1) The Balmis Expedition was a three-year mission that set off from La Coruña, Spain in 1803 with the goal of vaccinating thousands in the Americas against smallpox.
2) They transported the smallpox vaccine across oceans using a "cold chain" method of keeping it cold with ice and plastic boxes to preserve it.
3) The vaccine was transported by infecting children with cowpox pustules and propagating the disease from child to child as a way of preserving the vaccine across long distances.