it is growing since 2012 as compared to
other countries growth rate which are stable or not growing. .
Market Capitalization of Banks in the World with Ranking (US $ billions) (March,
2016)
Rank Bank Country Market
Cap
Rank Bank Country Market
Cap
1 Wells Fargo & Co (US) 254.19B 25 Bank of Communications China 55.08B
2 Industrial & Commercial
Bank of China (ICBC)
China 226.55B 26 Intense Sanpaolo Italy 51.40B
3 JP Morgan Chase & Co US 217.79B 27 Itau Unibanco Holding Brazil 51.007
4 China Construction Bank China 155.97B 28 Morgan Stanley US 50.92B
5 Agricultural Bank of
China
China 155.04B 29 Shanghai Pudong Development
Bank
China 48.71B
6 Bank of China China 144.16B 30 HDFC Bank Limited India 48.45B
7 Bank of America US 142.39B 31 China Minsheng Banking Corp
(CMBC)
China 47.67B
8 HSBC Holdings UK 128.91B 32 BBVA Spain 46.60B
9 Citigroup Inc US 126.74B 33 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Japan 45.53B
10 Commonwealth Bank of
Australia
Australia 99.69B 34 Industrial Bank Co China 44.48B
11 Westpac Banking
Corporation
Australia 83.53B 35 Nordea Bank Sweden 44.19B
12 Royal Bank of Canada Canada 83.36B 36 PNC Financial Services US 43.30B
13 TorontoDominion Bank Canada 77.11B 37 Banco Bradesco Brazil 40.87B
14 Lloyds Banking Group UK 73.777 38 Bank of New York Mellon US 40.62B
15 Banco Santander Spain 71.16B 39 Barclays Plc UK 40.60B
16 US Bancorp US 70.24B 40 Mizuho Financial Group Japan 39.95B
17 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial
Group (MUFG)
Japan 69.43B 41 China Citic Bank China 39.41B
18 Goldman Sachs Group US 67.91B 42 Royal Bank of Scotland Group UK 38.94B
19 UBS Group AG Switzerland 65.33B 43 Bank of Montreal (BMO) Canada 38.05B
20 BNP Paribas France 62.60B 44 Capital One Financial US 37.46B
21 China Merchants Bank China 59.17B 45 Charles Schwab US 37.24B
22 Bank of Nova Scotia
(Scotiabank)
Canada 56.62B 46 Sberbank of Russia Russia 36.43B
23 Australia & New Zealand
Banking (ANZ)
Australia 56.48B 47 Societe Generale France 33.02B
24 National Australia Bank Australia 56.27B 48 Hang Seng Bank Limited Hong
Kong
32.49B
Source: http://www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/market-cap
In the above data you can conclude the rank of various banks as per their Market Cap. in the
world and India states at 30th position.
Banking Structure of Some Developed Countries
Till now , the banking structure of the world with some facts and figures have been shown to
you, now we are going to see the working of the banking structure of some developed
countries. The countries which have been taken into consideration are.
1. United Kingdom
2. China
3. United States of America
While studying the banking structure of these countries you will able to know how the banking
structure work in other developed countries apart from India and the main purpose of
explaining these banking structure are to make you aware about the banking around the world
in other developed countries.
A bank is institutions which accepts deposit from the general public and provide loans to other
individuals, households, government, corporate and in return earn interest in order to make
profit. In every country the main function of public bank is same. Each country has central bank
which makes policies to make financial and price stability in a country by structuring various
types of interest and make changes in their policies as per economy demands. A bank plays a
vital role in growth of an economy in every country and it creates financial stability in a country
for smooth functioning of economy in various ways.
Bank Of England
History
Bank Of England was founded in 27 July 1694, and Bank Of England is the central bank of the
united kingdom and the model on which most of the central banks has been placed. The bank
was in private stakeholders but since 1946 it is nationalized.
On 1998 , the bank became the independent public organization and wholly controlled by
treasury solicitor on behalf of the government which give them right or freedom to set
monetary policy. The mission of Bank of England is to promote the best for the people of
England by maintaining monetary and financial stability and the most recognizable
responsibility of bank is to maintain confidence on the bank notes. It sets interest rates,
manages the government stock register. The central bank or Bank of England issue or prints
notes in their country in Pounds (£) which is made under proper security by having best quality
and also ensure steps against counterfeiting (fraud).
Website www.bankofengland.co.uk Founded 1694
Headquarter Headquarters Type Government
Size Size Revenue
50 to 100 billion (INR) per
year
Source: https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Overview/Working-at-Bank-of-England
Working Of Bank of England
Bank Of England Working
Bank Of England
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b75qgqHqV98
Bank of England operates in 2 key areas:
1. Set interest rates to keep inflation in line with the government targets to maintain price
stability.
2. Monitor and take appropriate action in order to maintain financial stability and reduce risk.
These responsibilities are shared with the 3 important bodies which are MPC (Monetary Policy
Committee), PRA (Prudential Regulation Authority) and FPC (Financial policy committee). All
are chaired by the Governor of the Bank of England.
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
The MPC is made up of 9 members comprises of 5 within the bank and 4 external members
appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The role of the external member is to give
committee access to thinking and expertise beyond the bank itself.
The MPC meets to monitor development in the new economy and set interest rates and adjust
the amount of money in the economy to meet government inflation target of 2%.The minutes
of meeting of this committee published so anyone can see how each individual voted.
Once in 3 months committee publish their inflation report which shows in more details that
how Bank of England judges the outlook for the economy and inflation.
Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA)
The PRA is a part of the bank. It regulates individual financial institution to improve their safety
and soundness.
It is responsible for the regulation and supervision of 1700 banks.
Financial policy committee (FPC)
The FPC Job is to access the risk facing by financial system and the action needed or finding out
the ways to tackle them. It meets formally 4 times a year and publishes its record of meeting
and twice yearly their financial stability report.
The FPC has 10 members which comprises of 5 members from the bank itself, 4 external
members appointed by the chancellor and 1 chief executive of Financial Conduct Authority
(FCA).FCA is an independent regulatory body responsible for protecting consumers and
promotion confidence in financial product and services. It is not a part of the bank. The FPC can
consider a range of action to help strengthen the financial system. In some areas it gives
directions to MPC & PRA. In others, it can make recommendations to them or to other bodies.
If lending is increasing fast, the FPC might for example want banks to raise more capital as an
extra buffer in case things turn sour. In this may FPC give recommendation.
List of biggest Banks in United Kingdom with reference to their Asset Size.
Source: http://www.advisoryhq.com/articles/top-5-uk-banks-ranking-biggest-british-banks-best-banks-in-the-uk/
Banks Total Assets (Billions)
HSBC Holdings $2,634.14
Barclays PLC $2,114.13
Royal Bank of Scotland Group $1,635.93
Lloyds Banking Group $1,333.99
Standard Chartered PLC $725.91
CHINA BANKING SYSTEM
History
The central bank of china is known as People’s Bank of China (PBC). The main functions of this
bank are to regulate and supervise the financial institution and maintain financial and monetary
stability in a country. This bank is the second largest bank in terms of financial assets after
Federal Reserve System of USA.
The PBS established in Dec 1, 1948 by the unification of 3 banks named as XIBEI Farmer bank,
BEIHAI Bank and HUABEI Bank. The headquarter of PBS is in Shanghai and Beijing.
The PBC has a regulatory power to make monetary policy for their country and also regulate
the banking system in their country and control all banking business. In china 97% of bank
owned by central government and by the state government
Central
Government
State
Government
Privately
Owned
11 Banks 18 Banks 3 Banks
Source: Wikipedia
Financial Structure of China
Below is the Financial System Architecture of the china which explains how each department is
interrelated with each other.
Source https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11321.pdf
Bank Non- Performing Loans
Non Performing Assets are those assets in which interest or installment has not been paid for
more than 6 months. Banking sector in china is growing every year and their NPA is decreasing
each year which means bank is able to recollect its loans given to public or corporate which
implies a strong policy is made by their central banks.
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Country
Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
China 1.132370451 0.961586 0.953674 0.999703 1.248733
United
Kingdom 3.954833788 3.961868 3.586284 3.111742 1.757659
India 2.386132864 2.670195 3.373954 4.027729 4.34585 4.2312
United
States 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.452391 1.850712 1.71379
Source: World Development Indicators
When it comes to external funding of a banking sector in china than in china banks funds their
most of the money from the depositors around 60% is funded by depositors and 30% around by
loans. It means banking structure in china is very vast and the depositors rely on their banks
and deposit most of the money into banks which bank use and invest in other sources.
Source: the people bank of china
In above data, the funding structure of china has been showed and in china banking structure
has dominated their financial structure a lot as compared to other developed countries. It
means bank has a strong financial position in their financial structure which has shown in below
diagram.
Credit Intermediation
2013
Capital markets (in trillions
USD$)
Sector Bank Credit Stock
Fixed
Income Insurance Asset Management Companies
Size(China) 10.7 3.7 3.4 1.2 0.4
Size(US) 7.6 18.7 38 4.8 36
% GDP China 128% 44% 41% 14% 5%
% GDP US 48% 118% 240% 32% 230%
Note: all values computed for
end of year 2012 except for the
value of china bank credit which
taken from Q1, 2013
Source: people republic of china
Above diagram clearly shows how dominant is china banking structure in their country as
compared to USA banking structure dominance. With high dominance the banking structure
has 128 % contribution in their GDP in china.
Below the TOP 4 banks in china.
Below are the top 4 banks of china as per their market cap.
Rank Bank name
Market
capitalization
(US$
billions)
1 Wells Fargo & Co 254.19
2 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) 226.55
3 JP Morgan Chase & Co 217.79
4 China Construction Bank Corporation 155.97
Source: Wikipedia
Below the details of Central Bank of the Republic of China which shows some old facts about
the central bank including headquarter, establishment and many more.
Headquarters Beijing and Shanghai
Established 1-Dec-48
Governor Zhou Xiaochuan
Central bank of People's Republic of China
Currency Renminbi (RMB)
CNY (ISO 4217)
Reserves US$3.201 trillion[1]
Bank rate 6.00%
Interest on reserves 3.50%
Preceded by Central Bank of the Republic of China
Website www.pbc.gov.cn
Source: Wikipedia
United States of America (USA) Banking Structure
Federal Reserve System History
Before coming of a Federal Reserve System there were two banks in United States which had
tenure of 20 years each. First bank has tenure between 1791-1811 and the second bank has
tenure between 1817-1836. Both banks is responsible for issue currency, accept the deposit
from the general public, purchase and sell securities more or less they are working as a fiscal
agents for a US treasury.
In Nov, 1910 the secret meeting took place which have 6 bankers and economy policy makers
who represented financial elite of the western world. It was hosted at the JP Morgan State
Jekyll Island in Georgia and in attendance was Senator Nelson w Aldrich, Abram haytt junior
(assistant secretary of the treasury), Frank vandella (president at national city bank of new
York), Henry P Davidson (Senior partner JP Morgan & Com), Charles Dean Nortan (President of
the first national bank of new York), Paul Warburg (Director Of wells Fargo) and the Benjamin
Strong(Emissary for J&P Morgan) and coincidentally the First president of the Federal Reserve.
The meeting held was so secret that no one knows about that and then drafts a Federal Reserve
Act. On Dec 23, 1913 the Act was signed into Law by President Woodrow Wilson’s.
Source: Wikipedia
Structure of Federal Reserve System
There are three levels in Federal Reserve System. At the Top level there is a Board of Governor
with his chairman and the Federal open market committee and the federal advisory council. In
the middle level it consists of 12 Federal Reserve banks located throughout the US and in the
bottom there is a third level consists of thousands of member banks located throughout the
US and the American people. Board of Governor consists of 7 members were appointed by the
president for 14 year term and they are not responsible for the re-appointment and presidents
also appoints one of the seven members as the chairman of the board for a term of 4 yrs and
chairman may be reappointed . The board of governor is the main authority and responsible for
creating and implementing monetary policies in US because the decisions is made by the board
of governor in not required to be approved by the government or even president.
The Federal Reserve System has a power of issue currency and manipulates interest rates and
run secrets Bailouts and the congress and the president is not allowed full oversight over this
powerful organization. The Federal Reserve System is the Private owned body which does not
work under government and is not responsible to disclose their funding and they are the
most powerful organization which works on their own and not under government. It is also
called that the Chairman of the Federal Reserve is the second most powerful person in the US.
The Fed enjoys a monopoly over a creation of nation’s money and credit. The accountings laws
apply to rest of the America do not apply to Fed. From last 100 years Fed are not completely
accountable and transparent to anyone. Fed gives trillions of dollars in bailout and loan but
they never disclosed to whom how much they have paid. In 2009 congress asked the chairman
of the Fed to disclose whom they have paid 2.2 trillions of dollars for bailout but they refused to
tell to them. Many economist called this as a ‘’the biggest robbery ever enacted on the
American people’’.
Working of Federal Reserve System
Suppose if USA needs money so they issue Treasury bonds and sell these T-Bonds to Federal
Reserve and Fed buys this bond out of the money they created out of their thin air and Fed
gave money as loans to USA on behalf of T-Bill and then USA pay interest on the money that
Fed has lent to them which means Fed makes money out of nothing. In other words we can say
that if Fed buys a 1000 $ bond by government and after keeping 10 % in reserve they lend rest
of the 900 $ in an economy which means that 1000 $ T-Bond is safe in their deposit and 900 $
in loan proceeds more money in the economy by which total of 1900 $ money is created out of
nothing and this process go on and on and the origin of 1000 $ bond which is created from
nothing is created 10000 $ in an economy. It means that Fed makes money in their office by
their equipment and lends it to US on behalf of T-bonds but not keeping some equivalent value
like gold .In USA bank is free to give up to 90 % of their deposit to public as a loan. The main
primary focus of Fed is on monetary policy mean that how Fed influence Price Stability.
Suppose if supply of money grows and more money available in an economy, than more money
created more demand and by this demand will increase than supply of money which leads to
inflation on the other hand if supply of money decreases the demand will also decrease and in
extreme cases prices will fall and by this the Recession will come.
The main aim of Fed is to stabilize the money in an economy and prevent both inflation and
recession. The proper way that Fed does this is buying and selling of government securities. If
Fed finds that if there is too much money in an economy in circulation which leads to inflation,
it will sell securities and take excess money out of circulation to stabilize economy and if there
is less money in circulation than Fed buy securities this will put money in circulation and again
stabilize economy.
By studying this, we can get to know that in USA the Banking structure works in another way as
compared to other developed banking structure. Below you can find the analysis of the Balance
sheet of the Federal Reserve System with comparison to Balance sheet of RBI. The Federal
Reserve discloses their balance sheet every week on Thursday, around 4.30PM.
Balance Sheet Of Federal Reserve System As on 27 April, 2016 (Millions of
dollars)
Assets, liabilities, and capital Total
Assets
11,037Gold certificate account
Special drawing rights certificate acct. 5,200
Coin 1,867
Securities, unamortized premiums and
discounts, repurchase agreements,
4,401,115and loans
Securities held outright1 4,233,335
U.S. Treasury securities 2,461,413
Bills2 0
Notes and bonds3 2,461,413
Federal agency debt securities2 27,096
Mortgage-backed securities4
1,744,826
Unamortized premiums on securities
183,791held outright5
Unamortized discounts on securities
-16,082held outright5
Repurchase agreements6 0
Loans 70
Net portfolio holdings of Maiden
1,714Lane LLC7
Items in process of collection 182
Bank premises 2,222
Central bank liquidity swaps8 0
Foreign currency denominated
20,772assets9
Other assets10 30,557
Interdistrict settlement account 0
Total assets 4,474,665
Assets, liabilities, and capital Total
Liabilities
1,571,140Federal Reserve notes outstanding
Less: Notes held by F.R. Banks 168,538
Federal Reserve notes, net 1,402,602
Reverse repurchase agreements11 267,113
Deposits 2,757,987
Term deposits held by depository
0institutions
Other deposits held by depository
2,353,257institutions
U.S. Treasury, General Account 372,499
Foreign official 5,174
Other12 27,056
Deferred availability cash items 842
Earnings remittances due to the U.S.
1,430Treasury13
Other liabilities and accrued
4,654Dividends
Total liabilities 4,434,628
Capital
30,038Capital paid in
Surplus 10,000
Other capital 0
Total liabilities and capital 4,474,665
Analysis Of Balance Sheet of Federal Reserve
I am analyzing the balance sheet of the Fed according to the concepts I explained in above
banking structure of the USA.
1. First see the total assets number which are 4,474,665 million $ of assets.
2. Bank has a 11 billion $ of Gold certificate account and coins of 1 billion $ which means bank
has extreme less value which can converted into cash.
3. Securities, Repurchase and loans are around 4401 billion $ so this is a big piece of Fed
Balance sheet out of the whole total assets. In above you can see the breakup of these which
shows that the bulk of them are the US Treasury Loans which means these are the loans to
government for up to or more than 10 years. So you can most of the Fed assets are treasuries,
loans to the US.
Assets Amt
U.S. Treasury securities(Notes and bonds) 2461413
Federal agency debt securities 27096
Mortgage-backed securities 1744826
Unamortized discounts on securities outright 183791
Unamortized discounts on securities outright -16082
Loans 70
Total 4401114
3. Bank premises means the buildings of the Fed which are about 2 billion $. These are small
bunch of assets the most of the assets are US Treasury Loans.
4. Now come to liabilities, so Fed Reserve notes , net of federal reserve bank holdings which
are 1402 billion $ . These are Fed Reserve notes which have been printed and these are
liabilities because the Fed printed these notes and will use them as currency which means if
someone come back and say give the value of these things .
5. Reverse repurchase agreement means Fed used repurchase agreement to borrow from
someone else.
6. The deposits are the main portion in liabilities which are around 2757 billion $ so these are
the deposits which other banks keep with Fed Reserve but the Fed doesn’t pay interest on
these deposits and they can take these deposits and buy treasuries and other securities and get
interest on them and that’s what they are getting free interest and in this way US usually fund
their operations.
Below you can find the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India and you relate the Fed
balance sheet analysis with the RBI balance sheet and easily can see the differences between
the working of these two central banks in their country.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
BALANCE SHEET AS ON JUNE 30, 2015
(Amount in Billion)
Liabilities Schedules 2013-14 2014-15 Assets Schedules 2013-14 2014-15
Capital 0.05 0.05 Assets of Banking
Department (BD)
Reserve Fund 65.00 65.00
Notes, rupee coin, small
coin 5 0.11 0.11
Other Reserves 1 2.20 2.22 Gold Coin and Bullion 6 590.24 578.84
Deposits 2 3769.45 5186.86 Investments-Foreign-BD 7 4,796.21 7,276.29
Other Liabilities and
Provisions 3 8961.70 8905.03 Investments-Domestic-BD 8 6,684.68 5,174.97
Bills Purchased and
Discounted 0.00 0.00
Loans and Advances 9 370.83 802.32
Investment in Subsidiaries 10 13.20 13.20
Other Assets 11 343.13 313.43
Liabilities of Issue
Department
Assets of Issue Department
(ID)
Notes issued 4 13,445.27 14,732.43 Gold Coin and Bullion (as 6 649.78 637.23
backing for Note issue)
Rupee coin 1.72 1.99
Investment-Foreign-ID 7 12,783.31 14,082.75
Investment-Domestic-ID 8 10.46 10.46
Domestic Bills of Exchange
and 0.00 0.00
other Commercial Papers
Total
Liabilities 26,243.67 28,891.59 Total Assets26,243.6728,891.59
Regards,
Aakash Singh
MBA(Finance)

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Introduction to World Banking Structure

  • 1. Introduction to World Banking Structure The banking structure is one of the most important component in the economy of the world to get it grow faster. In any of the country the banking is one of the key aspect by which a country can develop. The bank and the economy of the country are interrelated with each other. There are number of financial institutions which include Insurance Companies, investment banks, finance companies but bank is one of the most important financial institution which helps in creation and flow of money in the economy. The bank is an institution which helps depositors to deposit their money and with the deposit money they supply the capital in the economy and bank is the most important sector which is regulated worldwide. In the economy to get it encourage and make stability in the financial organization there is an International banking structure and the financial organization which helps the economy to get it stable. In generally it is used to say that World Bank has been originated in Italy. In the middle of the 12th Century, there is a big financial crisis and at that time Italy is lacking behind because of the effects on the World War in their country. They desperately needs money in order to cover their war expenses and make country stable so at that time government comes with a plan and forced their citizen to take loan from world bank at rate of 5% per annum in order to meet their war expenses. Such loans are known as ‘compare’, ‘Monte’ etc. The World Bank usually created to meet the needs of the war-torn countries but now the meaning of World Bank has changed. The mission of World Bank has now globally wider in the world and the most important mission of the World Bank is to provide Long-Term Financing for the development of the economy. WWoorrlldd BBaannkk International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Development Association or IDA.
  • 2. World Bank is comprises of two main bodies which are International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) & International Development Association, IDA. International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) IBRD is also known an International Bank for Reconstruction & Development. The name itself can give you the idea of the functioning of the bank. The main function of this institution is to provide the funds or finance to developing countries in order of the development of the country. The institution provide Loans at lower interest rates and moreover at no interest rates. They also provide technical and research assistance to the developing countries and also provide loans for developing the economy of the country. They provide infrastructure loans. They provide loans on various projects which can help in development of the country such as Power plant, Roads, Rail projects, ports, telecommunication, water system, health, education and debt relief and all these projects help in the development of any country. IBRD comprises of 188 members nationwide and each country pays some subscription amount. Each country has 250 votes and the largest shareholder is USA in IBRD but the decisions are made by the majority votes and the largest shareholder has benefit and can control the result because they have most of the votes. On the other hand International Development Association IDA has started their functioning in 1960. IDA works with IBRD and focuses its efforts on the poorest countries in the world and they also offer assistance to the poorest countries when their economy is struggling. Motto Working for a World Free of Poverty Formation July 1944; 71 years ago Type Monetary International Financial Organization Legal status Treaty (Legal Status) Purpose Main purpose is Crediting Headquarters USA Washington, D.C Region Worldwide Membership IBRD 188 country IDA 173 country Key people President - Jim Yong Kim Parent organization World Bank Group
  • 3. Data Facts & Figures GDP Sector Composition Source: The World Factbook (sector composition) GDP means monetary value of all goods and services which produced in a country in a specific period of time. Analysis: The GDP of India is around 2048 billion US Dollar in 2014 and GDP value of India represents 3.33% of world economy. Acc. to this report, you can see the contribution of each sector in a GDP. Service sector includes hotel, transport, government services such as health, education. It also includes Bank services and many more services included in GDP. In this report you can see the contribution of service sector in an economy of each country and service sector is one of the most important sectors and it contributes around more than 60% in their GDP. The USA is on the top with high GDP Contribution and their service sector has approx 80% contribution in GDP and India holds 10th position in world in GDP and their service sector holds around 60% contribution in GDP. Rank Country GDP (millions of $) Agriculture Industry Services Year GDP Share GDP Share GDP Share GDP Sector 1 USA 17,420,000 278,720 1.6 3,605,940 20.7 13,535,340 77.7 2014 2014 2 China 10,360,000 1,004,920 9.7 4,548,040 43.9 4,807,040 46.4 2014 2014 3 Japan 4,770,000 57,240 1.2 1,225,890 25.7 3,486,870 73.1 2014 2014 4 Germany 3,820,000 34,380 0.9 1,176,560 30.8 2,612,880 68.4 2014 2014 5 France 2,902,000 49,334 1.7 562,988 19.4 2,289,678 78.9 2014 2014 6 United Kingdom 2,848,000 17,088 0.6 586,688 20.6 2,244,224 78.8 2014 2014 7 Brazil 2,244,000 130,152 5.8 534,072 23.8 1,579,776 70.4 2014 2014 8 Italy 2,129,000 46,838 2.2 508,831 23.9 1,573,331 73.9 2014 2014 9 Russia 2,057,000 82,280 4 746,691 36.3 1,228,029 59.7 2014 2014 10 India 2,048,000 366,592 17.9 495,616 24.2 1,185,792 57.9 2014 2014 11 Canada 1,794,000 30,498 1.7 505,908 28.2 1,257,594 70.1 2014 2014 12 Australia 1,483,000 54,871 3.7 428,587 28.9 999,542 67.4 2014 2014 13 South Korea 1,449,000 34,776 2.4 560,763 38.7 853,461 58.9 2014 2014 14 Spain 1,400,000 44,800 3.2 355,600 25.4 999,600 71.4 2014 2014
  • 4. GDP growth (annual %) Country Name Indicator Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 China GDP growth (annual %) 10.63 9.48 7.75 7.68 7.27 United Kingdom GDP growth (annual %) 1.54 1.97 1.18 2.16 2.94 India GDP growth (annual %) 10.26 6.64 5.08 6.90 7.29 United States GDP growth (annual %) 2.53 1.60 2.32 2.22 2.39 Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/GB-US-CIN?display=graph In above data the growth of India is impressive and it is growing since 2012 as compared to other countries growth rate which are stable or not growing. . Market Capitalization of Banks in the World with Ranking (US $ billions) (March, 2016) Rank Bank Country Market Cap Rank Bank Country Market Cap 1 Wells Fargo & Co (US) 254.19B 25 Bank of Communications China 55.08B 2 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) China 226.55B 26 Intense Sanpaolo Italy 51.40B 3 JP Morgan Chase & Co US 217.79B 27 Itau Unibanco Holding Brazil 51.007 4 China Construction Bank China 155.97B 28 Morgan Stanley US 50.92B 5 Agricultural Bank of China China 155.04B 29 Shanghai Pudong Development Bank China 48.71B 6 Bank of China China 144.16B 30 HDFC Bank Limited India 48.45B 7 Bank of America US 142.39B 31 China Minsheng Banking Corp (CMBC) China 47.67B 8 HSBC Holdings UK 128.91B 32 BBVA Spain 46.60B 9 Citigroup Inc US 126.74B 33 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Japan 45.53B 10 Commonwealth Bank of Australia Australia 99.69B 34 Industrial Bank Co China 44.48B 11 Westpac Banking Corporation Australia 83.53B 35 Nordea Bank Sweden 44.19B 12 Royal Bank of Canada Canada 83.36B 36 PNC Financial Services US 43.30B 13 TorontoDominion Bank Canada 77.11B 37 Banco Bradesco Brazil 40.87B 14 Lloyds Banking Group UK 73.777 38 Bank of New York Mellon US 40.62B 15 Banco Santander Spain 71.16B 39 Barclays Plc UK 40.60B 16 US Bancorp US 70.24B 40 Mizuho Financial Group Japan 39.95B
  • 5. 17 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG) Japan 69.43B 41 China Citic Bank China 39.41B 18 Goldman Sachs Group US 67.91B 42 Royal Bank of Scotland Group UK 38.94B 19 UBS Group AG Switzerland 65.33B 43 Bank of Montreal (BMO) Canada 38.05B 20 BNP Paribas France 62.60B 44 Capital One Financial US 37.46B 21 China Merchants Bank China 59.17B 45 Charles Schwab US 37.24B 22 Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) Canada 56.62B 46 Sberbank of Russia Russia 36.43B 23 Australia & New Zealand Banking (ANZ) Australia 56.48B 47 Societe Generale France 33.02B 24 National Australia Bank Australia 56.27B 48 Hang Seng Bank Limited Hong Kong 32.49B Source: http://www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/market-cap In the above data you can conclude the rank of various banks as per their Market Cap. in the world and India states at 30th position. Banking Structure of Some Developed Countries Till now , the banking structure of the world with some facts and figures have been shown to you, now we are going to see the working of the banking structure of some developed countries. The countries which have been taken into consideration are. 1. United Kingdom 2. China 3. United States of America While studying the banking structure of these countries you will able to know how the banking structure work in other developed countries apart from India and the main purpose of explaining these banking structure are to make you aware about the banking around the world in other developed countries. A bank is institutions which accepts deposit from the general public and provide loans to other individuals, households, government, corporate and in return earn interest in order to make profit. In every country the main function of public bank is same. Each country has central bank which makes policies to make financial and price stability in a country by structuring various types of interest and make changes in their policies as per economy demands. A bank plays a
  • 6. vital role in growth of an economy in every country and it creates financial stability in a country for smooth functioning of economy in various ways. Bank Of England History Bank Of England was founded in 27 July 1694, and Bank Of England is the central bank of the united kingdom and the model on which most of the central banks has been placed. The bank was in private stakeholders but since 1946 it is nationalized. On 1998 , the bank became the independent public organization and wholly controlled by treasury solicitor on behalf of the government which give them right or freedom to set monetary policy. The mission of Bank of England is to promote the best for the people of England by maintaining monetary and financial stability and the most recognizable responsibility of bank is to maintain confidence on the bank notes. It sets interest rates, manages the government stock register. The central bank or Bank of England issue or prints notes in their country in Pounds (£) which is made under proper security by having best quality and also ensure steps against counterfeiting (fraud). Website www.bankofengland.co.uk Founded 1694 Headquarter Headquarters Type Government Size Size Revenue 50 to 100 billion (INR) per year Source: https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Overview/Working-at-Bank-of-England
  • 7. Working Of Bank of England Bank Of England Working Bank Of England Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b75qgqHqV98 Bank of England operates in 2 key areas: 1. Set interest rates to keep inflation in line with the government targets to maintain price stability. 2. Monitor and take appropriate action in order to maintain financial stability and reduce risk. These responsibilities are shared with the 3 important bodies which are MPC (Monetary Policy Committee), PRA (Prudential Regulation Authority) and FPC (Financial policy committee). All are chaired by the Governor of the Bank of England.
  • 8. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) The MPC is made up of 9 members comprises of 5 within the bank and 4 external members appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The role of the external member is to give committee access to thinking and expertise beyond the bank itself. The MPC meets to monitor development in the new economy and set interest rates and adjust the amount of money in the economy to meet government inflation target of 2%.The minutes of meeting of this committee published so anyone can see how each individual voted. Once in 3 months committee publish their inflation report which shows in more details that how Bank of England judges the outlook for the economy and inflation. Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) The PRA is a part of the bank. It regulates individual financial institution to improve their safety and soundness. It is responsible for the regulation and supervision of 1700 banks. Financial policy committee (FPC) The FPC Job is to access the risk facing by financial system and the action needed or finding out the ways to tackle them. It meets formally 4 times a year and publishes its record of meeting and twice yearly their financial stability report. The FPC has 10 members which comprises of 5 members from the bank itself, 4 external members appointed by the chancellor and 1 chief executive of Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).FCA is an independent regulatory body responsible for protecting consumers and promotion confidence in financial product and services. It is not a part of the bank. The FPC can consider a range of action to help strengthen the financial system. In some areas it gives directions to MPC & PRA. In others, it can make recommendations to them or to other bodies. If lending is increasing fast, the FPC might for example want banks to raise more capital as an extra buffer in case things turn sour. In this may FPC give recommendation.
  • 9. List of biggest Banks in United Kingdom with reference to their Asset Size. Source: http://www.advisoryhq.com/articles/top-5-uk-banks-ranking-biggest-british-banks-best-banks-in-the-uk/ Banks Total Assets (Billions) HSBC Holdings $2,634.14 Barclays PLC $2,114.13 Royal Bank of Scotland Group $1,635.93 Lloyds Banking Group $1,333.99 Standard Chartered PLC $725.91
  • 10. CHINA BANKING SYSTEM History The central bank of china is known as People’s Bank of China (PBC). The main functions of this bank are to regulate and supervise the financial institution and maintain financial and monetary stability in a country. This bank is the second largest bank in terms of financial assets after Federal Reserve System of USA. The PBS established in Dec 1, 1948 by the unification of 3 banks named as XIBEI Farmer bank, BEIHAI Bank and HUABEI Bank. The headquarter of PBS is in Shanghai and Beijing. The PBC has a regulatory power to make monetary policy for their country and also regulate the banking system in their country and control all banking business. In china 97% of bank owned by central government and by the state government Central Government State Government Privately Owned 11 Banks 18 Banks 3 Banks Source: Wikipedia
  • 11. Financial Structure of China Below is the Financial System Architecture of the china which explains how each department is interrelated with each other. Source https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11321.pdf Bank Non- Performing Loans Non Performing Assets are those assets in which interest or installment has not been paid for more than 6 months. Banking sector in china is growing every year and their NPA is decreasing each year which means bank is able to recollect its loans given to public or corporate which implies a strong policy is made by their central banks.
  • 12. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) Country Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 China 1.132370451 0.961586 0.953674 0.999703 1.248733 United Kingdom 3.954833788 3.961868 3.586284 3.111742 1.757659 India 2.386132864 2.670195 3.373954 4.027729 4.34585 4.2312 United States 4.4 3.8 3.3 2.452391 1.850712 1.71379 Source: World Development Indicators When it comes to external funding of a banking sector in china than in china banks funds their most of the money from the depositors around 60% is funded by depositors and 30% around by loans. It means banking structure in china is very vast and the depositors rely on their banks and deposit most of the money into banks which bank use and invest in other sources. Source: the people bank of china In above data, the funding structure of china has been showed and in china banking structure has dominated their financial structure a lot as compared to other developed countries. It means bank has a strong financial position in their financial structure which has shown in below diagram.
  • 13. Credit Intermediation 2013 Capital markets (in trillions USD$) Sector Bank Credit Stock Fixed Income Insurance Asset Management Companies Size(China) 10.7 3.7 3.4 1.2 0.4 Size(US) 7.6 18.7 38 4.8 36 % GDP China 128% 44% 41% 14% 5% % GDP US 48% 118% 240% 32% 230% Note: all values computed for end of year 2012 except for the value of china bank credit which taken from Q1, 2013 Source: people republic of china Above diagram clearly shows how dominant is china banking structure in their country as compared to USA banking structure dominance. With high dominance the banking structure has 128 % contribution in their GDP in china.
  • 14. Below the TOP 4 banks in china. Below are the top 4 banks of china as per their market cap. Rank Bank name Market capitalization (US$ billions) 1 Wells Fargo & Co 254.19 2 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) 226.55 3 JP Morgan Chase & Co 217.79 4 China Construction Bank Corporation 155.97 Source: Wikipedia Below the details of Central Bank of the Republic of China which shows some old facts about the central bank including headquarter, establishment and many more. Headquarters Beijing and Shanghai Established 1-Dec-48 Governor Zhou Xiaochuan Central bank of People's Republic of China Currency Renminbi (RMB) CNY (ISO 4217) Reserves US$3.201 trillion[1] Bank rate 6.00% Interest on reserves 3.50% Preceded by Central Bank of the Republic of China Website www.pbc.gov.cn Source: Wikipedia
  • 15. United States of America (USA) Banking Structure Federal Reserve System History Before coming of a Federal Reserve System there were two banks in United States which had tenure of 20 years each. First bank has tenure between 1791-1811 and the second bank has tenure between 1817-1836. Both banks is responsible for issue currency, accept the deposit from the general public, purchase and sell securities more or less they are working as a fiscal agents for a US treasury. In Nov, 1910 the secret meeting took place which have 6 bankers and economy policy makers who represented financial elite of the western world. It was hosted at the JP Morgan State Jekyll Island in Georgia and in attendance was Senator Nelson w Aldrich, Abram haytt junior (assistant secretary of the treasury), Frank vandella (president at national city bank of new York), Henry P Davidson (Senior partner JP Morgan & Com), Charles Dean Nortan (President of the first national bank of new York), Paul Warburg (Director Of wells Fargo) and the Benjamin Strong(Emissary for J&P Morgan) and coincidentally the First president of the Federal Reserve. The meeting held was so secret that no one knows about that and then drafts a Federal Reserve Act. On Dec 23, 1913 the Act was signed into Law by President Woodrow Wilson’s. Source: Wikipedia
  • 16. Structure of Federal Reserve System There are three levels in Federal Reserve System. At the Top level there is a Board of Governor with his chairman and the Federal open market committee and the federal advisory council. In the middle level it consists of 12 Federal Reserve banks located throughout the US and in the bottom there is a third level consists of thousands of member banks located throughout the US and the American people. Board of Governor consists of 7 members were appointed by the president for 14 year term and they are not responsible for the re-appointment and presidents also appoints one of the seven members as the chairman of the board for a term of 4 yrs and chairman may be reappointed . The board of governor is the main authority and responsible for
  • 17. creating and implementing monetary policies in US because the decisions is made by the board of governor in not required to be approved by the government or even president. The Federal Reserve System has a power of issue currency and manipulates interest rates and run secrets Bailouts and the congress and the president is not allowed full oversight over this powerful organization. The Federal Reserve System is the Private owned body which does not work under government and is not responsible to disclose their funding and they are the most powerful organization which works on their own and not under government. It is also called that the Chairman of the Federal Reserve is the second most powerful person in the US. The Fed enjoys a monopoly over a creation of nation’s money and credit. The accountings laws apply to rest of the America do not apply to Fed. From last 100 years Fed are not completely accountable and transparent to anyone. Fed gives trillions of dollars in bailout and loan but they never disclosed to whom how much they have paid. In 2009 congress asked the chairman of the Fed to disclose whom they have paid 2.2 trillions of dollars for bailout but they refused to tell to them. Many economist called this as a ‘’the biggest robbery ever enacted on the American people’’. Working of Federal Reserve System Suppose if USA needs money so they issue Treasury bonds and sell these T-Bonds to Federal Reserve and Fed buys this bond out of the money they created out of their thin air and Fed gave money as loans to USA on behalf of T-Bill and then USA pay interest on the money that Fed has lent to them which means Fed makes money out of nothing. In other words we can say that if Fed buys a 1000 $ bond by government and after keeping 10 % in reserve they lend rest of the 900 $ in an economy which means that 1000 $ T-Bond is safe in their deposit and 900 $ in loan proceeds more money in the economy by which total of 1900 $ money is created out of nothing and this process go on and on and the origin of 1000 $ bond which is created from
  • 18. nothing is created 10000 $ in an economy. It means that Fed makes money in their office by their equipment and lends it to US on behalf of T-bonds but not keeping some equivalent value like gold .In USA bank is free to give up to 90 % of their deposit to public as a loan. The main primary focus of Fed is on monetary policy mean that how Fed influence Price Stability. Suppose if supply of money grows and more money available in an economy, than more money created more demand and by this demand will increase than supply of money which leads to inflation on the other hand if supply of money decreases the demand will also decrease and in extreme cases prices will fall and by this the Recession will come. The main aim of Fed is to stabilize the money in an economy and prevent both inflation and recession. The proper way that Fed does this is buying and selling of government securities. If Fed finds that if there is too much money in an economy in circulation which leads to inflation, it will sell securities and take excess money out of circulation to stabilize economy and if there is less money in circulation than Fed buy securities this will put money in circulation and again stabilize economy. By studying this, we can get to know that in USA the Banking structure works in another way as compared to other developed banking structure. Below you can find the analysis of the Balance sheet of the Federal Reserve System with comparison to Balance sheet of RBI. The Federal Reserve discloses their balance sheet every week on Thursday, around 4.30PM. Balance Sheet Of Federal Reserve System As on 27 April, 2016 (Millions of dollars)
  • 19. Assets, liabilities, and capital Total Assets 11,037Gold certificate account Special drawing rights certificate acct. 5,200 Coin 1,867 Securities, unamortized premiums and discounts, repurchase agreements, 4,401,115and loans Securities held outright1 4,233,335 U.S. Treasury securities 2,461,413 Bills2 0 Notes and bonds3 2,461,413 Federal agency debt securities2 27,096 Mortgage-backed securities4 1,744,826 Unamortized premiums on securities 183,791held outright5 Unamortized discounts on securities -16,082held outright5 Repurchase agreements6 0 Loans 70 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden 1,714Lane LLC7 Items in process of collection 182 Bank premises 2,222 Central bank liquidity swaps8 0 Foreign currency denominated 20,772assets9 Other assets10 30,557 Interdistrict settlement account 0 Total assets 4,474,665 Assets, liabilities, and capital Total Liabilities 1,571,140Federal Reserve notes outstanding Less: Notes held by F.R. Banks 168,538 Federal Reserve notes, net 1,402,602 Reverse repurchase agreements11 267,113 Deposits 2,757,987 Term deposits held by depository 0institutions Other deposits held by depository 2,353,257institutions U.S. Treasury, General Account 372,499 Foreign official 5,174 Other12 27,056 Deferred availability cash items 842 Earnings remittances due to the U.S. 1,430Treasury13 Other liabilities and accrued 4,654Dividends Total liabilities 4,434,628 Capital 30,038Capital paid in Surplus 10,000 Other capital 0 Total liabilities and capital 4,474,665
  • 20. Analysis Of Balance Sheet of Federal Reserve I am analyzing the balance sheet of the Fed according to the concepts I explained in above banking structure of the USA. 1. First see the total assets number which are 4,474,665 million $ of assets. 2. Bank has a 11 billion $ of Gold certificate account and coins of 1 billion $ which means bank has extreme less value which can converted into cash. 3. Securities, Repurchase and loans are around 4401 billion $ so this is a big piece of Fed Balance sheet out of the whole total assets. In above you can see the breakup of these which shows that the bulk of them are the US Treasury Loans which means these are the loans to government for up to or more than 10 years. So you can most of the Fed assets are treasuries, loans to the US.
  • 21. Assets Amt U.S. Treasury securities(Notes and bonds) 2461413 Federal agency debt securities 27096 Mortgage-backed securities 1744826 Unamortized discounts on securities outright 183791 Unamortized discounts on securities outright -16082 Loans 70 Total 4401114 3. Bank premises means the buildings of the Fed which are about 2 billion $. These are small bunch of assets the most of the assets are US Treasury Loans. 4. Now come to liabilities, so Fed Reserve notes , net of federal reserve bank holdings which are 1402 billion $ . These are Fed Reserve notes which have been printed and these are liabilities because the Fed printed these notes and will use them as currency which means if someone come back and say give the value of these things . 5. Reverse repurchase agreement means Fed used repurchase agreement to borrow from someone else. 6. The deposits are the main portion in liabilities which are around 2757 billion $ so these are the deposits which other banks keep with Fed Reserve but the Fed doesn’t pay interest on these deposits and they can take these deposits and buy treasuries and other securities and get interest on them and that’s what they are getting free interest and in this way US usually fund their operations. Below you can find the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India and you relate the Fed balance sheet analysis with the RBI balance sheet and easily can see the differences between the working of these two central banks in their country.
  • 22. RESERVE BANK OF INDIA BALANCE SHEET AS ON JUNE 30, 2015 (Amount in Billion) Liabilities Schedules 2013-14 2014-15 Assets Schedules 2013-14 2014-15 Capital 0.05 0.05 Assets of Banking Department (BD) Reserve Fund 65.00 65.00 Notes, rupee coin, small coin 5 0.11 0.11 Other Reserves 1 2.20 2.22 Gold Coin and Bullion 6 590.24 578.84 Deposits 2 3769.45 5186.86 Investments-Foreign-BD 7 4,796.21 7,276.29 Other Liabilities and Provisions 3 8961.70 8905.03 Investments-Domestic-BD 8 6,684.68 5,174.97 Bills Purchased and Discounted 0.00 0.00 Loans and Advances 9 370.83 802.32 Investment in Subsidiaries 10 13.20 13.20 Other Assets 11 343.13 313.43 Liabilities of Issue Department Assets of Issue Department (ID) Notes issued 4 13,445.27 14,732.43 Gold Coin and Bullion (as 6 649.78 637.23 backing for Note issue) Rupee coin 1.72 1.99 Investment-Foreign-ID 7 12,783.31 14,082.75 Investment-Domestic-ID 8 10.46 10.46 Domestic Bills of Exchange and 0.00 0.00 other Commercial Papers Total Liabilities 26,243.67 28,891.59 Total Assets26,243.6728,891.59 Regards, Aakash Singh MBA(Finance)