The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, and fat. The boundaries include the clavicle, ribs, and muscles. The brachial plexus forms in the neck and provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It gives off branches in the axilla including the nerves that form its three cords surrounding the axillary artery. These cords supply the different regions of the upper limb.
Anatomy of axilla with Dr- Ameera Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
The axilla is the anatomical region under the shoulder joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
The axilla has five anatomic borders: superior, anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial walls.
The borders of the axilla are composed of muscles, including the serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps
The axillary walls are used as landmarks by surgeons to prevent damage to the neurovascular structures within the axilla during surgery
The contents of the axilla include muscles, nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
The axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are some of the neurovascular structures found in the axilla
Anatomy of axilla with Dr- Ameera Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
The axilla is the anatomical region under the shoulder joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
The axilla has five anatomic borders: superior, anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial walls.
The borders of the axilla are composed of muscles, including the serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps
The axillary walls are used as landmarks by surgeons to prevent damage to the neurovascular structures within the axilla during surgery
The contents of the axilla include muscles, nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
The axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are some of the neurovascular structures found in the axilla
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Definition
• It is a pyramid shaped space between the
upper part of the arm and the side of the
chest
• Important Nerves, Blood and Lymph
vessels travel through it from root of the
neck to the upper limb
October 2, 2023 2
3. Axilla is an irregularly shaped pyramidal space with:
Four walls
An inlet (apex)
A floor (base)
October 2, 2023 3
4. Boundaries of
the Axilla
Apex:
Is directed upwards &
medially to the root of
the neck.
It is called Axillary inlet/
Cervicoaxillary canal.
It is bounded, by 3
bones:
• Clavicle anteriorly.
• Upper border of the
scapula posteriorly.
• Outer border of the
first rib medially.
C
L
A
V
I
C L E
1
R
I
B
October 2, 2023 4
5. Base
• Lower end or Base is bounded in front by
the anterior axillary fold formed by
pectoralis major muscle
• Behind by posterior axillary fold formed by
the tendons of latissimus dorsi and teres
major muscles
• Medially by the chest wall
October 2, 2023 5
6. Anterior wall
1. Pectoralis major
2. Pectoralis minor
3. Subclavius muscles
4. Clavipectoral fascia
October 2, 2023 6
7. Posterior wall: By the subscapularis, Latissimus
dorsi and teres major muscles
October 2, 2023 7
8. Walls of The Axilla
• Medial wall:
By the upper 4 or 5 ribs and intercostal
spaces covered by serratus anterior
muscle
• Lateral wall:
By the coracobrachialis and biceps
muscles in the bicipital groove of humerus
October 2, 2023 8
9. Base
The Base of axilla is formed by the skin
stretching between the anterior and
posterior walls
October 2, 2023 9
10. Clavipectoral Fascia
• It is a strong sheet of connective tissue
• Split above to enclose the subclavius
muscle and is attached to the clavicle
• Below it splits to enclose the pectoralis
minor muscle
• Then continues downward as the
suspensory ligament of the axilla
• Then joins the fascial floor of armpit
October 2, 2023 10
11. Contents of The
Axilla
Cords and branches
of the brachial
plexus
Axillary artery and
its branches.
Axillary vein and its
tributaries.
Axillary lymph nodes.
Axillary lymphatic
vessels
Axillary fat.
Loose connective
tissue.
The neurovascular bundle is enclosed in connective tissue
sheath, called ‘axillary sheath’
Axillary a. & v.
Brachial
plexus
October 2, 2023 11
13. Axillary Artery
• Is a continuation of subclavian artery
• Begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib
• Ends at the lower border of teres major
• It continues as the brachial artery
• Closely related to brachial plexus cords
• Enclosed with them in the axillary sheath
• Axillary sheath is continuous with the
prevertebral fascia
• Pectoralis minor divides it into 3 parts
October 2, 2023 13
14. 1st Part of Axillary Artery
• Extends from the lateral border of the 1st
rib to the upper border of pectoralis minor
October 2, 2023 14
16. Relation
• Anterior: Pectoralis major, covering fascia,
skin, cephalic vein
• Posterior: Long thoracic nerve
• Lateral: Three cords of brachial plexus
• Medial: Axillary vein
October 2, 2023 16
17. 2nd Part of Axillary Artery
• Lies behind the pectoralis minor muscle
October 2, 2023 17
18. Relation
• Anterior: Pectoralis minor and major,
covering fascia and skin
• Posterior: Posterior cord of brachial plexus
• Lateral: Lateral cord of brachial plexus
• Medial: medial cord of brachial plexus and
axillary vein
October 2, 2023 18
19. 3rd Part of Axillary Artery
• Extends from lower border of pectoralis
minor to the lower border of teres major
October 2, 2023 19
20. Relation
• Anterior: Pectoralis major, medial root of
the median nerve
• Posterior: subscapularis, latissimus dorsi
and teres major
• Lateral: Coracobrachialis, biceps, humerus
• Medial: Ulnar nerve, axillary vein, medial
cutaneous nerve of the arm
October 2, 2023 20
21. Branches
• Branches of axillary artery supply the
thoracic wall and the shoulder region
• 1st Part: Highest thoracic artery
• 2nd Part: Thoracoacromial and lateral
thoracic arteries
• 3rd Part: Subscapular artery, anterior and
posterior circumflex humeral arteries
October 2, 2023 21
23. The nerves entering the upper limb
provide the following important functions:
Sensory innervation to skin & deep structures (e.g. joints)
Motor innervation to the muscles
Influence over the diameters of the blood vessels by the
sympathetic vasomotor nerves
Sympathetic secretomotor supply to the sweat glands.
October 2, 2023 23
24. At the root of the neck, the nerves form
Brachial plexus
Nerve fibers derived from different segments of the spinal
cord arranged and distributed efficiently in various parts of
the upper limb.
October 2, 2023 24
25. Most nerves in the upper limb arise from the brachial
plexus, a major nerve network supplying the upper limb; it
begins in the neck and extends into the axilla.
Almost
all branches
of the brachial plexus
arise in the axilla
(after the plexus
has crossed the 1st rib).
October 2, 2023 25
26. The brachial plexus is formed by:
union of the anterior rami of the
last 4 cervical (C5-C8) & first thoracic (T1) nerves
which constitute the roots of the brachial plexus.
Originates in the neck, passes laterally and inferiorly over
rib I, and enters the axilla.
October 2, 2023 26
27. The parts of the brachial plexus, from medial to lateral, are
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords.
All major nerves that innervate the upper limb originate
from the brachial plexus, mostly from the cords.
October 2, 2023 27
28. ROOTS
Anterior rami of C5 to C8, and most of T1.
The roots & trunks enter the the neck by passing between
the anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles.
Close to their origin, the roots receive gray rami
communicantes from the sympathetic trunk.
These carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers onto the roots for
distribution to the periphery.
October 2, 2023 28
30. TRUNKS
In the inferior part of the neck, the roots of the brachial
plexus unite to form three trunks:
Superior trunk formed by union of C5 & C6 roots
Middle trunk a continuation of C7 root
Inferior trunk formed by the union of C8 & T1 roots
The inferior trunk lies on rib I posterior to the subclavian artery; the middle and
superior trunks are more superior in position.
October 2, 2023 30
31. DIVISIONS
Each trunk divides into:
anterior & posterior divisions as the plexus passes
through the cervicoaxillary canal posterior to the clavicle.
Anterior divisions of the trunks
supply anterior (flexor) compartments of the upper limb
Posterior divisions of the trunks
supply posterior (extensor) compartments.
No peripheral nerves originate directly from the divisions of the brachial plexus.
October 2, 2023 31
34. CORDS
The three cords of the brachial plexus originate from the
divisions and are related to the second part of the
axillary artery.
October 2, 2023 34
35. Proximal posterior to the subclavian artery in the neck
More distal regions surround the axillary artery
The roots of the
plexus usually
pass through
the gap between
anterior &
middle scalene
muscles.
October 2, 2023 35
36. Lateral cord
Union of anterior divisions of upper & middle trunks
(C5-C7)
Medial cord
Continuation of anterior division of inferior trunk
(C8-T1)
Posterior cord
Union of all three posterior divisions
(C5 to T1)
October 2, 2023 36
37. Branches
Branches of the roots
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5 root of the brachial plexus)
innervates rhomboid major and minor muscles
Long thoracic nerve (anterior rami of C5 to C7)
innervates serratus anterior muscle
October 2, 2023 37
38. Branches of the trunks
The only branches from the trunks of the brachial plexus
are 2 nerves ;originate from the superior trunk.
Suprascapular nerve (C5 & C6)
innervates supraspinatus &
infraspinatus muscles
The nerve to subclavius muscle (C5 & C6)
innervates subclavius muscle
October 2, 2023 38
42. Branches of the lateral
cord
Musculocutaneous nerve
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
All 3 flexor muscles @ anterior compartment of the arm
Terminates as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm.
October 2, 2023 42
43. Branches of the lateral cord
Lateral root of median nerve
Largest terminal branch of the lateral cord
Passes medially to join a similar branch from the
medial cord to form the median nerve.
1. Lateral cord
2. Posterior cord
3. Medial cord
4. Lateral root of median nerve
5. Medial root of median nerve
6. Radial nerve
7. Ulnar nerve
8. Median nerve
October 2, 2023 43
46. Branches of the medial cord
1) Medial pectoral nerve
pectoralis major & minor
2) Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
(medial brachial cutaneous nerve)
medial 1/3 of distal arm
3) Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
(medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve)
medial surface of the forearm down to the wrist
4) Ulnar nerve
5) Median nerve
October 2, 2023 46
47. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle & medial half of the flexor
digitorum profundus muscle
All intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for the three
thenar muscles and the two lateral lumbrical muscles)
Skin over the palmar surface of the little finger, medial
half of the ring finger, and associated palm and wrist,
and the skin over the dorsal surface of the medial part
of the hand
October 2, 2023 47
49. Most of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the
forearm
(except for the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and the medial half of the
flexor digitorum profundus muscle)
In the hand
Three thenar muscles associated with the thumb
Two lateral lumbrical muscles associated with movement
of the index and middle fingers
Skin over the palmar surface of the lateral three and one-
half digits and over the lateral side of the palm and
middle of the wrist.
October 2, 2023 49
51. Musculocutaneous nerve, lateral
root of the median nerve,
median nerve, medial root of the
median nerve, ulnar nerve form
an M over the third part of the
axillary artery.
This feature, together with penetration of the
coracobrachialis muscle by the musculocutaneous
nerve, can be used to identify components of the
brachial plexus in the axilla
October 2, 2023 51
52. Branches of the posterior cord
1) Superior subscapular nerve subscapularis muscle
2) Thoracodorsal nerve latissimus dorsi
3) Inferior subscapular nerve subscapularis & teres major
4) Axillary nerve deltoid and teres minor
5) Radial nerve
All these nerves except the radial nerve innervate muscles
associated with the posterior wall of the axilla; the radial
nerve passes into the arm and forearm.
October 2, 2023 52
55. All muscles
in the posterior compartments of the arm & forearm
Skin on the
Posterior aspect of the arm and forearm
Lower lateral surface of the arm
Dorsal lateral surface of the hand
October 2, 2023 55