Avisek

STUDY OF CAPTIVATE AVES
Central Zoo
JULY 7, 2019
MANMOHAN MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Solteemode, Kathmandu
By
AVISEK PASWAN
H.A. 1st
year
Roll No:- 3002

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Acknowledgement
I would like to precise my special thanks to MMIHS college and gratefulness to my teacher
(Miss.Ramila Shrestha) as well as our coordinator (Mr.Hari Adhikari) who gave me such
opportunity to make this wonderful project on the topic (study of captivate aves in central zoo),
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I able to know how actually do project and
report I am really thank full them.
I also would like to thanks my classmates. They all helped me a lot in completing this project
within the limited time.
I am thankful to college for supporting me and generates some idea. They provide guideline and
suggests for manages the time and encourage diverse dimensions to the projects.
I acknowledge them in great sense of respectful to all who encourage me many aspects like my
experience, my thinking power, and support forcefully to complete this project.
Avisek paswan
Roll NO; 3002
HA 1ST
YEAR

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................3
Background ...................................................................................................................................................5
Objectives .....................................................................................................................................................9
Materials and methods...............................................................................................................................10
Study area ...............................................................................................................................................10
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................10
Result/Analysis............................................................................................................................................23
Discussion....................................................................................................................................................24
Recommendation........................................................................................................................................25
References ..................................................................................................................................................26

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Introduction
Birds, also known as Aves or avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates,
characterized by, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a
four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in
size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft.) ostrich. They rank as the world's
most numerically-successful class of tetrapod’s, with approximately ten thousand living species,
more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds. Birds have
wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without
wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, gave birds
the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in flightless birds,
including ratites, penguins, and diverse Endemic Island species of birds.
The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird
species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some water birds, have further evolved
for swimming.
The main scope of this research work is to identify and distinguished different endangered and
threatened aves which make a scientific contribution in the field of zoology. The research work
helps me to know about the importance of aves. Birds are obviously important members of
many ecosystems. They are integral parts of food chains and food webs. In a woodland ecosystem
for example, some birds get their food mainly from plants. Others chiefly eat small animals, such
as insects or earthworms. Birds and bird eggs, in turn, serve as food for such animals as foxes,
raccoons, and snakes. The feeding relationships among all the animals in an ecosystem help
prevent any one species from becoming too numerous. Birds play a vital role in keeping this
balance of nature. In addition to being important parts of food webs, birds play other roles within
ecosystems.
In zoo we found the name of red list species which tells us which species are most in danger and
which to conserve first. It is also a powerful tool for persuading governments to protect threatened
species, and for most of the plant and animal species worldwide, it is vital. The Red List is
nicknamed the “barometer of life”, for it is a rich compendium of information on the threats to
species, their ecological requirements, where they live, and information on conservation actions
that can be taken to reduce their risk of extinction.
The research work provide me that the conservation of endangered species is important
for humans as well. A well-balanced ecosystem purifies the environment, giving us
clean air to breathe, a healthy water system to support diverse marine life, and arable
land for agricultural production.
It also provides us with unique plants with medicinal properties, which serve as the
foundation of our medicines. When ecosystems fail, our own health is at risk. By
saving endangered species, we are ultimately saving ourselves.
On worldwide status More than 27,000 species are threatened with extinction

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That is more than 27% of all assessed species. Among them 14% are birds As of May 2019,
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists
469 endangered avian species. 4.0% of all evaluated avian species are listed as endangered. No
subpopulations of birds have been evaluated by the IUCN.
For a species to be considered endangered by the IUCN it must meet certain quantitative criteria
which are designed to classify taxa facing "a very high risk of extinction". An even higher risk is
faced by critically endangered species, which meet the quantitative criteria for endangered
species. Critically endangered birds are listed separately. There are 634 avian species which are
endangered or critically endangered.
Additionally 61 avian species (0.59% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there
is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically
have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according
to the IUCN. While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk
has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same
degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed.
In the context of Nepal, Nepal’s biodiversity strength is well reflected with high number of bird
species. So far, 886 species of birds have been recorded in Nepal, which are about 9% of the total
bird species found worldwide. Among them 42 species are globally threatened and 35 globally
near threatened. Further, 167 species are nationally threatened. Spiny Babbler Acanthoptila
nipalensisis the only endemic bird of Nepal. Nine species; Himalayan Monal, Cheer Pheasant,
Satyr Tragopan, Bengal Florican, Lesser Florican, Great Hornbill, Sarus Crane, Black Stork and
White Stork are protected birds of Nepal.
Eight species; Jungle Bush Quail, Rufous-necked Hornbill, Silver-breasted Broadbill, Green
Cochoa, Black-breasted Parrot bill, Pink-headed Duck and White-bellied Heron are thought to be
regionally extinct.

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Background
The discovery that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic was
made possible by recently discovered fossils from China, South America, and other countries, as
well as by looking at old museum specimens from new perspectives and with new methods. The
hunt for the ancestors of living birds began with a specimen of Archaeopteryx, the first known bird,
discovered in the early 1860s. Like birds, it had feathers along its arms and tail, but unlike living
birds, it also had teeth and a long bony tail. Furthermore, many of the bones in Archaeopteryx's
hands, shoulder girdles, pelvis, and feet were distinct, not fused and reduced as they are in living
birds. Based on these characteristics, Archaeopteryx was recognized as an intermediate between
birds and reptiles.
In Birds Forelimbs are modified into wings (forelimb bears three cIaw less digits wings bear
feathers. They are useful for flying. In Birds Hind limbs are strong and are useful to walk. They
show 4 toes (Neognathae).In Birds the wings have no glands, except preen glands or oil gland
present at the base tail. It secrets of the oily substance which keeps the feather waterproof. In Birds
Skull is monocondylic.In Birds the lower jaw is made by 5 to 6 bones. The modern birds have no
teeth. In Birds pneumatic bones are spongy and. They are light In weight end strong. They are use
full for flying.In Birds Posterior caudal vertebrae will united arm a pygostyle. It acts as a rudder.
During the flying it helps to change the direction of movement. Sternum is broad. It shows a keel.
This keel is useful for the attachment of muscles.The clavicle and inter clavicle unite to form V
shaped furcula. This will keep the wings away. In the forelimbs carpals and metacarpals are united
to form carp-metacarpus. Like that — hind limbs tarsal and metatarsals, united to form Taros
metatarsus. The birds digestive system is well developed crop chamber is present. It stores food
Stomach is divided into glandular proven trickles and muscular gizzard In birds Anus is
absent. Cloaca present. This cloaca is 3 chambered. In birds Respiratory system is well developed.
The lungs are sprogeny. They are non-distensible sacs around the lungs. Nine air sacs are present.
They are useful for make They are useful or double respiration. They are also use Make to the body
light. At the base of tracheae a syrinx is present. I has no vocal cords Birds or Aves Heart is four
chambered. Right aortic arch is present. R.B.C. are oval, nucleate and biconcave.
In birds (aves) Renal parallel system is reduced, or vestigial.
Birds Kidneys are meta nephric. Each kidney is Three lobed. Ureters open into cloaca. Urinary
bladder is absent.
Birds Eyes are well developed. Monocular vision. In the eye comb plate or pecten is present. It
protects the retina from sunlight. It also increases the vision.
Birds Brain is well developed. Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are, 12 pairs of cranial nerves
are present. Sexes are separate - Sexual dimorphism is clearly exhibited. In the female left ovary
and left oviduct are Fertilizing is internal. Birds are oviparous. They lay big sized eggs.

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During Embryo development extra embryonic membranes vertebrae in pelvic region unite to form
synsacrum.
Healthy ecosystems depend on plant and animal species as their foundations. When a species
becomes endangered, it is a sign that the ecosystem is slowly falling apart. Each species that is lost
triggers the loss of other species within its ecosystem
Over 50% of the 150 most prescribed medicines were originally derived from a plant or other
natural product. Unfortunately, only about 5% of known plant species have been tested for
medicinal uses and there are thousands of plant species that have yet to be identified.
The American tourism industry is dependent on plant and animal species and their ecosystems for
their multi-billion dollar, job-intensive industry. Every year, millions of people visit natural areas
in the US and participate in wildlife related activities. From woodland hikes to beach going, outdoor
activities are the second most popular travel activity.
Agriculture also plays an important role in the protection of species, farmers are often seen as the
original conservationists. Many farmers set aside portions of their land as wildlife habitat and also
work in partnership with groups such as Trout Unlimited to restore river and stream habitats for
endangered and threatened fish and reptiles. In addition, wild relatives of common crops contain
important genetic material needed to maintain these crops.
Seed dispersal may be the most important bird ecological function. In some tropical forests, birds
disperse up to 92 percent of all tree and woody species, including 85 timber species, 182 genera of
edible plants (including spices), 153 medicinal plants, 146 ornamental plants, and 84 genera with
other economic or cultural uses.
Some important tree species, such as African mahoganies (Meliaceae), depend on a few specialized
avian dispersers. The disappearance of large frugivorous birds such as hornbills and curassows is
economically detrimental because many bird-dispersed timber tree species, such asAntiaris
toxicaria in Ghana, have very large seeds and only large birds can disperse the seeds. Indeed, two
valuable African mahogany species, Entandrophragma utile and Khaya anthotheca, rely almost
entirely on birds for seed dispersal.
Even though there are far fewer bird-dispersed plants in temperate regions, birds’ economic value
there can still be substantial. In Sweden’s Stockholm National Urban Park, the human labor cost of
replacing the seeding or planting of tree seeds by Eurasian Jays was estimated to be $2,450 to
$11,250 per bird and $210,000 to $950,000 across the park. According to Diana Tom back, a
professor of forest ecology at the University of Colorado at Denver, the estimated cost of replacing
Clark’s Nutcrackers’ seed dispersal of white bark pine is $1,980 to $2,405 per hectare and $11.4 to
$13.9 billion across the range of white bark pines in the U.S.

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Though bird pollination is less common than seed dispersal, it is important in certain regions, such
as Australia, Oceania, and Andean cloud forests, and for certain plant groups, such as tropical
understory herbs. Despite limited research, birds are thought to pollinate between 3 and 5 percent
of more than 1,500 species of crop or medicinal plants, three-quarters of which cannot self-
pollinate. Studies on commercial plants—such as Eucalyptus, feijoa, loquat, silky oak, and red silk
cotton tree—indicate that birds may be providing higher-quality pollination of mixed-mating tree
crops than insects, such as honeybees. As shown by the ecologist Sandra Anderson of the University
of Auckland and coauthors in our book, bird pollination has been overlooked, especially in winter
when most insects are inactive.
Avian control of insects that do damage to plants can have a large economic value. Birds can reduce
the intensity of spruce budworm outbreaks and mitigate damage on spruce tree plantations
comparable to effective insecticides. In Washington, avian control of spruce budworm was
calculated to be worth at least $1,473 per square kilometer per year.
Insectivorous birds have been observed to reduce insect pest damage in various agricultural
systems, such as apples, broccoli, cacao, coffee, corn, kale, grapes, and oil palm. For example, in
Dutch apple plantations, researchers found that birds’ reduction of insect pest damage translated to
a 66 percent increase in the yield of domestic apples. Similarly, researchers in Borneo estimated
that bird pest control prevented 9 to 26 percent of the fruit loss in oil palm plantations. Matt Johnson
and colleagues discovered that by reducing the damage caused by coffee berry borer beetles, birds
in Jamaican coffee plantations increased coffee yield and farmers’ income by $310 per hectare.
We know less about birds of prey as pest control agents. But we do know that in its lifetime a Barn
Owl may eat more than 11,000 mice that would have consumed 13 tons of crops. Field experiments
in Israel with a trained Barn Owl revealed that the presence of an avian predator creates a “landscape
of fear” that can significantly reduce seed consumption by small rodents. Owls have also been
shown to control rat populations in various field crops, such as wheat, rice, and corn. In Malaysia,
oil palm farmers put up Barn Owl nest boxes when local rodents developed resistance to the
rodenticide warfarin. The switch to owls had the added benefit of population increases of other
species that were being poisoned by warfarin, including mammalian predators, such as common
palm civets and leopard cats.
Birds can even be used to control the populations of other birds that are considered nuisances. In
New Zealand, falcons in vineyards decreased the abundance of pest bird species and reduced grape
loss by 95 percent. At airports, raptors can be especially important in keeping away birds that
regularly collide with aircraft. The U.S. Air Force paid $200,000 per year for trained Peregrine
Falcons to drive away European Starlings, Canada Geese, and other birds around the McGuire Air
Force Base.
Any discussion of birds as pest-control agents should also mention that birds tend to be
overestimated as pests themselves. Agricultural damage estimates by granivorous birds are often
exaggerated. In surveys, farmers estimated they were losing an average of 25 percent of their crops

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to birds, due to subjective impressions based on the conspicuousness of large and localized bird
flocks. But studies of damage to various crops, including cereal, corn, rice, and sorghum, by species
such as Red-winged Blackbirds, Dickcissels, and Red-billed Queleas have shown that actual
damage amounts to less than 1 percent of production.
Carcass-removal services of vultures in Spain alone led to a minimum annual savings of about €1
million, because without vultures the carcasses of free-ranging livestock must be disposed of
professionally. Vultures are particularly important in developing countries where sanitary waste
programs may be limited or nonexistent. Vultures possess the ability to resist and possibly detoxify
bacterial toxins in rotting flesh. Extremely acidic secretions of the vulture stomach kill all but the
most resistant spores, reducing the pathogenic bacteria by consuming carcasses and thereby
reducing disease.
Unfortunately, Old World vulture populations have drastically declined. In India, vulture
populations crashed in the 1990s as vultures were poisoned while feeding on the carcasses of
livestock that had been administered the veterinary drug diclofenac, which causes kidney failure in
vultures. As vultures disappeared, there were increases in rotting animal carcasses. With fewer
carcasses consumed by vultures, feral dog and rat numbers went up. At one Indian garbage dump,
there was a 20-fold increase in the number of feral dogs.
The increase in these potential disease vectors led to an increase in rabies, and possibly caused the
1994 bubonic plague outbreak in western India that killed 54 people and cost India over $2 billion.
Economist Anil Markandya and colleagues calculated that from 1992 to 2006 alone, the
disappearance of vultures led to approximately 48,000 additional human rabies deaths and cost $34
billion to the Indian economy.
Even though diclofenac was banned for veterinary use in India and Pakistan, it was recently
permitted by Tanzania. Thousands of African vultures die from eating poisoned carcasses, and now
their populations are crashing in sub-Saharan Africa.
According to the IUCN Red List, 23 percent of the world’s birds are threatened or near-threatened
with extinction, and 44 percent have declining populations. Bird extinctions and population
reductions are already disrupting important ecosystem processes. Many bird species, such as
Southern Cassowaries and Three-wattled Bellbirds, have irreplaceable roles as efficient dispersers
of large-seeded plants.
The societal importance of ecosystem services is often appreciated only upon their loss. When
introduced red foxes wiped out seabird colonies and their nutrient-rich guano from some Aleutian
islands, the entire ecosystem changed from lush grassland to tundra. The loss of birds can change
entire ecosystems.
Investments in understanding and preventing declines in populations of birds and other organisms
will pay off, but only while we still have time to act.

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Objectives
 The main objective of this research report is to;
 To investigate different aspects of some of the most threatened vertebrates in the world,
promoting international cooperation in the conservation of the species, with the objective of
contributing new knowledge from different disciplines, which can create better
understanding and protection.
 To study of aves behavior allows us to understand the decisions that shape different aspects
of the biology and ecology of species. One of the studies carried out in this direction was
the study of the detection of stress hormones by means of non-invasive methods to analyze
the behavioral and mood changes of aves in captivity.
 To investigate the evolutionary basis of aves
 To develop our practical zoological skill.

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Materials and methods
Study area
In 1995, Government of Nepal entrusted the management of Nepal’s Central Zoo, the only zoo in
Nepal, located at Jawlakhel in the Kathmandu Valley to NTNC for 30 years. Established as a
private zoo in 1932 by the late Rana Prime Minister Juddha Samsher, it came under the ownership
of Government of Nepal after the political changes of 1950 and remained under the management
of various government departments before it’s management was handed over to NTNC on the
occasion of the Golden Jubilee Birthday Celebration of the Late Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram
Shah in December 1995.
The Trust aims to develop the Central Zoo as a center for ex-situ wildlife research and conservation
education. The Central Zoo, with an area of about 6 ha. Provides shelter to a total of 942 individual
mammal, bird, fish and reptile of 127 species. It also serves as recreational center for the visitors.
Central Zoo uniquely serves as a historical cultural site for diverse groups of people.
Over one million visitors come to enjoy the displays at the Central Zoo annually. The main source
of income has been the revenue collected from the entry ticket sales. With an aim of generating
public awareness and participation in nature and wildlife conservation, the Central Zoo has been
successfully running a special membership based program called the “Friends of Zoo” (FOZ) with
a network of schools in Kathmandu Valley. The animal management unit is improving and
enriching the enclosures to provide better habitats for the zoo animals and are now in a better
situation with the operation of a recently established “Animal Hospital”. New displays, of national
and international species, are often added in order to educate and to introduce the visitors to the
different wild species from within the country and abroad. Increasingly the Central Zoo's role in
wildlife rescue, release and rehabilitation is being recognized as an indispensible role for
enhancing the wildlife national responsiveness capacity of the country, especially with growing
incidents related to problem animal management, animal emergency, animal shelter and refuge,
disease among others.
Methodology
The data we collected when research work was from primary sources. We were collected the data
by our own investigating and direct observation. The central zoo provides shelter to a total of
942 individual mammal, bird, fish and reptile of 127 species. It also serves as recreational center
for the visitors.
Categories species number
Mammals 34 196
Reptile 9 21
Fishes 14 232

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Birds 51 259
TOTAL 108 706
Among them 15 number of aves are represented below
Name of aves their scientific name, origin, distribution, habitat, diet, clutch size, incubation period
and life span
1. Budgerigar
Scientific name: Melopsittacus undulates
Distribution: Australia
Habitat: tropical forest
Diet: prefers fruits, seeds, fungi, nectar and
occasionally insects
Clutch size: 4-8 days
Incubation period: 18-20 days
Life span: 7-9 years
Budgie, or in American English, the parakeet. Budgies are the only species in the genus
Melopsittacus. Naturally, the species is green and yellow with black, scalloped markings on the
nape, back, and wings. Budgies are bred in captivity with colouring of blues, whites, yellows,
greys, and even with small crests. Juveniles and chicks are monomorphic, while adults are told
apart by their cere colouring, and their behaviour. The budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus) is a
long-tailed, seed-eating parrot usually nicknamed the
2. Fan tail pigeon
Scientific name: Columba Livia
Distribution: world-wide in tropical and temperate zones
Habitat: terrestrial and arboreal
Diet: predominantly vegetable grains (which are swallowed
whole), seed, buds, fruits, etc
Clutch size: 1-2 white or buff eggs
Life span: 20 years
The Fantail is a popular breed of fancy pigeon. It is characterized by
a fan-shaped tail composed of 30 to 40 feathers, abnormally more
than most members of the pigeon family, which usually have 12 to
14 feathers. The breed is thought to have originated in Pakistan, India,
China, Japan or Spain. There are several sub varieties, such as the English Fantail, the Indian
Fantail, and the Thai Fantail. Charles Darwin used it as one of the examples in the first chapter of
On the Origin of Species.

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3. Rosy-faced love bird
Scientific name: Agapornis roseicollis
Distribution: found in Angola, Namibia, and South Africa
Habitat: in the wild these birds nest in crevices of cliffs.
Diet: eat seeds and berries as well as agricultural crops and
Millets. They enjoy a variety of seeds, fruits.
Clutch size: 4-5 eggs
Incubation period: about 23 days
The rosy-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), also known as the rosy-collared or peach-faced
lovebird, is a species of lovebird native to arid regions in southwestern Africa such as the Namib
Desert. A loud and constant chirper, these birds are very social animals and often congregate in
small groups in the wild. They eat throughout the day and take frequent baths. Coloration can vary
widely among populations. Plumage is identical in males and females. Lovebirds are renowned
for their sleep position in which they sit side-by-side and turn their faces in towards each other.
Also, females are well noted to tear raw materials into long strips, "twisty-tie" them onto their
backs, and fly substantial distances back to make a nest. They are common in the pet industry.
4. Silver pheasant
Scientific name: Lophura mycthemera
Distribution: native home is the mountains of
south East Asia from the Himalayan of
Southern china.
Habitat: found in mountain fields, heaths,
thickets and forest
Diet: omnivore so feed on seeds, grains,
fruits, leaves, roots etc.
Clutch size: average of 9-11 eggs
Incubation period: 25 days

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The silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) is a species of pheasant found in forests, mainly in
mountains, of mainland Southeast Asia, and eastern and southern China, with introduced
populations in Hawaii and various locations in the US mainland. The male is black and white,
while the female is mainly brown. Both sexes have a bare red face and red legs (the latter separating
it from the greyish-legged kalij pheasant). It is common in aviculture, and overall also remains
common in the wild, but some of its subspecies (notably L. n. whiteheadi from Hainan, L. n.
engelbachi from southern Laos, and L. n. annamensis from southern Vietnam) are rare and
threatened.
5. Golden Pheasant
Scientific name: Chrysolophus pictus
Distribution: ranges in central and
northwestern china.
Habitat: lives on rocky mountain ridges.
Diet: seeds, leaves, tender shoot of
bamboo
Clutch size: 5-12 eggs in an open nest on the ground in dense undergrowth.
The golden pheasant or Chinese pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) is a gamebird of the order
Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae (pheasants). The genus name is from
Ancient Greek khrusolophos, "with golden crest", and pictus is Latin for "painted" from pingere,
"to paint".
6. African Ostrich
Scientific name: Struthio camelus
Distribution: east, west of South Africa
Habitat: plains and deserts
Diet: usually eats plants but also insects and
reptiles and small stones in order to support
Digesting.
Clutch size: 10 white eggs on the ground
hatched and guarded by the male.
Incubation period: 6 weeks
Life span: up to 70 years

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The South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis), also known as the black-necked ostrich,
Cape ostrich or southern ostrich is a subspecies of the common ostrich endemic to Southern Africa.
It is widely farmed for its meat, eggs and feathers.The South African ostrich is found in South
Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola and Botswana. It lives in south of the rivers Zambezi
and Cunene
7. Senegal parrot
Scientific name: Poicephalus senegalus
Distribution: wide range of West Africa
Habitat: open woodland and savanna
Diet: fruits, seeds and blossoms, nuts, berries,
millet, corn and figs
Clutch size: 3-4 eggs. They hatch out approximately 27-28 days later will fledge around
12 weeks of age.
Incubation period: 27-28 days, fledge around 12 weeks of age.
Life span: 25-30 years in wild and 50 years in captivity.
The Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) is a parrot which is a resident breeder across a wide
range of west Africa. It makes migrations within west Africa,according to the availability of the
fruit, seeds and blossoms which make up its diet. It is considered a farm pest in Africa, often
feeding on maize or millet.It is popular in aviculture.
8. scaly-breasted munia
Scientific name: Lonchura punctulata
Distribution: Native to tropical Asia Ceylon, India,
Indochina (including Vietnam and Cambodia),
Thailand, southern china, Singapore etc.
Habitat: urban areas as well as cultivated lands,
grasslands, open or semi open country with shrubs
and trees.
Diet: green food seedling grasses, millet insects (mealworms, ant pupae), berries.
Incubation period: 18-21 days.

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Life span: 7-9 years.
The scaly-breasted munia or spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata), known in the pet trade as
nutmeg manikin or spice finch, is a sparrow-sized estrildid finch native to tropical Asia. A species
of the genus Lonchura, it was formally described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Its name
is based on the distinct scale-like feather markings on the breast and belly. The adult is brown
above and has a dark conical bill. The species has 11 subspecies across their range and differ
slightly in size and color.
9. crimson-horned pheasant
Scientific name: Tragopan satyra
Distribution; Nepal, India, Bhutan and china
Habitat: temperate forest
Diet: different kinds of fruits and insects.
Clutch size: 12 eggs in a season
The satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra) also known as the crimson horned pheasant, is a pheasant
found in the Himalayan reaches of India, Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan. They reside in moist oak and
rhododendron forests with dense undergrowth and bamboo clumps. They range from 8,000 to
14,000 feet in summer and 6,000 feet in winter. The male crimson horned pheasant is about 70 cm
long.
When it is mating season, male satyr tragopans grow blue horns and a gular wattle. When ready to
display, they will inflate their horns and hide behind a rock, waiting for females to pass by. When
one does, they will perform an elaborate and attractive display in front of the females. At the end
of the display, the male will stretch to his full height and show off all of his ornaments.

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10) Himalayan griffon
Scientific name: Gyps himaloyansis
Distribution: Afghanistan, Bhutan, china, Nepal, Pakistan,
Thailand, etc.
Habitat: mountains of Himalayan region.
Diet: scavenger, feed on carcasses of animals.
Clutch size: 1 egg.
The Himalayan vulture or Himalayan griffon vulture (Gyps himalayensis) is an Old World vulture
in the family Accipitridae. Closely related to the European griffon vulture (G. fulvus) and once
considered a subspecies of it, this species is found along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan
Plateau. It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors.
11) Emerald dove
Scientific name: Chalcophaps indicia
Distribution: Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, china, India
etc.
Habitat: they prefer forests, farms, gardens, and
mangrove areas.
Diet: feed on fallen fruits and seed. They also eats
rid bits and termites.
Clutch size: 1-2 white eggs are laid.
Incubation period: about 2 weeks.
The common emerald dove, Asian emerald dove, or grey-capped emerald dove (Chalcophaps
indica) is a pigeon which is a widespread resident breeding bird in the tropical and sub-tropical
parts of the Indian Subcontinent and east through Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Taiwan, the Sakishima Islands of Japan and Indonesia. The dove is also known by the
names of green dove and green-winged pigeon. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the

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Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Pacific emerald dove and Stephan's emerald dove were both
considered conspecific.
12) Black kite
Scientific name: Milvas migrans
Distribution: found in Europe, southern and
temperate Asia, Africa and Australia
Habitat: plains, meadows and marshes.
Diet: earthworms, termites, lizards, and mice,
scavenger and occasionally snatches food.
Incubation period: 26- 27 days.
Life span: 26 years in captivity.
The black kite (Milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which
also includes many other diurnal raptors. It is thought to be the world's most abundant species of
Accipitridae, although some populations have experienced dramatic declines or fluctuations.
Current global population estimates run up to 6 million individuals. Unlike others of the group,
black kites are opportunistic hunters and are more likely to scavenge. They spend a lot of time
soaring and gliding in thermals in search of food. Their angled wing and distinctive forked tail
make them easy to identify. They are also vociferous with a shrill whinnying call. This kite is
widely distributed through the temperate and tropical parts of Eurasia and parts of Australasia and
Oceania, with the temperate region populations tending to be migratory. Several subspecies are
recognized and formerly had their own English names. The European populations are small, but
the South Asian population is very large.
13) Kalij pheasant
Scientific name: Lophura leucomelanus
Distribution: found in Nepal himalyan foothill
regions,india, Bangladesh , Pakistan, Myanmar and south
china.
Habitat: lives in thick undergrowth of steep mountain
forests usually near water bodies .
Diet: mostly herbivores, feeds on grains,seeds, fruits
and insects.
Clutch size: 7 eggs
Incubation period: 27 days.

18
The kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) is a pheasant found in forests and thickets, especially
in the Himalayan foothills, from Pakistan to western Thailand. Males are rather variable depending
on the subspecies involved, but all have an at least partially glossy bluish-black plumage, while
females are overall brownish. Both sexes have a bare red face and greyish legs (the latter separating
it from the red-legged silver pheasant). It is generally common and widespread, though three of its
eastern subspecies (L. l. oatesi, L. l. lineata, and L. l. crawfurdi) are considered threatened and L.
l. moffitti is virtually unknown in the wild.
The name is also spelled kaleege in old texts, such as Game Birds of India and Asia by Frank Finn,
though no longer in his Indian Sporting Birds. The species was introduced to Hawaii in 1962 as a
gamebird
14) Blue and yellow macaw
Scientific name: Ara arorauna
Distribution: Venezuela and south to Peru, Brazil,
Bolivia and Paraguay.
Habitat: found mainly in rain forests in swampy
and riparian areas.
Diet: primarily eat nuts, seeds and fruits;
occasionally they consume clay at river beds.
Clutch size: 2-3 eggs.
Incubation period: 28 days.
Life span: 50 years in captivity.
The blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a large
South American parrot with mostly blue top parts and light orange underparts, with gradient hues
of green on top of its head. It is a member of the large group of neotropical parrots known as
macaws. It inhabits forest (especially varzea, but also in open sections of terra firme or unflooded
forest), woodland and savannah of tropical South America. They are popular in aviculture because
of their striking color, ability to talk, ready availability in the marketplace, and close bonding to
humans.

19
15) Alexandrine parakeet
Scientific name: Psittacula eupatria
Distribution: found throughout the Indian sub continent, south of
himalyan foothill.
Incubation period: 18-20 days.
The blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a large
South American parrot with mostly blue top parts and light orange underparts, with gradient hues
of green on top of its head. It is a member of the large group of neotropical parrots known as
macaws. It inhabits forest (especially varzea, but also in open sections of terra firme or unflooded
forest), woodland and savannah of tropical South America. They are popular in aviculture because
of their striking color, ability to talk, ready availability in the marketplace, and close bonding to
humans.
16) Sarus Crane
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: animalia
Phylum: chordata
Class: aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Otididae
Genus: Houbaropsis (Sharpe, 1893)
Species: bengalensis
Subspecies: Grusantigoneantigone (Indian Sarus Crane)
Grusantigonesharpei (Indochina or Burmese Sarus Crane, Sharpe's
Crane) Grusantigonegillae (Australian Sarus Crane)
Grusantigoneluzonica (Luzon Sarus)
Synonyms: Eupodotisbengalensis
Local name: Kharmajur
Distribution: The Bengal Florican is a large terestrial omnivorous bird that nests on the ground,
the only member of the genus Houbaropsis. It has two disjunct populations, one in the Indian
subcontinent, another in South East Asia. The former occurs from Uttar Pradesh, India, through
the terai of Nepal, to Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India, and historically to Bangladesh.

20
Description:
The male has black from head to neck and underparts. Upperparts are buff with fine black
vermiculations and black arrowhead markings, and it has a conspicuous white patch on the wing
coverts. Females are larger than the male and have a buff brown colour, with a dark brown crown and
narrow dark streak down the side of the neck. Larger and stockier than lesser florican, with broad head
and thicker neck.
Conservation status:
It is declining dramatically and only survives in small, highly fragmented populations (220-280 birds in
India and up to 100 in Nepal). Consequently, it is uplisted from Endangered to Critically Endangered
status in the 2007 IUCN Red List. It is also listed in CITES Appendix I. It is usually poached for its
feathers and for meat.
17) Ciconia nigra
Kingdom: animalia
Phylum: chordata
Class: aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Otididae
Genus: Ciconia
Species: nigra
Subspecies: n/a
Synonyms: n/a
Local name: KaloSaras
Distribution:It is a widespread, but rare, species that breeds in the warmer parts of Europe,
predominantly in central and eastern regions.It is found in India, Pakistan,
Burma, Sri Lanka and Makalu Barun National Park, Koshi and Chitwan of Nepal.
Description:
This is a large bird, nearly 1 m tall with a 1.8 m wingspan, weighing around 3 kilograms. It is all
black except for the white belly and axillaries, and its red bill and legs. It walks slowly and
steadily on the ground. Like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched. The Black Stork, feeds
mainly on fish and also amphibians and insects. This is a shy and wary species, unlike the
closely related White Stork.
Breeding habit:
It breeds in large marshy wetlands with interspersed coniferous or broadlived woodlands, but
also inhabits hills and mountains with sufficient network of creeks. It builds a stick nest high in
trees.

21
18) Catreus wallichi
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasinidae
Genus: Catreus
Species: wallichi
Subspecies: n/a
Synonyms: n/a
Local name: Cheer
Distribution: The Cheer Pheasant is the
resident bird distributed in the highlands and
scrublands of the Himalayas region of India,
Nepal and Pakistan. In Nepal, it is found in Annapurna Conservation area project (ACAP) and
Dhorpatan area.
Description:
These birds lack the color and brilliance of most pheasants, with buffy gray plumage and
long gray crests. Its long tail is gray and brown. The female is slightly smaller in overall
size.It has long, broadly barred tail, pronounced crest, and red facial skin. Male is more
cleanly and strongly marked than female, with pronounced barring on mantle, unmarked
neck and broader barring across tail. It lives for 4-6 years.
Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of
CITES. While an endangered species, there are attempts to reintroduce captive bred Cheer
Pheasant in Pakistan.
19) Buceros bicornis
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Bucerotidae
Genus: Buceros
Species: bicornis
Subspecies: n/a
Synonyms: n/a
Local name: ThuloDhanesh

22
Distribution: This is a resident bird, found in Himalayas, NE India, Bangladesh and Western
Ghats. Found in mature forest.
Description:
The great hornbill also commonly known as the concave-casqued hornbill is a large bird with a
very large bill, which bears a sizable, brightly colored, horny growth- the casque. The body is
mostly black with a white neck, wing coverts and flight feathers. Its size is 100-120 cm (40-48
in.) and 150 cm (5 ft) with wingspan.
Listed in DNPWC act 2029 appendix I, CITES appendix I and IUCN Red Data Book as lower
risk/near threatened.
20) Lophophorus impejanus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Lophophorus
Species: impejanus
Subspecies: n/a
Synonyms: n/a
Local name: Danfe
Distribution: It is the National bird of Nepal,
where it is known as the Danfe, and the state
bird of Uttarakhand. This is a residential bird
found mostly in the Himalayas.
Description:
It is a relatively large sized bird with reference to family Phasianidae. About 70 cm in length, the
weight of males and females range between 1980-2380g and 1800-2150g respectively. Adult
males possess a long crest, are feathered with multicoloured plumage throughout their body, while
the females, like in other pheasants, are dull in colour with the upper parts covered with dark
brownish-black feathers. Notable features in males are a long crest that is metallic green,
changeable reddish copper on the back and sides of the neck and, a prominent white back and
rump while in flight (birds of northwestern India lack this). Tail feathers of males are uniformly
rufous being darker towards the tips, where as the lower tail coverts of females are white, barred
with black and rufous. Females have a prominent white patch in the fore neck and a white strip on
the tail. First year males and immatures resemble females, but first year males are larger and the
immatures are less distinctly marked.
Listed in DNPWC Act 2029 Appendix I; listed in CITES Appendix I. Threatened species, 2006
IUCN Red List. This bird is poached for its valuable feathers and for meat. Also due to forest
degradation and habitat encroachment, its existence is in danger.

23
Result/Analysis
After analyzing this research work, I have known that birds have attracted more than their fair
share of our zoological attention. Birds have an important mission to continue for ecological
balance, 1,012 species are being threatened by threats that habit loss, human persecution and
introduced predators. For example, habit loss was cited as a source of risk for over 70 % threatened
species, where as humans persecution and/or introduced predators were cited in 35% of cases.
Overall, twice as many species (54%) were classified as being threatened by either habitat loss
alone or human persecution/introduced predators alone than being threatened by both sources
together (27%).
Birds have a good system for spreading seeds. They eat berries and then when they dispose of their
waste, the berry seeds are disposed along with it. Bird feces provide good fertilization for the seeds
with which they are dropped, giving seeds very good condition with which to grow. Based on the
criteria used by IUCN , 21% of 9,916 bird species are extinction prone , a category that includes
species that are extinct (1.3%) , threatened with extinction in the next 10-100 years (12%) , and
close to qualifying or likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future (7.4% near
threatened ) . Increased specialization is highly correlated with increased livelihood of extinction,
and 41% of bird species limited to one habitat type are extinction -prone

24
Discussion
After completing this project we knew about the different kinds of birds with different feeding
habits, their life span, breeding etc. In zoo, the birds were mainly categorized into: 1) carnivorous
birds, 2) granivorous birds 3) frugivorous birds 3) insectivorous birds 4) wading birds 5)
piscivorous birds 6) filter feeding birds 7) nectarivorous birds
Birds that feed on vertebrates had strong, hooked beaks with the upper part protruding over the
lower part. They were securely attached to the skull. They use it to tear and pull the flesh of their
prey. Birds of prey such as eagles and falcons, and scavengers such as vultures are a clear example
of this.
This group of birds feed mainly on seeds. In many cases, they had a short, robust beak that ends
in a conical shape, allowing them to break seeds. Goldfinches, sparrows and canaries were all good
examples.
Although frugivorous feed on fruit, whether meaty or dried, these birds could also feed on seeds.
Their beaks were specialized at dealing with fruit, which they opend to obtain the pulp or seeds.
They usually had a short, curved beak with a specialized tip for extracting the edible part of the
seeds.
In the case of birds that hunt insects in the air, they do so with their mouths open. Therefore, the
beak is usually short, wide and flat. Examples of this include the swallow and the swift. Other
birds prefer to catch insects when they were still. These had short, straight, thin beaks, such as
the bee-eater or robin.
Wading birds were waterfowl that had long beaks with different shapes, adapted to searching for
invertebrates at the bottom of ponds and marshes, while kept their heads out of the
water. Spoonbill would be examples of this type of bird.
Nectarivorous birds feed on the nectar of the flowers by inserting their beaks inside them. They
tend to have thin, long beaks, although the shape could vary depending on the kind of flowers they
feed on. There are some species of hummingbirds that feed on flowers inaccessible to most
animals, making them the main pollinators. They depend on each other in perfect symbiosis.
Filter feeding birds had wide, flat beaks. In some cases, such as flamingos, they were very
specialized in obtaining food from pond and riverbeds. These beaks have a filtering system
whereby the bird removes the water and separated out the organisms on which these birds feed.
Swans and ducks are also in this group.
Piscivorous birds feed on fish that they catch by diving into the water. In most cases they had large,
strong beaks with a curved tip or serrated ridges to prevent their prey from escaping. This group
includes birds like seagulls and albatrosses. In other cases, such as pelicans, they might have a
flexible pouch beneath the beak, where they can store fish once they have been caught (along with
big gulps of water).

25
Recommendation
From the zoo visit, I came to know, there is a lack of proper animal husbandry and utterly non
enistent conservation education. I hate to the bearer of bad news but there is so much room for
improvement here. A zoological park should show wild animals in strong health and educate the
public on the need to conserve land and other resources for the good of the environment and many
animals that call it home. The zoo administration efforts are sometimes met with disappoint
because of the unavailability of the space, a problem the administration can do a little to solve.
Animals in the central zoo, the countrys, only zoo in jawlakhel are forced to live in conjusted
environment .two third of the zoo area is occupied by an amusement park and a pond, leaving very
little space for wild animals and birds living there.

26
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/.../List_of_AVES_s.
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/zoology
https://www.onlineuniversities.com/.../100
https://www.nap.edu/read/11212/chapter/

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