The document discusses e-government, which refers to the use of digital technologies and the internet by government agencies to provide information and services to citizens, businesses, employees, and other government entities. It outlines the primary models of e-government delivery (G2C, G2B, G2E, G2G) and discusses advantages like increased transparency and convenience, as well as disadvantages such as potential lack of access or privacy issues. It also provides examples of e-government services and compares e-government initiatives in different countries.
The study investigated the practices of organisations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries with regards to G2C egovernment maturity. It reveals that e-government G2C initiatives in the surveyed countries in particular, and arguably around the world in general, are progressing slowly because of the lack of a trusted and secure medium to authenticate the identities of online users. The authors conclude that national ID schemes will play a major role in helping governments reap the benefits of e-government if the three advanced technologies of smart card, biometrics and public key infrastructure (PKI) are utilised to provide a reliable and trusted authentication medium for e-government services.
Trends in e-government reflect trends in society but also help shape public services and governance. What really is happening now and how will this continue up to 2020? Why we should be both excited yet cautious.
The study investigated the practices of organisations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries with regards to G2C egovernment maturity. It reveals that e-government G2C initiatives in the surveyed countries in particular, and arguably around the world in general, are progressing slowly because of the lack of a trusted and secure medium to authenticate the identities of online users. The authors conclude that national ID schemes will play a major role in helping governments reap the benefits of e-government if the three advanced technologies of smart card, biometrics and public key infrastructure (PKI) are utilised to provide a reliable and trusted authentication medium for e-government services.
Trends in e-government reflect trends in society but also help shape public services and governance. What really is happening now and how will this continue up to 2020? Why we should be both excited yet cautious.
The true concept of democracy includes the participation of individuals in the governing process. But due
to gargantuan population the active participation of citizen in governing process is not possible. But egovernance makes it possible through online feedback system from the public. This paper entirely deals
with the concept of e-governance and the application of e-governance in various domains. The role of
information and communication technology [ICT] in e-governance, the scope & objective of e-governance.
The scope includes four main aspect namely G2C; C2G; G2B; G2G.Finally this paper includes the
overview of Digital India project, e-governance plan formulated by the government and our views.
A flagship CTO event, this has grown into a platform for knowledge-sharing among peer groups steering ICT projects in e-delivery of health care, education and governance. This Forum echoes the Commonwealth's 2013 theme: The Road Ahead for Africa.
Presentazione di Antonio Cordella al seminario "E-Government: Teorie e Pratiche nei Paesi Maturi e in via di Sviluppo"
www.thinkinnovation.org
www.forumpa.it
Identity and trust are two important elements that surround any service-providing system. They become more critical when such systems operate in distributed environments and deal with sensitive details. This paper explains how a government-trusted digital infrastructure would address both identification and trust requirements and would support the development of citizen-centric government services. The main contribution of the paper is the presentation of a framework adopted by the government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that provides a systematic approach to creating a robust information-sharing system within a secure environment. A model is also presented to explain how synergy among institutions is planned to be achieved and how online users would access web-based government services with a single login using a universal smart identity card.
Exploring Factors Relating to the Use of E-Government Services, as Perceived ...Abdullah Mohammed
From as early as 1999, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago recognized the positive benefits that ICT could bring to its operations, to the private sector, and to its citizens. Since then, much work has been done to lay the foundations for e-Government and e-Business. Although the potential benefits are high, progress has been slow, and because of this, citizens have had little exposure to local e-Government and e-Commerce service offerings.
This study takes a first look at the factors that would affect Trinidad and Tobago citizens’ intentions to use an online, transactional e-Government service using constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989), the Diffusions of Innovations Theory (Rogers 1995), two forms of Trust (Carter and Bélanger 2005), and user characteristics. Hypothesis testing revealed that the six constructs in the model were significantly correlated with use intentions, along with three other demographic variables. Interestingly, Gender, Age and Agent assistance were not found to be statistically significant. Findings from correlations, the factor analysis and the multiple regression model were presented, and the implications for e-Government leaders and project implementers are discussed.
E-government in General, and in LebanonVince Assaf
In this paper, we discussed in the first part e-government in general, an introduction to it, along with its benefit.
We introduced briefly e-government in Singapore, and the services they provide.
The second part of the paper focused on e-government in Lebanon, the setbacks the government is facing, and the future plans that need to be implemented
Conceptualization of electronic government adoptionIJMIT JOURNAL
E-government facilitates provision of relevant government information in electronic form to the citizens in
a timely manner and better service delivery to citizens. Information Technology today is recognized as an
effective tool for turning the economic activity in efficient governance and in developing human resource.
E-government is a kind of governmental administration which is based on ICT Services. The essence of egovernment is using information technology to break the boundary of administrative organizations, and
build up a virtual electronic government. E-government initiatives are common in most countries as they
promise a transparent, citizen-centric government and reduce operational cost. Emerging with Egovernment, theories and practices of public administration have stepped into a new knowledge era. Egovernment presents a tremendous impetus to move forward with higher quality, cost-effective, government
services and a better relationship between citizens and government. This paper discusses the different
issues, challenges, adoption factors for e-government implementation, conceptual demarcation on these
factors and, presents a conceptual framework for better e-government performance.
The true concept of democracy includes the participation of individuals in the governing process. But due
to gargantuan population the active participation of citizen in governing process is not possible. But egovernance makes it possible through online feedback system from the public. This paper entirely deals
with the concept of e-governance and the application of e-governance in various domains. The role of
information and communication technology [ICT] in e-governance, the scope & objective of e-governance.
The scope includes four main aspect namely G2C; C2G; G2B; G2G.Finally this paper includes the
overview of Digital India project, e-governance plan formulated by the government and our views.
A flagship CTO event, this has grown into a platform for knowledge-sharing among peer groups steering ICT projects in e-delivery of health care, education and governance. This Forum echoes the Commonwealth's 2013 theme: The Road Ahead for Africa.
Presentazione di Antonio Cordella al seminario "E-Government: Teorie e Pratiche nei Paesi Maturi e in via di Sviluppo"
www.thinkinnovation.org
www.forumpa.it
Identity and trust are two important elements that surround any service-providing system. They become more critical when such systems operate in distributed environments and deal with sensitive details. This paper explains how a government-trusted digital infrastructure would address both identification and trust requirements and would support the development of citizen-centric government services. The main contribution of the paper is the presentation of a framework adopted by the government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that provides a systematic approach to creating a robust information-sharing system within a secure environment. A model is also presented to explain how synergy among institutions is planned to be achieved and how online users would access web-based government services with a single login using a universal smart identity card.
Exploring Factors Relating to the Use of E-Government Services, as Perceived ...Abdullah Mohammed
From as early as 1999, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago recognized the positive benefits that ICT could bring to its operations, to the private sector, and to its citizens. Since then, much work has been done to lay the foundations for e-Government and e-Business. Although the potential benefits are high, progress has been slow, and because of this, citizens have had little exposure to local e-Government and e-Commerce service offerings.
This study takes a first look at the factors that would affect Trinidad and Tobago citizens’ intentions to use an online, transactional e-Government service using constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989), the Diffusions of Innovations Theory (Rogers 1995), two forms of Trust (Carter and Bélanger 2005), and user characteristics. Hypothesis testing revealed that the six constructs in the model were significantly correlated with use intentions, along with three other demographic variables. Interestingly, Gender, Age and Agent assistance were not found to be statistically significant. Findings from correlations, the factor analysis and the multiple regression model were presented, and the implications for e-Government leaders and project implementers are discussed.
E-government in General, and in LebanonVince Assaf
In this paper, we discussed in the first part e-government in general, an introduction to it, along with its benefit.
We introduced briefly e-government in Singapore, and the services they provide.
The second part of the paper focused on e-government in Lebanon, the setbacks the government is facing, and the future plans that need to be implemented
Conceptualization of electronic government adoptionIJMIT JOURNAL
E-government facilitates provision of relevant government information in electronic form to the citizens in
a timely manner and better service delivery to citizens. Information Technology today is recognized as an
effective tool for turning the economic activity in efficient governance and in developing human resource.
E-government is a kind of governmental administration which is based on ICT Services. The essence of egovernment is using information technology to break the boundary of administrative organizations, and
build up a virtual electronic government. E-government initiatives are common in most countries as they
promise a transparent, citizen-centric government and reduce operational cost. Emerging with Egovernment, theories and practices of public administration have stepped into a new knowledge era. Egovernment presents a tremendous impetus to move forward with higher quality, cost-effective, government
services and a better relationship between citizens and government. This paper discusses the different
issues, challenges, adoption factors for e-government implementation, conceptual demarcation on these
factors and, presents a conceptual framework for better e-government performance.
Recentering Democracy Around Citizens Multimedia ReportMatt Leighninger
How might we redesign local democracy around the day-to-day goals and concerns of citizens? A set of leaders in civic engagement, including representatives of national associations that represent local officials, school systems, funders, and other leaders, met in early 2010 to compare notes on their work in communities and discuss possibilities for innovation. This report describes their discussion and recommendations.
Electronic government (e-government) has been attracting the attention of the world for the past two decades, and specifically, upon the advent of the internet. Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars to date to transform themselves into e-government. However, their efforts and large investments resulted mainly in online portals and scattered electronic services. Various studies indicate that e-government initiatives are failing to meet citizens' expectations for convenient service delivery systems. Nonetheless, the rapid pace at which technology is innovatively evolving and its disruptive nature is forcing new realities to be accepted in e-government domain. The new forms of mobility made possible by the transforming technologies are not only changing how people live their lives today, but also redefining business models, employee productivity, customer relationship, and even how governments are structured. The growing usage of smartphones and tablets have significant impact on all industries, but at large how government services are delivered. This study attempts to provide some qualitative input to the existing body of knowledge. It sheds light on some trends that have high impact to disrupt existing technological-based channels of interaction between governments and citizens, and ultimately on service delivery. It also sheds light on the role of modern identity management infrastructure in enabling higher levels of trust and confidence in mobile transactions.
We briefly discuss about the e-government which is about the finishing transactions between the government and the public through internet. First, we wrote about the three sectors of e-government which are between government and (government, citizens, business). Second, we wrote about benefits that users can get from using e-government. Third, we wrote about the challenges that e-government fac
This article provides an overview of current international e-Government practices and the role of the national identity management infrastructure program in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in supporting e-Government development. It describes the benefits of e-Government that various governments worldwide have identified, sheds light on some recent surveys on the delivery of e-Government by some countries, highlights some examples and puts the position of the United Arab Emirates into context. It then discusses the program's use of Identity Management in the strategic initiatives, explains their purpose in the facilitation of e-Government within the United Arab Emirates and describes a general roadmap for implementation.
E-GOVERNANCE. E-governance, meaning 'electronic governance' is using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Successful factors determining the significant relationship between e-governa...riyaniaes
Every government's major objective is to provide the greatest services in order to establish efficiency and quality of performance. Syria's government has understood how critical it is to go in the direction of information technology. However, there are gaps and poor links across government sectors, which has tainted the image of Syrian e-governance. As a result, one of the main aims of this study is to figure out what factors impact Syrians' acceptance of the e-government system. A total of 600 questionnaires were delivered to Syrian individuals as part of a survey. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SEM) using AMOS version 21.0. User intention to utilise an e-government system was shown to be influenced by performance expectations, effort expectations, system flexibility, citizens-centricity, and facilitating conditions. Assurance, responsiveness, reliability, tangibles, and empathy are five fundamental factors that have a major impact on government operation excellence. Behavioural Intention is being utilised as a mediator between the government operation excellence (GOE) initiative and the e-government platform.
E-governance, meaning ‘electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance. The application of ICT to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of exchange of information and transaction:
between Governments,
between Government agencies,
between Government and Citizens, and
between Government and businesses
Government Process Re-engineering using IT to simplify and make the government processes more efficient is critical for transformation to make the delivery of government services more effective across various government domains and therefore needs to be implemented by all Ministries/ Departments.
NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NEGP)
negpThe National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision, a shared cause. Around this idea, a massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is evolving, and large-scale digitization of records is taking place to enable easy, reliable access over the internet. The ultimate objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, as articulated in the Vision Statement of NeGP.
“Make all Government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets,and ensure efficiency, transparency, and reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of the common man”
The Government approved the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), comprising of 31 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 components, on May 18, 2006.
Click the link to view the Official website for the National E-Governance Plan (NeGP)
E-GOVERNANCE INFRASTRUCTURE
Digital India
State Wide Area Network (SWAN): Under this Scheme, technical and financial assistance are being provided to the States/UTs for establishing SWANs to connect all State/UT Headquarters up to the Block level via District/ sub-Divisional Headquarters, in a vertical hierarchical structure with a minimum bandwidth capacity of 2 Mbps per link. Each of the State / UT can enhance the bandwidth up to 34 Mbps between SHQ and DHQ and upto 8 Mbps between DHQ and BHQ depending upon the utilization. Steps have been initiated to integrate all SWANs using the National Knowledge Network (NKN).State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG): State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG), is one of the core infrastructure pillars of the NeGP which would establish Electronic Service Delivery in all 35 States / UTs. This project aims to enhance the services provided to the citizens through Common Service Centers (CSCs) by carrying out the Implementation of the State Portal, State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG) & Electronic Form application. It is envisaged that the common infrastructure (SWAN, SDC
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Babdi
1. E-Government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital government, online government, or connected government) is digital interactions between a government and citizens (G2C), government and businesses/Commerce (G2B), government and employees, and also between government and governments /agencies (G2G). Essentially, the e-Government delivery models can be briefly summed up as (Jeong, 2007): HYPERLINK quot;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmentquot;
quot;
cite_note-0quot;
[1]<br />G2C (Government to Citizens)<br />G2B (Government to Businesses)<br />G2E (Government to Employees)<br />G2G (Government to Governments)<br />This digital interaction consists of governance, information and communication technology (ICT), business process re-engineering (BPR), and e-citizen at all levels of government (city, state/provence, national, and international).<br />Contents[hide]1 Defining e-Government2 Examples of e-Government and e-Governance3 Delivery models and activities of e-Government4 Non-internet e-Government5 Laws/Acts6 Controversies of e-Government6.1 Disadvantages6.1.1 Hyper-surveillance6.1.2 Cost6.1.3 Inaccessibility6.1.4 False sense of transparency and accountability6.2 Advantages6.2.1 Democratization6.2.2 Environmental bonuses6.2.3 Speed, efficiency, and convenience6.2.4 Public approval7 Technology-specific e-Government8 UN e-Government Readiness Index9 e-Government by country9.1 In Canada9.1.1 Government to citizen9.1.2 Government to government9.2 In Europe9.3 In India9.4 In Malaysia9.5 In Middle East9.6 In Pakistan9.7 In the United States10 e-Government – an alternative approach11 See also12 References13 External links<br />[edit] Defining e-Government<br />‘E-Government' (or Digital Government) is defined as ‘The employment of the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens.’ (United Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005). HYPERLINK quot;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmentquot;
quot;
cite_note-1quot;
[2]<br />'Electronic Government' (or in short 'e-Government') essentially refers to ‘The utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector.’ (Jeong, 2007). HYPERLINK quot;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmentquot;
quot;
cite_note-2quot;
[3]<br />E-government describes the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of government and the disbursement of government information and services. E-government, short for electronic government, deals heavily with Internet and non-internet applications to aid in governments. E-government includes the use of electronics in government as large-scale as the use of telephones and fax machines, as well as surveillance systems, tracking systems such as RFID tags, and even the use of television and radios to provide government-related information and services to the citizens.<br />[edit] Examples of e-Government and e-Governance<br />E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM), audio/video presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the site”[4] and “the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees”.[5] The focus should be on:<br />The use of Information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government.[6]<br />The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization.[7]<br />The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new media.[8]<br />Whilst e-Government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of government, e-Governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-Government, e-Governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.<br />[edit] Delivery models and activities of e-Government<br />The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into:<br />Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Consumer (G2C)<br />In this model, the G2C model apply the strategy of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) with business concept.<br />By managing their customer (citizen) relationship, the business (government) can provide the needed products and services fulfill the needs from customer (citizen).<br />In United States, the NPR (National Partnership for Reinventing Government) has been implemented from 1993.[9]<br />Government-to-Business (G2B)<br />Government-to-Government (G2G)<br />Government-to-Employees (G2E)<br />Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place: HYPERLINK quot;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governmentquot;
quot;
cite_note-9quot;
[10][11]<br />pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.<br />two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency.<br />conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.<br />governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active citizen participation by:<br />Informing the citizen<br />Representing the citizen<br />Encouraging the citizen to vote<br />Consulting the citizen<br />Involving the citizen<br />[edit] Non-internet e-Government<br />While e-government is often thought of as quot;
online governmentquot;
or quot;
Internet-based government,quot;
many non-Internet quot;
electronic governmentquot;
technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, wireless networks and services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other Near Field Communication applications; polling station technology (where non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government services (e.g., CSMW), email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies.<br />[edit] Laws/Acts<br />E-Government Act of 2002<br />[edit] Controversies of e-Government<br />[edit] Disadvantages<br />The main disadvantages concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public access to the internet, reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of government groups that could influence and bias public opinions.<br />There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.[12] See also Electronic leviathan.<br />[edit] Hyper-surveillance<br />Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them. In a worse case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like system could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost.[13][14]<br />[edit] Cost<br />Although quot;
a prodigious amount of money has been spentquot;
on the development and implementation of e-government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.[15] According to Gartner, Worldwide IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4 trillion). [16]<br />[edit] Inaccessibility<br />Main article: Digital divide<br />An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the quot;
potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes.quot;
[17]<br />[edit] False sense of transparency and accountability<br />Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye. To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those that do so, like the United States’ OMBWatch [1] and Government Accountability Project, are often nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track of the information they insert and delete.[18]<br />[edit] Advantages<br />The ultimate goal of the E-Government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-government allows for government transparency. Government transparency is important because it allows the public to be informed about what the government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement. Simple tasks may be easier to perform through electronic government access. Many changes, such as marital status or address changes can be a long process and take a lot of paper work for citizens. E-government allows these tasks to be performed efficiently with more convenience to individuals. E-government is an easy way for the public to be more involved in political campaigns. It could increase voter awareness, which could lead to an increase in citizen participation in elections. It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend time, energy and money to get it.<br />E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example, the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles simplified the process of certifying driver records to be admitted in county court proceedings.[19] Indiana became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In addition to its simplicity, e-democracy services can reduce costs. Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Wal-Mart and NIC developed an online hunting and fishing license service utilizing an existing computer to automate the licensing process. More than 140,000 licenses were purchased at Wal-Mart stores during the first hunting season and the agency estimates it will save $200,000 annually from service.[20]<br />The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services, and more transparency and accountability.[12]<br />[edit] Democratization<br />Main article: E-democracy<br />One goal of e-government will be greater citizen participation. Through the internet, people from all over the country can interact with politicians or public servants and make their voices heard. Blogging and interactive surveys will allow politicians or public servants to see the views of the people they represent on any given issue. Chat rooms can place citizens in real-time contact with elected officials, their offices or provide them with the means to replace them by interacting directly with public servants, allowing voters to have a direct impact and influence in their government. These technologies can create a more transparent government, allowing voters to immediately see how and why their representation in the capital is voting the way they are. This helps voters better decide who to vote for in the future or how to help the public servants become more productive. A government could theoretically move more towards a true democracy with the proper application of e-government. Government transparency will give insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold elected officials or public servants accountable for their actions. The public could become a direct and prominent influence in government legislature to some degree.[21][22][23][24]<br />[edit] Environmental bonuses<br />Main article: Paperless office<br />Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen the need for hard copy forms.[25] Due to recent pressures from environmentalist groups, the media, and the public, some governments and organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce this paper use. The United States government utilizes the website http://www.forms.gov to provide “internal government forms for federal employees” and thus “produce significant savings in paper.[26]<br />[edit] Speed, efficiency, and convenience<br />E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind desks and windows. Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through computerization, and information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. On the administrative side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can now be stored in databases versus hardcopies stored in various locations. Individuals with disabilities or conditions no longer have to be mobile to be active in government and can be in the comfort of their own homes.[27][28]<br />[edit] Public approval<br />Main article: e-participation<br />Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the public.[29][30] Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency, and young people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn to e-voting procedures.<br />Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal confidentiality. Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and fifty-seven percent are willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or terrorists.[31]<br />[edit] Technology-specific e-Government<br />There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as m-government (mobile government), u-government (ubiquitous government), and g-government (GIS/GPS applications for e-government.<br />E-government portals and platforms The primary delivery models of e-Government are classified depending on who benefits. In the development of public sector or private sector portals and platforms, a system is created that benefits all constituents. Citizens needing to renew their vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection requirement. On behalf of a government partner, business provides what has traditionally, and solely, managed by government and can use this service to generate profit or attract new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and complexity of having to process the transactions.[32]<br />To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally develop and manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates portals that pay for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as self-funding portals.<br />Social networking is an emerging area for e-democracy. The social networking entry point is within the citizens’ environment and the engagement is on the citizens’ terms. Proponents of e-government perceive government use of social networks as a medium to help government act more like the public it serves. Examples can be found at almost every state government portal through Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube widgets.<br />Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction with services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share common interests and concerns. Government is also beginning to Twitter. In the state of Rhode Island, Treasurer Frank T. Caprio is offering daily tweets of the state’s cash flow. Interested people can sign up at here.[33] For a full list of state agencies with Twitter feeds, visit Real Life. Live document. For more information, visit transparent-gov.<br />[edit] UN e-Government Readiness Index<br />There are several international rankings of e-government maturity. The Eurostat rankings, Economist, Brown University, and the UN e-Government Readiness Index are among the most frequently cited. The United Nations Public Administration Network conducts a bi-annual e-Government survey which includes a section titled e-Government Readiness. It is a comparative ranking of the countries of the world according to two primary indicators: i) the state of e-government readiness; and ii) the extent of e-participation. Constructing a model for the measurement of digitized services, the Survey assesses the 191 member states of the UN according to a quantitative composite index of e-government readiness based on website assessment; telecommunication infrastructure and human resource endowment.<br />The following is the list of the top 50 countries according to the UN's 2010 e-Government Readiness Index.[34]<br />RankCountryIndex1South Korea0.87852United States0.85103Canada0.84484United Kingdom0.81475Netherlands0.80976Norway0.80207Denmark0.78728Australia0.78639Spain0.751610France0.751011Singapore0.747612Sweden0.747413Bahrain0.736314New Zealand0.731115Germany0.730916Belgium0.722517Japan0.715218Switzerland0.713619Finland0.696720Estonia0.696521Ireland0.686622Iceland0.669723Liechtenstein0.669424Austria0.667925Luxembourg0.667226Israel0.655227Hungary0.631528Lithuania0.629529Slovenia0.624330Malta0.612931Colombia0.612532Malaysia0.610133Czech Republic0.606034Chile0.601435Croatia0.585836Uruguay0.584237Latvia0.582638Italy0.580039Portugal0.578740Barbados0.571441Greece0.570842Cyprus0.570543Slovakia0.563944Bulgaria0.559045Poland0.558246Kazakhstan0.557847Romania0.547948Argentina0.546749United Arab Emirates0.534950Kuwait0.5290<br />[edit] e-Government by country<br />[edit] In Canada<br />[edit] Government to citizen<br />Main article: Open Government in Canada<br />Public information in Canada is the subject of the Access to Information Act. VisibleGovernment.ca is a Canadian non-profit that promotes online tools for government transparency. There have been several ChangeCamps in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, with organizers coming together in Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, drawing many politicians. The city of Toronto mayor David Miller announced plans for an open city data portal at toronto.ca/open.<br />A collection of uses of social media in Canadian government can be found here.<br />[edit] Government to government<br />The current Clerk of the Privy Council - the head of the federal public service, has made workplace renewal a pillar of overall public service renewal. Key to workplace renewal is the adoption of collaborative networked tools. An example of such as tool is GCPEDIA - a wiki platform for federal public servants. Other tools include GCconnex, a social networking tool, and GCforums, a discussion board system.<br />[edit] In Europe<br />eGovernment shows significant advancement in Europe. For more information see eGovernment in Europe.<br />[edit] In India<br />In India, the e-Governance initiatives are broadly managed under the umbrella of the NeGP initiative.<br />[edit] In Malaysia<br />In Malaysia, the e-Government efforts are undertaken by the Malaysian government, under the umbrella of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and e-Government flagships.[2][35]<br />[edit] In Middle East<br />In the United Arab Emirates, the Emirates eGovernment is designed for e-government operations.<br />[edit] In Pakistan<br />In Pakistan, the Government of Pakistan's e-government directorate is committed to building a robust e-network framework that essentially allows the government to be more responsive in delivering public services to citizens and businesses.[36]<br />[edit] In the United States<br />The election of Barack Obama as President of the United States has become associated with the effective use of Internet technologies during his campaign, and in the implementation of his new government in 2009.[37][38][39]<br />On January 21, 2009, newly elected President Obama signed one of his first memorandums - the Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Transparency and Open Government[40] In the memo, President Obama called for an unprecedented level of openness in Government, asking agencies to quot;
ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration.quot;
[40] The memo further quot;
directs the Chief Technology Officer, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Administrator of General Services (GSA), to coordinate the development by appropriate executive departments and agencies [and] to take specific actions implementing the principles set forth in the memorandum.quot;
[40]<br />President Obama’s memorandum centered around the idea of increasing transparency throughout various different federal departments and agencies. By enabling public websites like recovery.gov and data.gov to distribute more information to the American population, the administration believes that it will gain greater citizen participation.[41]<br />Recently, this initiative has crossed several key milestones and continues to make a significant amount of progress. Certain government information is still, and will continue to be, considered privileged, and this issue remains at the center of the debate.<br />Additionally, technology is still not accessible by all Americans. The National Broadband Plan hopes to counter this limit, but many Americans are still without access to internet, which would be required to use these services. Some Americans live in rural areas without access, while others are not financially able to support a connection.<br />[edit] e-Government – an alternative approach<br />Recent government policy updates have seen a shift away from e-Government towards a much more radical focus on transforming the whole relationship between the public sector and users of public services. This new approach is referred to as Transformational Government. Transformation programmes differ from traditional e-Government programmes in four major ways:<br />They take a whole-of-government view of the relationship between the public sector and the citizen or business user.<br />They include initiatives to e-enable the frontline public services: that is, staff involved in direct personal delivery of services such as education and healthcare – rather than just looking at transactional services which can be e-enabled on an end-to-end basis.<br />They take a whole-of-government view of the most efficient way managing the cost base of government.<br />They focus on the quot;
citizenquot;
not the quot;
customerquot;
. That is, they seek to engage with the citizens as owners of and participants in the creation of public services, not as passive recipients of services.<br />