This document provides an introduction to a research study on the relationship between self-esteem and health-related risk behaviors among adolescents in Baguio City, Philippines. The study aims to understand how self-esteem relates to physical harm, substance abuse, sexual behaviors, dietary behaviors, and physical inactivity. It also examines potential differences based on gender and ethnicity. A correlational quantitative research design will be used, collecting data through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 385 adolescents. The questionnaire will assess self-esteem and engagement in health risks, adapted from established tools.
This document discusses childhood adversity and its effects. It defines adversity as a lack of positive circumstances that can be caused by physical, mental, or social losses. Common types of adversity include abuse, neglect, poverty, parental mental illness, and family violence. Experiencing multiple adversities increases negative outcomes and mental health issues. However, protective factors like strong relationships can promote resilience.
This document discusses human development and the factors that influence it. It notes that development refers to the series of qualitative changes an organism undergoes from embryonic stage to maturity. The main factors affecting human development include heredity, environment, home/family, culture, socio-economic status, education, training, air, sunlight, and nutrition. It also outlines some common hazards during infancy, childhood/pre-adolescence, and adolescence, as well as reasons for failure to complete developmental tasks like lack of learning opportunities and motivation.
A Presentation by Prevent Child Abuse AmericaMichelle Gross
Presentation by Ben Tanzer, Senior Director of Strategic Communications at Prevent Child Abuse America, at the recent NYS Parenting Education Partnership full membership meeting.
Policy Center Notes January/February 2012Meharry_CHP
Policy Center Notes is published bi-monthly by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Center for Health Policy at Meharry Medical College. The mission of the RWJF Center for Health Policy at Meharry Medical College is to provide leadership in health policy education along with research and reform on a national, state and local level while continually supporting the historic mission of Meharry Medical College to improve the health and health care of minority and underserved communities. For more information visit www.meharryhealthpolicy.org
Trauma in children and adolescents_Anderson_Patricia_Crisis 302_L25125080Patti Anderson
This document discusses trauma and its effects on children and adolescents. It defines trauma and explains that children are especially vulnerable due to their cognitive and emotional development. Common traumas discussed include abuse, neglect, natural disasters, homicide and sex trafficking. The document outlines short and long-term effects of trauma on physical and mental health. It stresses the importance of social support systems, especially the family, in helping children cope and heal from trauma. The document also discusses approaches to trauma treatment for different age groups. Overall, it emphasizes that trauma can profoundly impact development, so appropriate understanding and treatment is vital for victims, especially children.
A Review of LGBTQ Adolescents Minorities Facing Positive and Negative Outcome...Taylor Hartman
This document summarizes research on the cognitive and social development of LGBTQ adolescents. It finds that LGBTQ youth face unique challenges including difficulty developing a sense of self-identity due to societal expectations. They also experience minority stress from discrimination, which can negatively impact their mental health and physical health through risky behaviors. Their cognitive development may also be impaired if they face harassment or do not have a supportive community. Overall, the document examines how societal and environmental factors can influence the developmental process of LGBTQ adolescents.
Multidimensionality of pressure in adolescenceSurabhi Bhargav
The document summarizes findings from a study on the pressures faced by adolescent students. It was found that adolescents face significant pressure from peers, parents, and academics. Peer pressure was most commonly reported, with pressures to conform and score low marks. Parental pressure included strict study hours and scolding. Academic pressure stemmed from exams and subject selection for future careers. Adolescents reported feeling stressed, depressed, and frustrated in dealing with these pressures. They also engaged in avoidance behaviors like reduced study time or substance use. The study highlights the need to better understand and support adolescents in managing various developmental pressures.
There are three major controversies regarding personality development in middle adulthood:
1) Whether a midlife crisis truly exists or is a myth
2) Whether development is better explained by normative-crisis models or life events models
3) The debate around stability versus change in personality over time.
Relationships and family dynamics also impact development, as adults navigate marriage, divorce, empty nests, and caring for aging parents and adult children. Personality is marked by both stability and change during this period.
This document discusses childhood adversity and its effects. It defines adversity as a lack of positive circumstances that can be caused by physical, mental, or social losses. Common types of adversity include abuse, neglect, poverty, parental mental illness, and family violence. Experiencing multiple adversities increases negative outcomes and mental health issues. However, protective factors like strong relationships can promote resilience.
This document discusses human development and the factors that influence it. It notes that development refers to the series of qualitative changes an organism undergoes from embryonic stage to maturity. The main factors affecting human development include heredity, environment, home/family, culture, socio-economic status, education, training, air, sunlight, and nutrition. It also outlines some common hazards during infancy, childhood/pre-adolescence, and adolescence, as well as reasons for failure to complete developmental tasks like lack of learning opportunities and motivation.
A Presentation by Prevent Child Abuse AmericaMichelle Gross
Presentation by Ben Tanzer, Senior Director of Strategic Communications at Prevent Child Abuse America, at the recent NYS Parenting Education Partnership full membership meeting.
Policy Center Notes January/February 2012Meharry_CHP
Policy Center Notes is published bi-monthly by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Center for Health Policy at Meharry Medical College. The mission of the RWJF Center for Health Policy at Meharry Medical College is to provide leadership in health policy education along with research and reform on a national, state and local level while continually supporting the historic mission of Meharry Medical College to improve the health and health care of minority and underserved communities. For more information visit www.meharryhealthpolicy.org
Trauma in children and adolescents_Anderson_Patricia_Crisis 302_L25125080Patti Anderson
This document discusses trauma and its effects on children and adolescents. It defines trauma and explains that children are especially vulnerable due to their cognitive and emotional development. Common traumas discussed include abuse, neglect, natural disasters, homicide and sex trafficking. The document outlines short and long-term effects of trauma on physical and mental health. It stresses the importance of social support systems, especially the family, in helping children cope and heal from trauma. The document also discusses approaches to trauma treatment for different age groups. Overall, it emphasizes that trauma can profoundly impact development, so appropriate understanding and treatment is vital for victims, especially children.
A Review of LGBTQ Adolescents Minorities Facing Positive and Negative Outcome...Taylor Hartman
This document summarizes research on the cognitive and social development of LGBTQ adolescents. It finds that LGBTQ youth face unique challenges including difficulty developing a sense of self-identity due to societal expectations. They also experience minority stress from discrimination, which can negatively impact their mental health and physical health through risky behaviors. Their cognitive development may also be impaired if they face harassment or do not have a supportive community. Overall, the document examines how societal and environmental factors can influence the developmental process of LGBTQ adolescents.
Multidimensionality of pressure in adolescenceSurabhi Bhargav
The document summarizes findings from a study on the pressures faced by adolescent students. It was found that adolescents face significant pressure from peers, parents, and academics. Peer pressure was most commonly reported, with pressures to conform and score low marks. Parental pressure included strict study hours and scolding. Academic pressure stemmed from exams and subject selection for future careers. Adolescents reported feeling stressed, depressed, and frustrated in dealing with these pressures. They also engaged in avoidance behaviors like reduced study time or substance use. The study highlights the need to better understand and support adolescents in managing various developmental pressures.
There are three major controversies regarding personality development in middle adulthood:
1) Whether a midlife crisis truly exists or is a myth
2) Whether development is better explained by normative-crisis models or life events models
3) The debate around stability versus change in personality over time.
Relationships and family dynamics also impact development, as adults navigate marriage, divorce, empty nests, and caring for aging parents and adult children. Personality is marked by both stability and change during this period.
There are common myths about child maltreatment, including that the greatest risk is outside the home, that rates have reached epidemic levels, and that risk factors alone cause maltreatment. However, research shows that over 50% of child homicides under age 10 are by family members, rates have actually declined with increased reporting, and risk factors only increase probability not cause maltreatment. Definitions of maltreatment vary over time and place, and include physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse as recognized by most states within minimum federal standards defined by acts resulting in harm.
The document discusses the relationship between bullying, juvenile delinquency, and their causes. It states that low self-esteem, dysfunctional families, substance abuse, and observing criminal behavior can lead to both bullying and delinquency. Children who are bullied or who have incarcerated parents are also more likely to engage in delinquent acts due to mental health issues and a lack of positive role models. The document recommends addressing the issues through therapy, school counseling programs, and interventions that foster friendships and accountability.
The document discusses several key aspects of social and personality development during adolescence. It covers how teens develop their identity and sense of self through questioning who they are. It also explores how adolescents form self-concepts and self-esteem, and how factors like gender, race, and socioeconomic status can influence these. Erikson's psychosocial theory of identity formation is summarized, along with challenges like depression, suicide, and forming autonomy from family.
The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences. In reality, however, it is impossible to separate the types of impacts. Physical consequences, such as damage to a child’s growing brain, can have psychological implications, such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties.
Treatment Track, National Rx Drug Abuse Summit, April 2-4, 2013. Treatment Options for Juveniles
presentation by Michelle Lipinski and Dr. Marc Fishman.
The "Aetiology" of Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children:BASPCAN
This document summarizes a literature review on theories of the causes and conditions associated with physical and sexual abuse of children. It discusses several integrated theories for child sexual abuse and physical abuse. While these theories examine biopsychosocial factors and person-situation dynamics, they have key limitations including decentering the child, viewing children universally rather than accounting for diversity, and not fully considering structural inequalities. The review calls for integrated theories to give more attention to the complexity of abuse dynamics, intersectionality, and how cultural and institutional factors maintain victimhood. This would strengthen prevention by targeting interventions at individual, institutional, and societal levels.
1) The study examined how preference for solitude is associated with adjustment difficulties in early adolescence (8th grade) compared to late adolescence (12th grade).
2) They found that preference for solitude was more strongly associated with greater anxiety, depression, emotion dysregulation and lower self-esteem in 8th grade compared to 12th grade.
3) While preference for solitude was linked to lower social competence in both grades, this association was significantly stronger in 8th grade.
This chapter discusses cognitive development in teenagers. It covers intellectual development including formal operations and abstract thinking. It examines perspectives on cognitive development like Piaget's stages of development and information processing. It also discusses moral development theories from Kohlberg and Gilligan. Additionally, it covers school performance factors like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and achievement testing.
During middle childhood, children's self-esteem develops as they compare themselves to peers and develop standards in different areas. Their self-esteem is influenced by parenting style, relationships with peers, and social and cultural factors like race, ethnicity, and family structure. Promoting children's social competence and relationship skills can help support their self-esteem development.
This document summarizes key aspects of adolescent development from physical, cognitive, and socioemotional perspectives. Physically, puberty brings rapid biological changes through increased hormones. Cognitively, the brain continues developing with advances in abstract thinking. Socioemotionally, adolescents form identities and navigate relationships with families and peers while confronting developmental tasks of autonomy and independence.
Psychological theories seek to explain juvenile delinquency through factors like inadequate socialization, negative childhood experiences, and criminal thinking patterns. Delinquency typically emerges between ages 8-12 with petty crimes and can escalate to more serious offenses like robbery or drug trafficking by adulthood if left unchecked. Psychopathic personality and antisocial personality disorder are also linked to criminal behavior and a lack of empathy or remorse. Psychoanalytic theory views delinquency as resulting from an imbalance between the id, ego and superego, while behaviorist views link it to traits like low frustration tolerance and conditionability.
Supporting Wellness in Children with Mental IllnessHouse of New Hope
The document discusses promoting social and emotional well-being for children who have experienced abuse or neglect. It outlines that ensuring safety and permanency alone is not sufficient, and the child welfare system must also address behavioral, social, and emotional impacts of maltreatment. Research shows maltreatment can negatively impact neurological development, cause traumatic stress, and increase risks of mental illness and behavioral issues. The document argues for screening children's functioning, using functional assessments, and implementing evidence-based interventions to improve outcomes.
The document provides information on adolescence from various perspectives. It discusses adolescence as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. It also examines rites of passage rituals across cultures that mark the transition to adulthood. The document further analyzes characteristics of adolescence in the United States, including physical and sexual development, cognitive growth, moral and identity development through the lenses of various psychological theories.
The document discusses child abuse, including its definition, causes, types, and effects. It notes that child abuse involves harming a child physically, sexually, emotionally, or through neglect. The majority of abusers are parents or other relatives. Common causes include family stress, domestic violence, substance abuse, and mental health issues. Types of abuse include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Physical abuse can cause injuries and long-term physical and psychological effects.
This document provides a literature review on the origins of resilience in families facing socioeconomic hardship, separation, and parental bereavement. It examines various risks such as low socioeconomic status, parenting styles, attachment, marital relationships, separation, and parental bereavement. Protective factors that can buffer these risks and promote family resilience are also explored, such as authoritative parenting, secure attachment between parents and children, strong marital relationships, social support systems, and positive belief systems. The review draws from multiple studies and analyzes factors like communication, nurturing behaviors, and family cohesion that contribute to building resilience in families facing adversity.
The document discusses adolescent development, including physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur during middle and late adolescence. It covers Erik Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion, which occurs from ages 12-18 as teenagers explore their identity and experiment with different roles. The document also addresses changes like hormonal fluctuations, brain development, idealism, experimentation, use of social media, and sexual exploration that commonly happen during adolescence.
Personality is the response for the interaction individuals with the factors surround them. This presentation is the detailed description of personality, factors influencing the personality and the positive as well as negative behaviors exhibited at different age-groups . This is prepared and uploaded by Innoclazz Academy
Parental Military Deployment and Early Child Development 2012Jacquie Pinkerton
This document discusses the impacts of parental military deployment on early child development. It notes that with over 2 million children in military families, 40% under age 5, deployment can negatively impact children's behavior, adjustment to family roles, and cause separation anxiety. However, these impacts can be mitigated by a strong support network and healthy coping from the non-deployed parent. The document then examines differences between active duty and reservist families and their access to supports. It concludes by discussing theories like ecological systems perspective and developmental theory that can help understand impacts and promote positive interventions.
This document discusses analyzing language politeness on Twitter based on Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory. Tweets on the topic of PTPTN (Malaysia's student loan program) were analyzed for positive and negative politeness strategies. Emoticons, punctuation, and capitalization were also examined. The tweets showed examples of both positive politeness through expressions of appreciation, and negative politeness through the use of face-threatening language. Overall, the findings indicate that both positive and negative politeness are present on Twitter and depend on the topic being discussed and individual perspectives.
There are common myths about child maltreatment, including that the greatest risk is outside the home, that rates have reached epidemic levels, and that risk factors alone cause maltreatment. However, research shows that over 50% of child homicides under age 10 are by family members, rates have actually declined with increased reporting, and risk factors only increase probability not cause maltreatment. Definitions of maltreatment vary over time and place, and include physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse as recognized by most states within minimum federal standards defined by acts resulting in harm.
The document discusses the relationship between bullying, juvenile delinquency, and their causes. It states that low self-esteem, dysfunctional families, substance abuse, and observing criminal behavior can lead to both bullying and delinquency. Children who are bullied or who have incarcerated parents are also more likely to engage in delinquent acts due to mental health issues and a lack of positive role models. The document recommends addressing the issues through therapy, school counseling programs, and interventions that foster friendships and accountability.
The document discusses several key aspects of social and personality development during adolescence. It covers how teens develop their identity and sense of self through questioning who they are. It also explores how adolescents form self-concepts and self-esteem, and how factors like gender, race, and socioeconomic status can influence these. Erikson's psychosocial theory of identity formation is summarized, along with challenges like depression, suicide, and forming autonomy from family.
The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences. In reality, however, it is impossible to separate the types of impacts. Physical consequences, such as damage to a child’s growing brain, can have psychological implications, such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties.
Treatment Track, National Rx Drug Abuse Summit, April 2-4, 2013. Treatment Options for Juveniles
presentation by Michelle Lipinski and Dr. Marc Fishman.
The "Aetiology" of Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children:BASPCAN
This document summarizes a literature review on theories of the causes and conditions associated with physical and sexual abuse of children. It discusses several integrated theories for child sexual abuse and physical abuse. While these theories examine biopsychosocial factors and person-situation dynamics, they have key limitations including decentering the child, viewing children universally rather than accounting for diversity, and not fully considering structural inequalities. The review calls for integrated theories to give more attention to the complexity of abuse dynamics, intersectionality, and how cultural and institutional factors maintain victimhood. This would strengthen prevention by targeting interventions at individual, institutional, and societal levels.
1) The study examined how preference for solitude is associated with adjustment difficulties in early adolescence (8th grade) compared to late adolescence (12th grade).
2) They found that preference for solitude was more strongly associated with greater anxiety, depression, emotion dysregulation and lower self-esteem in 8th grade compared to 12th grade.
3) While preference for solitude was linked to lower social competence in both grades, this association was significantly stronger in 8th grade.
This chapter discusses cognitive development in teenagers. It covers intellectual development including formal operations and abstract thinking. It examines perspectives on cognitive development like Piaget's stages of development and information processing. It also discusses moral development theories from Kohlberg and Gilligan. Additionally, it covers school performance factors like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and achievement testing.
During middle childhood, children's self-esteem develops as they compare themselves to peers and develop standards in different areas. Their self-esteem is influenced by parenting style, relationships with peers, and social and cultural factors like race, ethnicity, and family structure. Promoting children's social competence and relationship skills can help support their self-esteem development.
This document summarizes key aspects of adolescent development from physical, cognitive, and socioemotional perspectives. Physically, puberty brings rapid biological changes through increased hormones. Cognitively, the brain continues developing with advances in abstract thinking. Socioemotionally, adolescents form identities and navigate relationships with families and peers while confronting developmental tasks of autonomy and independence.
Psychological theories seek to explain juvenile delinquency through factors like inadequate socialization, negative childhood experiences, and criminal thinking patterns. Delinquency typically emerges between ages 8-12 with petty crimes and can escalate to more serious offenses like robbery or drug trafficking by adulthood if left unchecked. Psychopathic personality and antisocial personality disorder are also linked to criminal behavior and a lack of empathy or remorse. Psychoanalytic theory views delinquency as resulting from an imbalance between the id, ego and superego, while behaviorist views link it to traits like low frustration tolerance and conditionability.
Supporting Wellness in Children with Mental IllnessHouse of New Hope
The document discusses promoting social and emotional well-being for children who have experienced abuse or neglect. It outlines that ensuring safety and permanency alone is not sufficient, and the child welfare system must also address behavioral, social, and emotional impacts of maltreatment. Research shows maltreatment can negatively impact neurological development, cause traumatic stress, and increase risks of mental illness and behavioral issues. The document argues for screening children's functioning, using functional assessments, and implementing evidence-based interventions to improve outcomes.
The document provides information on adolescence from various perspectives. It discusses adolescence as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. It also examines rites of passage rituals across cultures that mark the transition to adulthood. The document further analyzes characteristics of adolescence in the United States, including physical and sexual development, cognitive growth, moral and identity development through the lenses of various psychological theories.
The document discusses child abuse, including its definition, causes, types, and effects. It notes that child abuse involves harming a child physically, sexually, emotionally, or through neglect. The majority of abusers are parents or other relatives. Common causes include family stress, domestic violence, substance abuse, and mental health issues. Types of abuse include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Physical abuse can cause injuries and long-term physical and psychological effects.
This document provides a literature review on the origins of resilience in families facing socioeconomic hardship, separation, and parental bereavement. It examines various risks such as low socioeconomic status, parenting styles, attachment, marital relationships, separation, and parental bereavement. Protective factors that can buffer these risks and promote family resilience are also explored, such as authoritative parenting, secure attachment between parents and children, strong marital relationships, social support systems, and positive belief systems. The review draws from multiple studies and analyzes factors like communication, nurturing behaviors, and family cohesion that contribute to building resilience in families facing adversity.
The document discusses adolescent development, including physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur during middle and late adolescence. It covers Erik Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion, which occurs from ages 12-18 as teenagers explore their identity and experiment with different roles. The document also addresses changes like hormonal fluctuations, brain development, idealism, experimentation, use of social media, and sexual exploration that commonly happen during adolescence.
Personality is the response for the interaction individuals with the factors surround them. This presentation is the detailed description of personality, factors influencing the personality and the positive as well as negative behaviors exhibited at different age-groups . This is prepared and uploaded by Innoclazz Academy
Parental Military Deployment and Early Child Development 2012Jacquie Pinkerton
This document discusses the impacts of parental military deployment on early child development. It notes that with over 2 million children in military families, 40% under age 5, deployment can negatively impact children's behavior, adjustment to family roles, and cause separation anxiety. However, these impacts can be mitigated by a strong support network and healthy coping from the non-deployed parent. The document then examines differences between active duty and reservist families and their access to supports. It concludes by discussing theories like ecological systems perspective and developmental theory that can help understand impacts and promote positive interventions.
This document discusses analyzing language politeness on Twitter based on Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory. Tweets on the topic of PTPTN (Malaysia's student loan program) were analyzed for positive and negative politeness strategies. Emoticons, punctuation, and capitalization were also examined. The tweets showed examples of both positive politeness through expressions of appreciation, and negative politeness through the use of face-threatening language. Overall, the findings indicate that both positive and negative politeness are present on Twitter and depend on the topic being discussed and individual perspectives.
The document discusses how to effectively manage an auto dealership showroom through digital marketing strategies. It emphasizes focusing on organic traffic and direct clicks rather than third-party leads, maintaining a great relationship with the regional manager, optimizing web pages for sales and service, using targeted digital displays and retargeting, and holding weekly meetings to review metrics and sync paid search with specials. The key is using the right digital tools to drive sales and service retention.
This document describes research into electrolytically extracting titanium and titanium dioxide from ilmenite ore. Key findings include:
- Titanium and titanium dioxide can be electrodeposited from various electrolyte solutions containing ilmenite ore leachates. Suitable bath compositions and deposition conditions are outlined.
- Current density, complexing agents, ammonium salts, temperature, and current efficiency were studied and found to influence the deposition process and purity of deposits.
- It is proposed that titanium complexes migrate and deposit at the cathode, while titanium complexes oxidize at the anode during titanium dioxide deposition.
- Near 99% current efficiencies were achieved in some baths, with platinum electrodes and dilute solutions
Beryllium is a lightweight metal discovered in 1798. It has many unique properties including high strength, stiffness, heat resistance and reflectivity. Beryllium exists in various forms that differ in color due to impurities, such as aquamarine, bixbite, emerald, goshenite, heliodor and morganite. It has a wide range of applications from aircrafts and missiles to medical equipment. However, exposure to beryllium can cause acute beryllium disease and chronic beryllium disease. Protective measures like using pellets instead of powder and proper ventilation systems are important to prevent health issues.
Adapting cities to climate variability and change bobBob Eko Kurniawan
This document discusses efforts to balance community engagement and government support to reduce the impacts of climate change in Jakarta, Indonesia. It notes that Jakarta is vulnerable to flooding due to factors like land subsidence and rising sea levels. Initiatives are described that empower communities through vulnerability assessments and local resilience action plans, while supporting this process through expert guidance and integrating it into local government development planning. The goal is to engage communities and facilitate their role in climate change adaptation.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt and the importance of the Nile River. It describes the Nile as the longest river in the world, flowing north through Egypt from central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. It created a fertile valley that supported the rise of Egyptian civilization. The annual flooding of the Nile was vital, depositing rich silt that made the land ideal for farming and represented a "life-giving miracle" to the Egyptians.
Loutfy H. Madkour is a professor of physical chemistry with over 172 publications. The document provides links to his profiles on various academic databases and lists his educational background and employment history at various universities in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen since 1982. It also provides a brief biography and lists 14 of his publications with metadata including titles, co-authors, and years of publication ranging from 1986 to 2014.
This document summarizes several research articles by Professor Loutfy Madkour on corrosion inhibition and electrochemical studies. The articles investigate the inhibition effects of various organic compounds on the corrosion of metals like iron in acidic and alkaline solutions. Quantum chemical calculations and density functional theory were used to study the correlation between inhibitor molecular structure and corrosion inhibition efficiency. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also estimated from experimental data. The findings provide insight into corrosion inhibition mechanisms and could help evaluate the performance of homologous inhibitors.
1) The document discusses geometric terms like circumference, diameter, and radius. It introduces a game where players count the number of "inners" (tiles within a shape) and "edges" (sides touching the outside). For a sample shape, it gives the inners as 4 and edges as 8.
2) It then presents a riddle about a shape where the number of inners is half the number of edges. Players are tasked with figuring out the number of inners and edges to unlock the riddle.
3) The key concepts covered are finding perimeter by adding all side lengths, and formulas for calculating the area of rectangles (length x width) and circles (πr^2).
1. Theseus sails with other young Athenians to the island of Crete to be delivered as a sacrifice to the Minotaur.
2. Ariadne, the daughter of King Minos, wants to help Theseus kill the Minotaur. She gives him a knife and string to help him navigate the dark maze.
3. That night, Theseus enters the maze with the string and knife to search for the Minotaur.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This presentation covers regular and irregular verb forms. It provides examples of verbs in their simple present, past, and participle forms. It includes a sample multiple choice question testing verb forms and a quick 10 question test for learners to assess their knowledge of correct verb usage. The presentation emphasizes relying on familiarity with verb forms over strict rules and encourages reviewing additional resources for practice.
The teacher leads a class of students in a lesson about Mother's Day. They discuss what mothers do, sing a song called "Oh Mother Dear", and make Mother's Day cards. The teacher guides the students in writing messages and the song lyrics on their cards. The students color and decorate their cards to give to their mothers.
The document discusses the implementation of the Goods and Service Tax (GST) in Malaysia which will replace the existing Sales Tax and Service Tax. Some key points:
- GST will be effective on April 1, 2015 at a rate of 6% to replace the current Sales Tax of 5% and Service Tax of 10%.
- GST is a single tax on goods and services that is modeled after the Value Added Tax (VAT) used in over 150 other countries.
- The goals of implementing GST include reducing the tax burden on consumers, making businesses more competitive, and enhancing tax compliance.
Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 1Vlady Fckfb
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methods course. The course aims to discuss the scientific process in psychology, experimental design principles, and ethical issues in research. Key topics include research designs, data acquisition and analysis, and evaluating research methods. Readings include chapters 1-9 and 13 from a custom McGraw-Hill textbook. Assessment includes a multiple choice exam. The document provides an overview of the course structure, readings, and podcasts to support student learning.
ملف العلاقات السرية بين جماعة الإخوان المسلمين بأمريكا وحلفائها ا لحلقة الأولىIbrahimia Church Ftriends
هذه الجماعة المشبوهة قد حذرمنها العلماء منذ مهدها وأول نشوؤها ولكن العواطف عند غالب المسلمين لم منعهم من التصديق وإن كان المتكلم بالدليل وأصدق لسانا ولهجة منهم ولكن أعمال هذه الجماعة المشبوهة أبت أن تستر لهم عرض وتغطي عليهم بليل لفأنكشفت للعيان ولمن كان ينكر حقائق معلومة من تالدين بالضرورة وفي هذه الفتنة أصبح الناس يخوضون في أعراض هذه الجماعة بعلم وبدون علم ولذ
Chronic medical conditions during adolescence can negatively impact development in various ways. However, promoting resilience can help adolescents better manage their condition. Developing a sense of independence and self-efficacy through managing their own care can reduce stress. While chronic illnesses can interfere with psychosocial development tasks like identity formation, resilience factors like strong support systems and coping mechanisms can help adolescents adapt.
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellig...Jonathan Dunnemann
This paper reviewed the articles about adolescence, its relation to spiritual intelligence and the related theories. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and training skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Spiritual intelligence has a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. Spirituality can be viewed as a form of intelligence because it predicts functioning and adaptation and offers capabilities that enable people to solve
problems and attain goals. Conceiving spirituality as a sort of intelligence extends the psychologist’s conception of spirituality and allows its association with the rational cognitive processes like goal achievement and problem solving. Emotional intelligence allows us to judge in which situation we are involved and then to behave appropriately within it. Spiritual intelligence allows us to ask if we want to be in this particular situation in the
first place.
Running head IMPACTS OF CHILD ABUSE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.docxcowinhelen
Running head: IMPACTS OF CHILD ABUSE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1
IMPACTS OF CHILD ABUSE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
11
Impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development
Tasha Smith
Ashford University
LIB495: Capstone - Advanced Research Project
05/18/2017
Introduction
In the United States, child abuse is one of the aspects that require a compelling attention from the government, the non-governmental organizations, society, and even individuals. Reports exhibit that nearly six million young people are abused annually. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified the aspect to be one of the serious problems that the United States is facing, and for this reason, a compelling remedy is required. It is perceived that there is a probability that a child who undergoes physical and psychological abuse is prone to abuse his or her children when he or she becomes an adult (Starr & Wolfe, 1991). According to the United States Bureau of Health and Human Services, it is essential for parents and guardians to ensure that children are not abused in the society.
Statement of the Problem
The impacts of child abuse from early stages through adulthood have been examined for many years. Child abuse is a very regular practice in the United States with more than six million kids influenced each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). It is thought to be a serious issue, particularly as the cycle of abuse proceeds since approximately 30% of abusing and disregarded kids will later abuse their own kids (U.S. Bureau of Health and Human Services [HSS], 2013). The effects of abuse on the child using Erikson's hypothesis of psychosocial improvement, the resulting impacts of the abuse on developing grown-ups, and treatment systems, which have turned out to be of help when working with customers who have experienced childhood abuse. It has got several effects on the development and the growth of children later in life (Kelley, Bravo, Braitman, Lawless, & Lawrence, 2016). It is due to this situation that this study will seek to find the impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development.
Objective of the study:
To determine the Impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development
Research Questions.
1) How do child abuses influence growth and development of a child?
2) To what extent do child abuses affect the growth and development of a child?
3) Do child abuse influence or determine a person’s behavior at adulthood?
4) Is there a likelihood of a child who has been abused to become abusive at adulthood?
5) How do the abused children get along with other children?
Literature review
Erikson depicts one of the main stages prompting adulthood as personality versus part disarray (Lewis, McElroy, Harlaar, & Runyan, 2016). This stage is regularly experienced amid the high school years; in this stage, teenagers encounter an” identity emergency", which is portrayed as an endeavor to characterize who you may be (e.g., vocation, religion, ...
1Running Head FINAL PROPOSAL CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEAL.docxdrennanmicah
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Running Head: FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
2
FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
Diamond Newton
Southern New Hampshire University
March 3, 2019
Problem Statement
Several adults struggle from a variety of mental health issues (suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers.) A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood that stem from a variety of reasons. Some adults seek help and some refuse to seek help. The adults who do seek help come to realize that their current issues stem from when they were a child and still developing as a human. Child abuse can come in many forms, physical, mental, and sexual. Adults who have been exposed or experienced this are likely to suffer from some form of mental health issue. It is important to figure out the root of mental health issues in adults so the root can be addressed. Children need to be in a healthy environment with nothing short of love and care. Exposing children to a harsh reality is only breeding them into an adult who suffers from mental health issues.
Literature Review
The study of psychology helps researchers to understand better what is going on with a person. Researchers studied what happened in a person's life that causes them to make the decisions they do and behave in a certain way. Adults have this stigmatism that they can do whatever they want because they are "grown." Many adults suffer from something that can cause to lead towards suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers. A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood. There could be some reasons adults tend to display certain mental health traits that have been studied in many different forms by researchers. What we will be reviewed is the abuse, physical or mental, that an adult endured as a child and how it affects them in their adulthood.
Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Lin, K. H., Olfson, M. Sugaya, L. (2012) recognized that child physical abuse had been associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. The study conducted included Blacks, Hispanics and young adults between the ages of 18-24 in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. In person, interviews were conducted in Wave 1. In Wave 2 used similar methods as Wave 1 but it excluded the individuals who were not eligible. Wave 2 also interviews went into depth about the questions asked for the participants first 17 years of life. There are many other variables that have been added to the data that relate to childhood physical abuse and mental health distress in adult years. Those other adversatives included the history of child sexual abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and perceived parental support, described as emotional neglect.
The advantages to this design would be the inclusion of other childhood adversities that could contribute to adult psychiatri.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Violencia y resiliencia en adolescentesguevarajimena
The document summarizes research on reducing adolescent violence through building resilience. It finds that exposure to multiple risks like abuse, family violence, and unsafe neighborhoods increases risk of adolescent violence. However, protective factors like supportive relationships, education, life skills and structured activities can build resilience. Interventions should address risk factors early through parenting programs, education, and economic opportunities. Community programs that shift social norms can also help by lowering emotional temperatures during conflicts.
Impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and DevelopmentPresented by.docxwilcockiris
Impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development
Presented by
Tasha Smith
Child abuse requires great attention from all relevant sectors and the society at large
Approximately six million individuals are victims of abuse every year
According to CDC, child abuse is one daunting task that the U.S faces and there is dire need for immediate intervention
Children who are victims of physical and psychological abuse are prone to abuse their own children in the future when they are adults.
The United States Bureau of Health and Human Services declares it essential for parents and guardians to ensure that children are not abused in the society.
INTRODUCTION
Child abuse is a very regular occurrence in the United States with more than six million kids influenced each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014).
Child abuse is detrimental to the individuals health especially if it is long-term
Among the abused kids 30% of them end up abusing their own children.
This study will seek to find the impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To determine the Impacts of Child Abuse on Growth and Development
OBJECTIVE
How do child abuses influence growth and development of a child?
To what extent do child abuses affect the growth and development of a child?
Do child abuse influence or determine a person’s behavior at adulthood?
Is there a likelihood of a child who has been abused to become abusive at adulthood?
How do the abused children get along with other children?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
Personality and disarray are among the main factors that prompt adulthood
This stage is regularly experienced amid the high school years where teenagers encounter an” identity emergency", that is portrayed as an endeavor to characterize who they may be (e.g., vocation, religion, sexual personality, et cetera)
As they advance through this stage, they start to concentrate on building up a character.
it is imperative that a man has a solid comprehension and acknowledgment of their identity before going into a long haul relationship inside the closeness phase of their life.
Accomplishing closeness is a troublesome errand for most grown-ups, and considerably more troublesome for the individuals who have not legitimately dealt with the emergencies from past stages.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Abuse can affect the ability to and outperforming the emergencies displayed in the closeness versus disconnection arrange.
Transient impacts are fairly debated among the expert group and there is a general assertion that it has long haul impacts.
However there is a solid connection amongst abuse and the mental improvement.
It is normal for people who have been abused to look for advise in order to adapt to the injury and get better personal satisfaction.
Advocates needs to have the capacity to comprehend the impacts of abuse and have a set up learning base on the best way to help those .
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxBHANU281672
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac.
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxlorainedeserre
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac ...
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellige...Jonathan Dunnemann
This document provides a literature review on spiritual intelligence, adolescence, and related theories. It discusses how adolescence is an important period for developing skills and identity. Spiritual intelligence training during adolescence can help develop emotional regulation, motivation, empathy and build character to successfully transition to adulthood. Theories like Erikson's psychosocial development theory view adolescence as a time of identity crisis that can be resolved through exploring life's direction. Spiritual intelligence is conceived as a type of intelligence involving spiritual capabilities and resources that predict adaptation and problem solving. It allows people to connect intra- and interpersonally and ask deeper questions about life's meaning to develop one's potential.
The document discusses various factors that can contribute to mental illness, including biological, cultural, and psychological factors. It divides life into stages from infancy to old age and discusses potential causes of abnormal behavior and challenges of adjustment at each stage. These include things like the quality of parenting and relationships in infancy and childhood, stresses of adolescence, crises of early adulthood, adjustments of middle age, and challenges of physical and social changes in old age. The document emphasizes that mental illness usually stems from multiple interacting factors rather than a single cause.
LEVELS OF DEPRESSION AND SELF-ESTEEM IN STUDENTSindexPub
Introduction: among the most worrying problems in recent years are low self-esteem, family and friends problems, anxiety, stress, and depression, which are taking on alarming proportions in students and young people in general. Purpose: the study is a prediction, which focuses on analyzing and evaluating students' self-esteem and level of depression. Methodology: the population is 332 students (13-15 years old) in high schools in the Gjakova region. The study describes the analysis, classification, and evaluation of the collected data by doing the analysis and real examination of the findings. Results: in terms of gender there is no significant difference in self-esteem, while in depression there is a significant difference. The level of depression is higher in women (11.9) than in men (9.5). Economic status shows that students with employed fathers have lower depression (6.77) compared to those with unemployed fathers (10.80). Conclusions: The level of depression and self-esteem and parental reflection affect students. A link has been found between economic status and emotional problems and student behavior. To prevent it, the psychological service in schools should function, and together with families and the community should be as close as possible to the problems of students.
The document discusses physiological influences on adolescent sexual behavior based on a systematic review of 13 studies. Key findings include:
- Hormonal changes, particularly increasing testosterone levels, are associated with earlier initiation of sexual activity and more frequent sex for both males and females. However, psychosocial factors may moderate these effects, especially for females.
- Brain development during puberty also influences sexual behavior, though studies show this operates differently between genders.
- Psychosocial contexts like relationships with peers, religious involvement, and perceptions of maturity play a role but are more influential for females compared to the direct effects of hormones on males.
Self Esteem, Social Support, Personality Traits as Predictors of Hope: Millen...DR. RHEA SANTILLAN
The document summarizes a study that examined predictors of hope among Filipino millennial college students. It describes measures of social support, self-esteem, personality traits, and hope that were administered to 194 psychology students aged 15-25. The results found that significant others and self-esteem were significant predictors of hope. The study aimed to identify variables that could help nurture hope and inform strength-based mental health programs for college students.
This document provides an overview of adolescence, including:
1) Adolescence involves significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes as individuals transition from childhood to adulthood. These changes include puberty and sexual maturation.
2) Views of adolescence have changed from seeing it as a period of "storm and stress" to a more balanced perspective recognizing both challenges and successful adaptation. Risk behaviors peak during adolescence due to biological and social factors.
3) In addition to sexual maturation, adolescents experience rapid physical growth, cognitive advances, and brain development during this period of transition to adulthood. The timing of these changes can impact social and emotional development.
Young adulthood brings changes in physical, cognitive, and social development. Physically, people reach peak strength and health in their 20s and 30s. Cognitively, skills are at their highest, and postformal thinking emerges. Socially, most people focus on careers, relationships, and starting families. Intimacy becomes an important task as friendships and romantic partnerships form. Parenthood involves new responsibilities and transitions as identities expand to include work and family roles.
This literature review sheds new light on how adolescent boys and girls differ in their health and development needs and what implications these differences have for health interventions. The document takes a gender approach and while assessing the gender specific needs of adolescent males, it provides ideas into how to improve the health and development of adolescent boys and girls.
The document discusses the physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional development of adolescents. During adolescence, teens experience rapid physical development including growth spurts and development of secondary sex characteristics. Cognitively, teens develop advanced reasoning, abstract thinking, and meta-cognition skills. Psychosocially, teens establish their identity, autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement. Emotional development involves learning to perceive, assess, and manage emotions. Support from family and understanding adolescent development are important for healthy development.
Low self-esteem is a problem for many youth, especially during adolescence. Rates of low self-esteem are higher in Kentucky youth than nationwide. Low self-esteem can lead to mental health issues, risky behaviors, academic problems, and early sexual activity. Programs aim to promote factors like connections with others, achievement, and autonomy to support healthy self-esteem in youth.
1. THE RELATIONSHIP ANDSELF-ESTEEM AND HEALTH-RELATED RISK BEHAVIORS
AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN BAGUIO CITY
___________
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements
In the course
INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH
__________
Submitted to
The Faculty of the
School of Nursing
Saint Louis University
Submitted by:
Names
August 2011
INTRODUCTION
adolescence
↓
Changes in adolescents
↓
Among the changes- Self-estem (reasons)- Males vs females, race/ethnicity
↓
2. Other than self-esteem- engage with health-related risk behaviors-common health-related
risk behaviors- statistics CDC, race or gender
↓
GAP
↓
Summary
Adolescence is a period of rapid and transformative physical, psychological,
sociocultural, and cognitive development. The physical changes of puberty — including growth
and maturation of multiple organ systems such as the reproductive organs and brain — lay a
biological foundation for the other developmental changes.Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory
states that adolescence is the period of development during which an individual makes the
transition from childhood to adulthood, usually between 12-18 years old (Potter and Perry,
2006). Stanley Hall views adolescence as the “Storm and Stress” period (John W. Santrock,
1997).
During this period, the adolescent brain is rewired, with resulting maturation of cognitive
abilities in early adolescence. When these new cognitive abilities are combined with life
experiences, we often observe development of social judgment, including judgment about risk
and safety. Adolescence is also marked by critical transformation in the relationship of a young
person to the world, as the social circles of peers and the adult worlds of work, pleasure, and
social responsibility become more central and the family circle becomes somewhat less
prominent — at least temporarily. Adolescents must learn to deal with an expanding social
universe and must develop the social skills to find friendship, romance, employment, and social
standing within multiple social spheres. Finally, a critical task of adolescence is the
establishment of a stable sense of identity and the development of autonomy or agency. This
development of identity often occurs only after a period of exploration, of trial and error in social
roles and social behaviors. Although most adolescents navigate the often turbulent course from
childhood to adulthood to become healthy adults and productive citizens, many fail to do so
(Adolescents at risk: A Generation in Jeopardy, Crosby et.al). Adolescence is the agewhere
according to the Intrapsychic theory (also called psychodynamic) focuses on an individual’s
unconscious processes. Feelings, needs, conflicts and drives are considered to be motivators of
behavior, learning and development. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are two major
3. Intraphysictheorist, it is the time where adolescents are given this perspective, it's not hard to
recognize that self-esteem plays a big part in the developing adolescent. It is important to
understand that not all theorists believe adolescence is characterized as a time of storm and
stress. It certainly may have its ups and downs, but much of this is a normal reaction to all of the
physical, emotional and social changes taking place. Latent growth curve analyses indicated
that self-esteem increases during adolescence and continues to increase more slowly in young
adulthood. Women and men did not differ in their self-esteem trajectories. In adolescence,
Hispanics had lower self-esteem than Blacks and Whites, but the self-esteem of Hispanics
subsequently increased more strongly, so that at age 30 Blacks and Hispanics had higher self-
esteem than Whites. At each age, emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious individuals
experienced higher self-esteem than emotionally unstable, introverted, and less conscientious
individuals. Moreover, at each age, high sense of mastery, low risk taking, and better health
predicted higher self-esteem (PubMed; Self-esteem development from age 14-30 years: A
longitudinal study; 2011) .Self-esteem issues are important throughout the teen years.
Self esteem is the one important factor required by anybody to succeed in life. It is a well
proven concept that if you can build self esteem at your adolescent period it will last all through
your life. Adolescence is one period in which boys and girls faces with many problems and
issues. It is necessary that adolescent self esteem to be at top to face the problems faced with
adolescent period because if not, this will lead to uncertain things that will definitely affect the
interaction of adolescents to their environment (Adolescent Self-esteem, Todd Koenig).
Webster defines self-esteem as "an objective respect for or favorable impression of
oneself, an inordinately or exaggeratedly favorable impression of oneself." This simply means
how you feel about yourself. Dr. Nathaniel Branden said, "Self-esteem is the experience of
being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and of being worthy of
happiness".(Branden, N., 1994, The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem, New York: Bantam Books.)
Too many fall prey to social and behavior morbidities and mortality, and many fail to
achieve their full potential as workers, parents, and individuals. Many suffer substantial short -
term impairment and disability, and for many this impairment extends into adulthood. Many of
these failures of adolescent development are the result of preventable health risk behaviors.
Adolescence is marked by increasing involvement in health risk behaviors. Between the ages of
twelve and twenty - five, we observe the initiation of myriad health risk behaviors, including
alcohol and drug use, smoking, sexual behaviors, delinquency, and behaviors leading to
intentional and unintentional injuries — all of which can adversely influence health in the short
4. and long term. For example, alcohol and drug use are the proximate causes of unintentional
injuries during adolescence; they also can lead to adult addiction and social and health
impairment. Sexual behaviors often result in unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV infection. Self-esteem of adolescents play an important role in their
engagement to health related risk behaviors such as physical harm, dietary behavior, physical
inactivity, sexual behavior, substance abuse (Charalampous, Ford, and Skinner; 1976;
Donnelly, 2000) which the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) have
enumerated. Adolescents may engage in these health-related risk behaviors and may react on it
negatively or positively.There is a belief among many in the field of health promotion and health
education that a
high self-esteem is somehow protective against involvement in the so-called health risk
behaviours. The assumed protective
effect of self-esteem is derived from a 'deficit' or 'susceptibility' model of adolescent
behaviour (McGee & Williams, 2000; Moore, Laflin& Weis, 1996)
Some researches that were conducted outside the country revealed that there is a
significant difference among male and female adolescents when it comes to engaging in those
health-related risk behaviors whether they have a high or low self-esteem. In terms of sexual
behavior, self-esteem plays an apparent role in the sexual behaviors among adolescents,
according to a study by researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine published in
the April 2002 issue of Pediatrics. Self-esteem had opposite effects on female adolescents and
male adolescents. Female adolescents with high self-esteem were less likely to engage in early
sexual activity, while male adolescents with high self-esteem were more likely to report being
sexually active.
In terms of physical harm, Johnson (1977) concluded
that juvenile delinquency prevention programs often fail because they are
based on incorrect assumptions about the sources of delinquency and overlook
the crucial roles of school failure and low self-esteem among adolescents either male or female.
Kelley (1978) reported a direct correlation between delinquency and low
self-esteem. He found evidence of a link between increased self-esteem and a
reduction of delinquent behavior. He found that as programs were implemented
to raise the level of self-esteem, the incidence of delinquent behavior was
reduced. Those with low self-esteem seem to rely more on group or collective
self-esteem than those with high personal self-esteem. Thus, some
5. individuals seek gang membership to compensate for feelings of low
self-esteem (Review of Self-esteem Research, Robert W. Reasoner).
In terms of substance abuse, low self-esteem can be one of the main indicators why
adolescents engage in using illegal drugs, drinking alcohol and the like. Moreover female
adolescents are less likely to engage in substance abuse than male adolescents (Women and
Children Treatment, 2010). In the book Alcoholism: A False Stigma: Low
Self-Esteem the True Disease, (1996) Candito reports, "Those who have
identified themselves as "recovered alcoholics" indicate that low self esteem
is the most significant problem in their lives. Low self-esteem is the true
problem and the true disease not because it will lead to alcoholism but also to other substance
abuse like marijuana, smoking and others.
In terms of dietary behaviors, Dr. Yellowlees (1996)
states that low self-esteem seems to operate as a predisposing and
contributory factor in the development of eating
disorders. In some cases, evidence for this
relationship is so strong that it is even thought by some researchers that
chronic low self-esteem is a necessary prerequisite for disordered eating. However more of the
female adolescents were being affected by their low self-esteem than the males.
In terms of physical inactivity, female and male adolescents who have a high self-
esteem are the ones who likely committed physical inactivity. Female and male adolescents
who have a low self-esteem are the ones engaging in physical activity such as exercise in order
to boost their low self-esteem (PubMed.Gov, 2009).
Since these researches were conducted outside the country, we would also like
to have a research about this in order to see if the results do vary here in the Philippines and
thus this factors affect the prevalence of committing certain attitudes that is why we come up
with this research entitled Self-esteem and Health-Related Risk Behaviors among Adolescents
in Baguio City.
In our research, Self-esteem is referred to as the overall evaluation or appraisal of one’s
own worth. Health-related risk behaviors are the actions, attitudes and perceptions that may
contribute to one’s engagement in activities which are hazardous or dangerous to their own
6. health. One of this is physical harm which is referred to as the intention or to cause damage to
self, others or property. Substance abuse is the maladaptive use(abuse) of tobacco, alcohol and
other drugs. Sexual behavior is the maladaptive sexual patterns or behaviors of adolescents
such as unsafe or premarital sex. Dietary behaviors are the dietary habits that are not
considered to be healthy. Physical inactivity is the behavior such as lack of exercise.
The research aims to understand the relationship of self-esteem and health risk behaviors.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the relationship between self-esteem and health-related risk behaviors of
adolescents?
2. What is the relationship betweenself-esteem and health-related risk behaviors
among adolescents whenthese behaviors are classified according to:
a. Physical harm
b. Substance abuse
c. Sexual behaviors
d. Dietary Behaviors
e. Physical inactivity
3. Is there a significant association between the relationship of self-esteem and health-
related risk behavior when grouped according to:
a. Gender
b. Ethnicity
METHODOLOGY
The study will utilize a correlational quantitative design. Give a short description in
relations to your study. (Poilt and Beck, 20?). The total population of adolescents in Baguio City
is 1,000,000 excluding those who are not enrolled. Adolescents who are out of school will not be
considered because the researchers were not able to know their exact number. The sample
size of 385 was determined by the formula for standard proportions.
The study will be conducted in Baguio City… {REASONS}
To answer the research questions, the researchers will utilize a questionnaire to gather
data. The questionnaire is composed of 3 parts. The first part comprises of a letter addressed to
the respondent. The letter explains the title of the study, the purpose of the study and ethical
7. considerations that shall be observed in the conduct of the study. The second part determines
the participants’ demographic data. The third part of the questionnaire consists of _ items to
determine the level of self-esteem and the level of health-related risk behaviors. The tool that
will be used in the study was adapted from Rosenberg’s Global Self-Esteem Inventory and
YRBSS ________. To assure validity of the tool, Expert- Content Validity Index CVI! {}
{Data Gathering Procedure}