NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881
STRUCTURE
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Meaning of Negotiable Instruments
1.3 Characteristics of a negotiable instrument
1.4 Presumptions as to negotiable instrument
1.5 Types of negotiable Instrument
1.5.1 Promissory notes
1.5.2 Bill of exchange
1.5.3 Cheques
1.5.4 Hundis
1.6 Parties to negotiable instruments
1.6.1 Parties to Bill of Exchange
1.6.2 Parties to a Promissory Note
1.6.3 Parties to a Cheque
1.7 Negotiation
1.7.1 Modes of negotiation
1.8 Assignment
1.8.1 Negotiation and Assignment Distinguished
1.8.2 Importance of delivery in negotiation
1.9 Endorsement
1.10 Instruments without Consideration
1.11 Holder in Due Course
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881
STRUCTURE
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Meaning of Negotiable Instruments
1.3 Characteristics of a negotiable instrument
1.4 Presumptions as to negotiable instrument
1.5 Types of negotiable Instrument
1.5.1 Promissory notes
1.5.2 Bill of exchange
1.5.3 Cheques
1.5.4 Hundis
1.6 Parties to negotiable instruments
1.6.1 Parties to Bill of Exchange
1.6.2 Parties to a Promissory Note
1.6.3 Parties to a Cheque
1.7 Negotiation
1.7.1 Modes of negotiation
1.8 Assignment
1.8.1 Negotiation and Assignment Distinguished
1.8.2 Importance of delivery in negotiation
1.9 Endorsement
1.10 Instruments without Consideration
1.11 Holder in Due Course
Debentures its types and Methods of Redemption of DebenturesGyananjaya Behera
┬а
This slides are the presentation of Debentures and its types and various types of Redemption of Debentures Methods and the various sources of redemption. All the details are mentioned in short for the presentation purpose.
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
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it is according to class 12 syllabus ! hopefully it will weak students like me ! it contains all fundamentals of partnership firm.
it also usefull in xam times as revision notes!
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class 12 / completeguide
Collecting Banker: Duties, Statutory Protection and Concept of Negligence, Position of a Collecting Banker, Duties and Responsibilities of Collecting Banker,Statutory Protection to Collecting Banker, Holder
and
Holder in Due Course
Debentures its types and Methods of Redemption of DebenturesGyananjaya Behera
┬а
This slides are the presentation of Debentures and its types and various types of Redemption of Debentures Methods and the various sources of redemption. All the details are mentioned in short for the presentation purpose.
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
its my first !
please #follow so that i will make more for all
it is according to class 12 syllabus ! hopefully it will weak students like me ! it contains all fundamentals of partnership firm.
it also usefull in xam times as revision notes!
for more just follow me !
fb@venuankush
class 12 / completeguide
Collecting Banker: Duties, Statutory Protection and Concept of Negligence, Position of a Collecting Banker, Duties and Responsibilities of Collecting Banker,Statutory Protection to Collecting Banker, Holder
and
Holder in Due Course
2. (Balance of Payment)
яВЧ тАЬThe balance of payment of a country is a systematic record of all economic
transactions (i.e. transactions in goods, services and assets) between the
residents of a country and the rest of the world, during a year.тАЭ
рднреБрдЧрддрд╛рди рд╢реЗрд╖
яВЧ рдПрдХ рджреЗрд╢ рдХрд╛ рднреБрдЧрддрд╛рди рд╢реЗрд╖ рдЙрд╕ рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдирдирд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ
рддрдерд╛ рд╡рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдирдирд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдХрдП рдЧрдП
рд╕рднреА рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕реМрджреМрдВ рдХрд╛ рдХреНрд░рдордмрджреНрдз рд▓реЗрдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ |
3. Accounts of Balance of payment
(рднреБрдЧрддрд╛рди рд╢реЗрд╖ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рддреЗ )
Current Account (рдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛)
Capital Account (рдкреВреВрдВрдЬреА рдЦрд╛рддрд╛)
Official Reserves Account(рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдХреЛрд╖ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛)
4. Current Account
тАЬTransactions relating to trade in goods and services and transfer payments constitute
the current account.тАЭ
It records inflows and outflows of foreign
exchange relating to current transactions of goods,
services and unilateral transfers.
яВЧ рдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ (i) рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУреВрдВ рдХреЗ рдирдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд(X) рдПрд╡реВрдВ рдЖрдпрд╛рдд(M) ,(ii)
рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУреВрдВ рдХреЗ рдирдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд рдПрд╡реВрдВ рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рддрдерд╛ (iii) рдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рд╣рд╕реНрддрд╛реВрдВрддрд░ реЛрдВ рдХрд╛
рд░рд░рдХреЙрд░реНрд┐ рд░рдЦрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
5. Components of Current Account
1. Visual trade-It includes the exports and imports
of all physical goods.
рджреГрд╢реНрдп рдорджреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ тАУ рдЗрд╕ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рдЖрд╕рдп рднреМрдирддрдХ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУреВрдВ рдХреЗ
рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рдПрд╡реВрдВ рдирдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд рд╕реЗ рд╣реИред
The difference in the value of exports and imports of
goods is called as trade balance. Therefore тАУ
Trade balance(рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╕рдВрддреБрд▓рди )
Balanced (if Imports = Exports) рд╕рдВрддреБрд▓рди
Surplus (if Imports < Exports) рдЖрдзрд┐рдХреНрдп
Deficit (if Imports > Exports) рдШрд╛рдЯрд╛
6. 2.Invisible Trade тАУ Trade in services is called invisible
trade. Because they can not be seen to cross national
borders. It can be divided in to two follwing sub-groups:
2.Invisible
Trade
Factor
Income
Non factor
Income
8. 3.Transfer Payments тАУ Transfer payments refer to those receipts or
payments which take place without getting any thing in return.
These payments includes unilateral transfers like
foreign gifts, donations, military aid, and foreign
assistance. Transfer payments are of two types: (i)
official transfer payments given by foreign
governments. (ii) private transfer payments given
by the foreign residents.
10. яВЧCapital account тАУ Capital account represents
international capital transactions which includes sale
and purchase of assets such as bonds, equities, lands
and bank accounts etc.
яВЧрдкрдВрд┐реА рдЦрд╛рддрд╛- рдкреВреВрдВрдЬреА рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдирдирд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ
рдПрд╡реВрдВ рд╢реЗрд╖ рд╡рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЗ рдирдирд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрдХрдпреЗ рдЧрдП рдЙрди рд╕рднреА рд▓реЗрди-
рджреЗрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░рд░рдХреЙрд░реНрд┐ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрдЬрдирд╕реЗ рдкрд░рд░рд╕рдореНрдкрд╡рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕рдорддреНрд╡ рдореЗрдВ
рдкрд░рд░рд╡рддрд┐рди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
12. Difference Between Current account and
Capital account
1. Current account deals with payments for currently
produced goods and services. On the other hand
capital account deals with international sale and
purchase of assets.
2. Current account has a direct influence on the level
of national income. On the other hand capital
account influences the volume of assets which a
country holds.
3. Current account includes all items of a flow nature,
hence current account is a flow concept. On the
other hand capital account includes all items
expressing changes in stocks, hence it is a stock
concept.
14. Current Account Balance = (Visible Exports + Invisible Exports)
тАУ (Visible Imports + Invisible Imports)
OR
= Balance of Trade + Balance of Invisibles
Capital Account Balance = Receipts from the sale of
domestic assets тАУ Spending on
buying foreign assets
Balance of Payment = Current Account Balance +
Capital Account Balance
Surplus BOP тАУ When total receipts > total payments
Deficit BOP тАУ When total receipts < total payments
Balance BOP тАУ When total receipts = total payments
16. Balance of Payment
Balance of Current
Account
Balance of
Trade
Balance of Invisibles &
Transfer Payments
Exports Imports
Inflows Outflows
Inflows Outflows
Debt
Creating
Non Debt
Creating
Balance of Capital
Account
18. Balance of Payment is always in Balance
Overall balance of payment is the sum total of BOP on current
account and BOP on capital account. Balance of Payment of a
country is always in balance because of the following:
Balance of Payment = Current account Balance + Capital account
Balance
Current Account (Surplus) + Capital Account (Deficit)
Or
Current Account (Deficit) + Capital Account (Surplus)
In case the value of capital account surplus is not equal to the value
of current account deficit, the country will take resort to its foreign
exchange reserves.
In case capital account surplus is more than the current account
deficit, the balance will be transferred to foreign exchange reserves.
20. яВЧAutonomous Items in BOP тАУ Autonomous transactions refer to
those international economic transactions which are taken with the motive of profit.
The main autonomous items are:
(i) imports and exports of goods and services.
(ii) unilateral transactions (receipts and payments)
(iii) capital transactions (receipts and payments)
яВЧAccommodating Items in BOP тАУ Accommodating transactions refers to those
transactions which are taken up by the government in order to keep the balance of payments,
balanced. Such as addition and withdrawal of foreign reserves.