The study report on IG park for better understanding over animals.

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
GOVERNMENT AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, ROURKELA.
Sameer Saurava Prusty
Assistant Professor (H.O.D.)
DECLARATION
I, Aparna Sahu , hereby declare that study tour report entitled ,”Study Of
Different Species in Indira Gandhi Park Zoo, Rourkela” submitted by to the
Department of Zoology, Government Autonomous College , Rourkela is original
work and the same has not been deposited for any degree , diploma similar
other site .
Date - Aparna Sahu

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the field study report entitled “Study Of Different
Species in Indira Gandhi Park Zoo, Rourkela ”submitted to Government
Autonomous College, Rourkela in partial full-fillmant of the requirements for the
award of the Under graduate in Zoology (Hons) is a record of original work done
by Aparna Sahu , during the period of her study in the Department of Zoology ,
Government Autonomous College , Rourkela under my supervision and guidance
and the field study has not formed the basis for the amount of any
degree/Diploma/Associateship/Fellowship or similar title to any candidate of any
other university and college .
Counter signed H.O.D.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel greatly indebted to my guide Sameer Saurava Prusty
H.O.D in Dept of Zoology of government Autonomous College, Rourkela
with profound sense of gratitude and sincere regards for his keen interest
in guiding me throughout this investigation and in the preparation of field
study report . I, hereby give my sincere thanks to my Lecturer Dr. Deepak
Kumar Singh, who help me in providing the background and also gave
ample opportunity to make this report.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS TOUR
AIM :
Zoology is a vast branch of science which requires as much as practical knowledge
as theoretical. Therefore the main tour of this study was to gain observational skills
about animals behaviour enclosures, to gain knowledge and to learn about different
habit, habitat, behaviour and reproductive nature of that particular animal.
OBJECTIVE :
 To learn how to observe and study animals at IG Park.
 To learn about the change in behaviour, adjusting quality and feeding habitat
of different animals.
 To learn the basic difference between venomous and non-venomous snake
and the use of their poison for the preparation of various medicines.
 To observe the statistical procedure and know how to count animals in
different locality and their quality estimation which was helpful to distinguish
between various species and their population.
 To develop better sense of management skills, interaction and team work.
PLACE TO VISIT - Indira Gandhi Park Zoo.

DESCRIPTION ABOUT ZOO, WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, BIOSPHERE RESERVE,
NATIONAL PARK.
ZOO :
It is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word
“zoo” is short for “zoological park”.
Zoos are meant to entertain and educate the public but have a strong emphasis on scientific
research and species conservation.
During the Age of Enlightenment (age of science, reason, and logic) the government and society
promoted the ideology of study of animal behaviour and anatomy. To do this, scientists and
zookeepers had to keep animals in places that were close to, or resembled, the animals’ natural
habitats.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARY :
It is an area where animals habitats are prohibited from any sort of human disturbance; like
killing capturing, and poaching of animals.
They aim at providing a comfortable living to animals.
These are established to protect the endangered species.
Its’ quite difficult to always relocate the animal from their natural habitat, so that protecting
them in their natural environment is advantageous
Biologist activities researches are permitted in the wildlife sanctuaries.
There are 567 wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of 122,564.86 km2, which is 3.73%
of the geographical area of the country.

BIOSPHERE RESERVES :
These are ‘learning places for sustainable development’. They are sites for testing interdisciplinary
approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and
ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity.
Biosphere reserve was first introduced by The International Co-ordinating Council(ICC) of UNESCO
in 1971.
These are the protected areas meant for the conservation of plants and animals.
Restores the traditional life of the trivals living in vicinity .
There are 3 biosphere reserve zones:
Core - Legally protected area where human intervention is strictly
Prohibited.
Buffer - Research and education activities are permitted to humans.
These activities should not obstruct the conservation
Objectives of the core area.
Manipulation- It is the peripheral areas of a biosphere reserve where human
Activities like cropping, recreation, forestry, and settlements
Are permitted with the cooperation of reserve management
And local people.

NATIONAL PARK :
It is an area by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment.
Purpose: recreation of public resources, education, scholarship, and the preservation of
endangered landscapes, natural communities, and species.
There are 106 national parks in India covering an area of 44,38 km2 (17,134 sq mi), which is
1.35% of the geographical area of the country.

LIST OF ANIMALS FOUND IN THE IG PARK
• FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE :Tetracerus quadricornis
• SAMBAR DEER. : Rusa unicolor
• SPOTTED DEER. : Axis axis
• BARKING DEER. : Muntiacus muntjak
• ROSE RINGED PARAKEET : Psittacula krameri
• PEAFOWL. : Pavo cristatus
• MACAW PARROT. : Ara ararauna
• RHESUS MONKEY. : Macaca mulatta
• MONITOR LIZARD. : Varanus
• CROCODILE. : Crocodylus acutus
• INDIAN ROCK PYTHON : Python molurus
• EMU. : Dromaius novaehollandiae
• NILGAI : Boselaphus tragocamelus
• BAT. : Pteropus rodricensis
• ROSY PELICAN. : Pelecanus onocrotalus

FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE
 KINGDOM : ANIMALIA
 PHYLUM :CHORDATA
 CLASS :MAMMALIAL
 ORDER :ARTIODACTYLA
 FAMILY : BOVIDAE
 GENUS : Tetracerus
 SPECIES : quadricornis
HABIT HABITAT :
• Mostly inhabits open, dry, deciduous forests in hilly terrain.
• It prefers areas close to water bodies that are covered with grasses or heavy undergrowth.
• Most live in the African savannahs.
DISTRIBUTION :
• Most of the existing populations live in India, and lower numbers in adjoining Nepal.
• Found from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to the Deccan Plateau in the south.
• Gir National Park were 256 individuals in 1974.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION :
• Stands nearly 55-64centimeters (22-25 in) at the shoulder and weighs 17-22 kilograms
(37-49 lb) .
• Head and body length is typically between 80 and 110 centimetres (31 and 43 in ).
• Sexual dimorphism is not very notable, though only males possess horns.
• Slender with thin legs and a short tails , yellowish brown to reddish body coat.
• Facial features include black markings on the muzzle and the behind the ear.
• Females have four teats far back on the abdomen.
• The four horned antelope differs greatly from the nilgai in colour, is much smaller and has
an extra pair of horns.
• Two deer species, the Indian muntjac and the Indian hog deer, can be confused with this
antelope.
BEHAVIOURS :
• The four-horned antelope is diurnal, though it mainly rests or rumoinates in dense
undergrowth at noon.
• They are solitary by nature, but still make a group of 2 or 3 .
• The breeding and behaviour has not been well studied, age at which they reach sexual
maturity and the season when occurs has not been understood well.
• They kept concealed for the first weeks of their birth and the young one remains with
their mother for almost a year.
• Males and females hardly interact except in the mating season.
• Gestation lasts about eight months.
• Antelope is shy and elusive. When alarmed, it stands motionless and leap away nervously
from danger or even sprint.
• They often conceals itself in tall grasses to escape predators.
INTERESTING FACTS :
• They feeds on grasses. Shrubs, foliage, flowers and fruits
• Evidence of early human hunting of antelope during Mesolithic period(5000-8000years
ago) has been found in Kurnool caves of southern India and similar evidence has been
found from the chalcolithic period (3000 years ago) in Odisha, eastern India.
• When it comes to males, they are very aggressive regarding their competition with other
males over females. They wouldn’t stop till one is out of its life.

SAMBAR DEER
 KINGDOM :ANIMALIA
 PHYLUM : CHORDATA
 CLASS : MAMMALIA
 ORDER : ARTIODATYLA
 FAMILY :CERVIDAE
 GENUS :Rusa
 SPECIES : unicolor
HABIT HABITAT:
 They consume wide variety of shrubs and trees.vegetation includes grass, browse, fruits,
and water plants depending upon local habitat.
DISTRIBUTION :
 It’s a large deer native to the Indian subcontinent, South china, and Southeast Asia that
is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2008.
 It inhabits tropical dry forest, tropical seasonal forests, grasslands broadleaved
deciduous and evergreen forest to tropical rainforests.

• Its appearance the size varies widely across its ranges .
• Attain height of 10 to 160 cm at shoulder and weight approx 100-350 kg
• Females body is tends to be smaller than that of a males body.
• Only males have antlers.
• The shaggy coat can be from yellowish brown to dark grey in colour
• Adult males and pregnant or lactating females possess an unusual hairless, bloodred
spot located about halfway down the underside of their throats.
BEHAVIOUR :
• Sambar are nocturnal or crepuscular. Males lives alone for much of a year, and the females
lives in a small herds of up to 16 individuals.
• They often congregate near waters, and are good swimmers.
• Although they are named to be quite but the adults can scream or make short and high-pitch
sounds when alarmed.
• They reproduce seasonally. The males establishes a territory from which he attracts the
females, but don’t established a harem.
• Sambar have lived up to 28 years in captivity and rarely survives more than 12 years in wild.
INTERESTING FACTS :
• The single largest deer species was the Irish Giant Deer which went extinct 11000
years go.
• Reaching 7ft tall at the shoulder, the Irish Deers antlers could spans 1ft, four times the
width of a single bed.
• They have great hearing senses, great senses of smell
• Some antlers grow during spring seasons.

SPOTTED DEAR
 PHYLUM. : CHORDATA
 CLASS. : MAMMALIA
 ORDER. : ARTIODATYLA
 FAMILY. : CERVIDAE
 GENUS. : Axis
 SPECIES. : axis
HABIT HABITAT :
 Spotted dear are found in a variety of habitat, including forests, grassland and savannas.
 They prefer areas with plenty of cover and water.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Spotted dear are native to Indian subcontinent and are found in India, Srilanka, Nepal, and
Bangladesh.
 They have also been introduced to other parts of the world such as Australia, New Zealand,
and North America.
 They also found in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries all over the world.

 Some popular places:
- Ranthambore National Park – Rajasthan
- Kanha National Park – Madhya Pradesh
- Gir National Park – Gujarat
- Tadoba National Park – Maharashtra
- Bandipur National Park – Karnataka
 SIZE :
- Medium sized
- Males – typically standing 36-42 inches at the shoulder
and weighing 175-220 pounds.
- Females – slightly smaller, standing 33-39 inches at the shoulder
and weighing 150-190 pounds.
- Long legs and a slender build.
- Males have antlers – they use to fight for dominance and to attract females.
 COLORATION :
- Reddish-brown coat with white spots arranged in a rows.
- The under belly is white and there is a black stripe down the back.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Spotted dear are social animals and live in herds of up to 100 individuals.
 They are active during the day and crepuscular (active at down to duck).
 These are herbivores.
 They are an important part of the ecosystem and play a role in seed dispersal and pollination.
 Known for their distinctive barking call for communication with the heard members.
 Also known for their grooming nature.
 They play an important role in the Indian culture and are often featured in folk and legends.

REPRODUCTION :
• Dominant males have access to more females and are more likely to reproduce.
• Males mate with multiple females during the breeding season (September – December)
• During this time males make their domain with urine and scent glands .
• When a male finds a female in estrus, he will court her by following and licking her fur.
• If females are receptive, she will allow the male to mount her (copulation lasts for a few
sec.).
• Female deer give birth to a single fawn after a gestation period of 205 days .
INTERESTING FACTS :
• They are very good at detecting predators as they do have an excellent eyesight and very
sensitive to movement.
• If they detect a predator, typically make a barking to warn the other members of heard.
• They also are good at jumping as they clearly can fences up to 6 feet high.
• They have sharp hooves that helps them to defend themselves.
• If they are likely to be too close to predators, they may just kick or stomp on them.
• Spotted dears are one of the dears that can climb trees .

BARKING DEER
• KINGDOM : ANIMALIA
• PHYLUM. : CHORDATA
• CLASS. : ARTIODATYLA
• FAMILY. : CERVIDAE
• GENUS. : Muntiacus
• SPECIES. : muntijak
HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION :
• They are herbivores and their diet consists of grasses, leaves, fruits, and insects.
• Found in variety of habitat, including forests, grassland, and agricultural areas.
• Wildly distributed in Asia, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand,
Load, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei

 These are small to medium size.
 Males – standing 21-25 inches at the shoulder and weighing 44-77 pounds.
 Females – slightly smaller, standing 19-23 inches at the shoulder and weighing 33-55
pounds.
 COLOURATION – reddish-brown coat with white spots on the outer side.
 They have long legs and slender build.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Solitary but may together be found in small groups to feed or to breed.
 Active during day and crepusecular (active at down and dusk).
 They are browsers and grazers – use their long tongues to reach leaves and other plants
higher up in the trees and shrubs.
REPRODUCTION :
 Breed throughout the year.
 Gestation period is about 200 days.
 Females give birth to a single fawn.
 Fawns are weaned at around 6 months old, but may stay with their mother for up to a
year.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 They prey upon by variety of predators, including tigers, leopards, and wolves.
 To defend themselves, barking deers rely on their camouflage.
 Their ability to escape to safety and their ability to bark and bite.
 Good at jumping up to 6 feet high.
 Shy animals and typically avoid humans.
 However they become aggressive, if feel threatened.

ROSE RINGED PARAKEET
 CLASS. : AVES
 ORDER. : PSITTACIFORMES
 FAMILY. : PSITTACIDAE
 GENUS. : Psittacula
 SPECIES : krameri
HABIT AND HABITAT :
 They are highly adaptable birds and can be found in a variety of habitat including,
forests, grassland, savannas, woodlands, shrublands, and urban areas.
 They are found in areas with water such as river, lacksand wetlands.
 They are also known to be congregate in areas with abundant food sources, such as
fruit trees and orchards.
 They migrate during the winter months in search of food and warmer temperature.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Wildly distributed all over the world.
 It is native to the Indian subcontinent and Africa but has also been introduced to many
other countries including the United States, Europe, and Australia.

 Medium sized parrot
 About 40cm (16 in) in length including tail.
 COLORATION – green body with reddish beak.
 Male has a black bib, narrow black and pink neck ring extending from the bib, around
the cheeks.
 Females only has a dull emerald -green collar , and lacks colours like pink and black .
BEHAVIOUR :
 Lives in flocks of up to 100 individuals.
 Very vocal birds and their loud squawks can often be heard from a distance.
 They use their vocalisations to communicate with each other. Including - warn each
other of predators
- To attract mates and to maintain social bonds.
 Their diet consists of fruits, seed and insects.
 Particularly fond of figs, dates, berries.
 Also known to insects and their larvae, which help to control insect population.
REPRODUCTION :
 Breed throughout the year.
 Gestation period is about 24days.
 Females typically lay 4-6 eggs at a time.
 Eggs are incubated by both males and females for about 21 days.
 Chicks hatch altricial, means they are helpless and need to be cared for by their
parents for severals weeks.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Prey upon by a variety of predators including hawks, owls and snacks.
 To defend themselves, they rely on their camouflage, the ability to escape to safety
and to bites and peck.
 They are very intelligent birds can be trained to perform certain tricks and can also
speak a few words.
 Also known for their playful behaviour and they enjoy playing with toys and other
objects.
• Good at flying – can cover a long distance over a short period of time.

PEAFOWL
 CLASS. : AVES
 ORDER. : GALLIFORMES
 FAMILY. : PHASIANIDAE
 GENUS. :Pavo
 SPECIES. : cristatus
HABIT AND HABITAT :
 Native to the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia
 They found in a variety of habitat including forests, woodlands, savannas and
greenlands.
 They prefer areas with plenty of cover and water.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Indian peafowl are found in India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Nepal.
 Green peafowl are found in southeast Asia including Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia,
Vietnam and Laos.

 These are a little large in shape
 MALES – standing 36-42 inch at the shoulder and
weighing 13 -18 pounds.
- They are known for their long and elaborate train feathers, which they
use to attract females and to intimidate other males
 FEMALES – standing 33-39 inches at the shoulder and
Weighing 10-15 pounds.
- Females have shorter train feathers and duller plumage then male.
 Peafowl have long necks and legs and their heads are crowned with a crest of feathers.
 Their beaks are strong and sharp.
 Feet have four toes, 3 projects forward while 1 is downward.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Lives in flocks of up to 100 individuals.
 They are active during the day and roost in trees at night.
 They are herbivores and their diet contains of fruits, seeds and insects.
 Males known for their elaborate courtship display.
 Females choose a mate based on their size and brightness of the features.
 Also known for their aggressive behaviour.
INTRESTING FACTS :
 It is the one of the most popular bird in the world.
 Popular symbol in many cultures and featured art, mythological and regional.
 Also play a crucial role in our ecosystem by dispersal of seeds and control of insect
population.

MACAW PARROT
• CLASS. : AVES
• ORDER. : PSITTACIFORMES
• FAMILY. : PSITTACIDAE
• GENUS. : Ara
• SPECIES. : ararauna
HABIT AND HABITAT :
 They are omnivorous, means eat both plants and animals.
 There’s diet includes fruits, nuts, seeds, flowers, insects.
 It’s important to avoid feeding foods that are toxic to birds, like avocado, chocolate, and
caffeine and as well chips and candy.
 There are 18 macaw species and their habitat vary depending on the species.
 They prefer tall trees with plenty of nesting cavities.

DISTRIBUTION :
 Most are found in tropical and subtropical forests in central and south America.
 SCARLET MACAW : Mexico to Brazil, Trinidad, and Tobago.
 HYACINTH MACAW : central and eastern Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
 BLUE AND YELLOW MACAW : Mexico to Argentina.
 GREEN-EINGED MACAW : central and south America, from Mexico to Brazil.
 CHESTNUT – FRONTED MACAW : Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
 MILITARY MACAW : Mexico to Central America and north-western south America.
 BLUE THROATED MACAW: Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay.
 SPIXS MACAW : Northern Brazil.
 They are large and brightly coloured parrots, with long tails and powerful beaks.
 Largest member of parrot family.
 Some species grew up to 4 feet long and weighing up to 4 pounds.
 They have long, tapered nails that help them to balance and steer while flying.
 They have brightly coloured plumage, which help them to attract mates and to
camouflage themselves.
 Most common macaw colours include red, blue, yellow, and green.
BEHAVIOUR :
• Highly social and intelligent birds.
• Lives in flocks of up to 100 individuals.
• Communicate with each other by using a variety of vocalisations and body
language.
• Very playful birds, and they enjoy spending time with their flock members and
with their human companion.
• Some specific behaviours :
- Foraging
- Grooming
- Playing
- Bonding
- Communication
• They can be very demanding and also be rewarding companions.
• They require a lot of attention and stimulation.

REPRODUCTION :
 They reach sexual maturity around 3-4 years of age.
 Their breeding season typically runs from January to July.
 They are monogamous birds, mate for life.
 To attract mates, the male macaws performs a lots of courtship behaviour, such as singing
and dancing and displaying their plumage.
 Female lays 2-3 egg, incubate for 24-28 days.
 The male macaw will help to provide food and protection for the female during this
period.
 When the eggs hatch, the chicks are blind and helpless.
 So that their parents take care of them for 10-12 weeks of age.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 They are the largest member of parrot family.
 Length – 4 feet and weight -4 pounds.
 They have variety of physical features that helps them adapt to their rainforest
environment, such as strong beak, long tails, and powerful feet.
 Play a important role in rainforest ecosystem by dispersing seeds.

ROSY PELICAN
 PHYLUM. : CHODATA
 CLASS. : AVES
 ORDER. :PELECANIFORMS
 FAMILY. : PELICANIDAE
 GENUS. : Pelianus
 SPECIES. : roseus
HABIT HABITAT :
 Rose pelicans are aquatic birds that live in coastal and inland waters.
 They are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including Africa, Asia,
Australia, and Europe.

DISTRIBUTION :
 Rose pelicans are found in my parts of the world including Africa, Asia, Australia, and
Europe.
 In Africa, they are found in the Nile basin, the Sahel region, and the Congo basin.
 In Asia, they are found in India, Southeast Asia, and China.
 In Australia, they are found in the tropical north and the east coast.
 In Europe, they are found in the Mediterranean region and the Black sea region.
 Rose pelicans are large birds, with a wingspan of up to 10 feet and a weight of up to 30
pounds.
 They have a long, hooked beak and a large pouch under their beak.
 Their plumage is white, with a pinkish blush on their head and neck.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Rose pelicans are social birds that live in flocks of up to 1000 individuals.
 They are filter feeders, and they eat fish, crustaceans, and other small aquatic organisms.
 Rose pelicans are also known to co-operate when hunting, and they will often herd fish into
shallow water before feeding.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Rose pelicans are the largest pelicans in the world.
 Rose pelicans can hold up to 3 gallons of water in their pouch.
 Rose pelicans are known to co-operate when hunting, and they will often herd fish into
shallow water before feeding.
 Rose pelicans are monogamous birds, and they mate for life.
 Rose pelicans have a lifespan of up to 20 years in the wild.

EMU
 CLASS. : AVES
 ORDER. : STRUTHIONIFORMES
 FAMILY. : DROMAIIDAE
 GENUS. : Dromaius
 SPECIES. : novaehollandiae
HABIT HABITAT :
 Emu are diurnal birds and live in open woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands.
 They are also found in agriculture areas and urban fringes.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Emus are native to Australia and are found throughout the mainland, except for the
densest rainforests and the driest deserts.

MORPHOLOGICAL :
• Emus are the second- largest living bird by height, after the ostrich.
• They have long legs and necks, and their feathers are mostly brown with some black
and grey markings.
• Emus have no tail feathers, and their wings are small and vestigial.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Emus are social birds and live in group of up to 10 individuals.
 They are nomadic, and their movements are influenced by the availability of food and
water.
 Emus are herbivores and their diet consists of a variety of plants, including grasses,
seeds, fruits, and insects.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Emus are the fastest running birds in the world, and they can reach speeds of up to 30
miles per hour.
 Emus are excellent swimmers and can cross rivers and lakes.
 Emus are good at defending themselves from predators, and they can kick with their
powerful legs.
 Emus are important members of the Australia ecosystem, and they help to disperse
seeds and control pests.
 Emus are also popular tourist attractions, and they can be seen in many wildlife parks
and zoos across Australia.

RHESUS MONKEY
 PHYLUM. : CHODATA
 CLASS. : MAMMALIA
 ORDER. : PRIMATES
 FAMILY. : CERCOPITHECIDAE
 GENUS. :Macaca
 SPECIES. : mulatta
HABIT HABITAT :
 They are highly adaptable and can live in a variety of habitats, including forests,
woodlands, grasslands, and even urban areas.
 They are diurnal animal, meaning they are active during the day.
DISTRIBUTION :
 They are native to Central and South Asia, and their range extends from Afghanistan to
Indian to China.
 They have also been introduced to other parts of the world, such as Florida and Puerto
Rico.

 Medium sized
 MALES- weighing 7-11 kg
 FEMALES – Weighing 5-7 kg
 They have brown fur, with a lighter underside.
 They have long tails, which help them to balance when climbing and jumping.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Social animals and live up to 100 individuals.
 They are typically led by a dominant male.
 They are omnivorous and their diet consists of a variety of plants, fruits, insects, and small
animals.
REPRODUCTION :
 Reach sexual maturity at around 3-4 years of age.
 Female have a gestation period of 166 days, and she only gives birth to a single offspring.
 The young monkey is dependent on its mother for the first year or two of its life.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 These are one of the most well- studied primates.
 They have been used in biochemical research for decades, and also been contributed to our
understanding of human diseased and behaviour.
 These are popular tourist attractions, so that they can be seen in many zoos and wildlife parks
around the world.
 They are intelligent and resourceful animals. They also been known to use tools to solve
complex problems.
 Rhesus monkey are also very social animals, and they have a complex system of communication
that includes vocalisations, facial expressions and body language.

MONITOR LIZARD
 CLASS. : REPTILIA
 ORDER. :SQUAMATA
 FAMILY. : VARANIDAE
 GENUS. :Varanus
HABIT HABITAT :
 They occupy a wide range of habitat including forests, savannas, dessert, and wetlands
 Some species are arboreal, while some are terrestrial or semi-aquatic.
 Found in Australia, Africa, and Asia. And there is a invasive species found in America.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Found in tropical and subtropical regions of Australia, Asia and Africa.
 There are about 80 species of lizard. Varies from 12 inches to 10 feet.

 Characterised by long-neck, powerful tail and we’ll developed limp.
 They have fork -technique to capture prey.
 They various colour complexion according to their habitat and species.
BEHAVIOUR :
 They are opportunistic Carnivores and will eat a variety of prey including, insects, reptiles,
mammals and birds.
 They are active predators and will chase down the prey.
 They are also scavengers and will feed on carrion.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Komodo dragon is the largest living lizard in the world. They can be up to 10 feet long and weight
of 300 pounds.
 They have Jacobson’s organ, which is a special olfactory organ to detect smell from air.
 Some species of monitor lizard can swim and climb trees.
 Monitor lizards are preyed upon by crocodile, snake and often by large birds.
 They are apex predators Control the population of other animals.
 They are the scavengers help to clean the environment.

INDIAN ROCK PYTHON
 CLASS : REPTILIA
 ORDER. : SQUAMATA
 FAMILY. :PYTHONIDAS
 GENUS. : Python
 SPECIES. : molurus
HABIT HABITAT :
 Solitary and ambush predators.
 Found in variety of habitats including forests, grassland, wetland.
 They are also found in human-modified habitats, such as agricultural areas and urban
fringes.
DISTRIBUTION :
 These are found throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal, and srilanka.

 Largest snake in India.
 They can grow up to 6 meters (20 feet) long and weight up to 50 kg (110 pounds).
 They have a thick, muscular body and a long, tapering tail.
 Their scales are smooth and vary in colour from brown to olive green.
BEHAVIOUR :
 They are ambush predators.
 They lie in wait for their prey, which includes a variety of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
 When prey is with in reach, the python strikes quickly and wraps it’s body around the prey,
constricting it until it suffocates.
REPRODUCTION :
 They breed during the monsoon season.
 Female lays a clutch of eggs in a nest, which she incubates for about 60 days.
 The hatching are about 45 cm (18 inches) long and are independent from birth.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 They are non-venomous.
 They also are excellent swimmers.
 Plays an important role in ecosystem by controlling population of other animals.
 These are reserved in some cultures and are featured in myths and legends.

CROCODILE
• CLASS. : REPTILIA
• ORDER. : CROCODYLIA
• FAMILY. : CROCODYLIDAE
• GENUS. : Crocodylus
• SPECIES. : acutus
HABIT HABITAT :
• Crocodiles are semi-aquatic reptiles that live in a variety of habitats, including rivers, lakes,
swamps, and mangroves.
• They are also found in brackish and saltwater habitats.
• Crocodiles are ambush predators and spend most of their time lying in wait for prey.
DISTRIBUTION :
• Crocodiles are found in all continents except Antarctica.
• They are common in tropical and subtropical regions

 They have slender build and a long tail.
 They have 4 legs and each with five webbed toes.
 They have thick, scaly skin that protects them from predators.
 Their head is large and has powerful jaws with sharp teeth.
MUGGAR :
 SIZE – medium sized
- Typically of length 3-4 m(10-13 feet)
- Weight is between 200-300 kg(440-660 pounds).
 HABITAT –
- Found in variety of fresh water habitat including rivers, lacks, swamps, and marshes.
- Also found in blackish water habitat.
 DISTRIBUTION –
- Muggar are found in I, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.

GHARIAL :
 SIZE : Largest crocodiles in India and can grow up to 6 meters long and weight up to 200 kg.
 HABITAT : Found in large rivers and lakes. They also prefer deep water and avoid shallow,
muddy areas.
 DISTRIBUTION : They are found in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
BEHAVIOUR :
 They are solitary animals and only come together to mate.
 They are terrestrial and will defend their territory from other crocodiles.
 They are known to aggressive predators and can attack humans if they feel threatened.
REPRODUCTION :
 They are sexual dimorphic, while males being larger than females.
 They breed during rainy season.
 The male establish its territory and attract females by roaring and by studying it’s body.
 Once the he founds it’s mate they will copulate in water.
 The female lays a clutch of eggs in a nest, which they buries in the sand.
 The hatching is about 30 cm long and are independent from birth.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 They are the one of the oldest living reptiles. They have been here for around
over 200 million years.
 They have a slow metabolism, can go for months without eating.
 They have four-chambered heart and a fully developed diaphragm.
 They also have excellent hearing and vision.
 They are important members of the ecosystem as they do help to control the
population of other animals.
• They play a role in nutrient cycle.

NILGAI :
 Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Chordata
 Class: Mammalia
 Order: Artiodactyla
 Family: Bovidae
 Genus: Boselaphus
 Species: tragocamelus
HABIT HABITAT :
 Nilgai are found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
 They are primarily grazers, but they will also eat leaves, fruits, and flowers. Nilgai are social
animals and live in herds of up to 100 individuals.
DISTRIBUTION :
 Nilgai are native to the Indian subcontinent and are found in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
 They are also found in some parts of Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and Thailand.

 Nilgai are the largest antelope in Asia.
 Males are larger than females and can weigh up to 680 kg (1,500 lb).
 Nilgai have a short, thick coat that is typically brown or gray in color.
 They have long, slender legs and a long, tufted tail.
 Males have horns that can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Nilgai are active during the day and spend most of their time grazing.
 They are social animals and live in herds of up to 100 individuals.
 Herds are typically made up of females and their young, while males live in bachelor groups.
 Nilgai are relatively shy animals and will flee from danger. They are good swimmers and can
also climb trees.
REPRODUCTION :
 Nilgai breed throughout the year.
 The gestation period is about 15 months.
 Females typically give birth to a single calf.
 Calves are born with their eyes open and can walk within a few hours.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Nilgai are the only antelope that is sacred to Hindus.
 Nilgai are a popular game animal in India.
 Nilgai are threatened by habitat loss and poaching.

BAT :
 Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Chiroptera
• Family: Pteropodidae
• Genus: Pteropus
• Species: rodricensis
HABIT HABITAT :
 Bats occupy a wide range of habitats, including forests, savannas, deserts, and wetlands.
 Some species are arboreal, while others are terrestrial or semi-aquatic.
 Bats are nocturnal, meaning they are active at night.
 They use echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark.
DISTRIBUTION :
• Bats are found all over the world except for Antarctica and some of the Pacific islands.
• They are most diverse in the tropics, but they are also found in temperate and arctic regions.

 Bats are characterized by their forelimbs adapted as wings, their elongated fingers, and
their patagium, a thin membrane that extends between their fingers, legs, and tail.
 Bats have large ears and sensitive noses that they use to echolocate.
 They also have large eyes that they use to see in low light conditions.
BEHAVIOUR :
 Bats are social animals that live in colonies.
 The size of a colony can range from a few individuals to several million.
 Bats use vocalizations to communicate with each other.
 They also use echolocation to communicate and navigate.
REPRODUCTION :
 Bats breed once a year.
 The gestation period is about 60-120 days.
 Females typically give birth to one or two pups.
 Pups are born blind and helpless, and they are cared for by their mothers for several weeks.
INTERESTING FACTS :
 Bats are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight.
 Bats are nocturnal, meaning they are active at night.
 Bats use echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark.
 Bats are social animals that live in colonies.
 Bats are an important part of the ecosystem. They help to control insect populations and
pollinate plants.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HORNS AND ANTELOPE :
HORNS :
 Horns are a two-part structure made of bone and keratin.
 The bone core is permanent and grows continuously throughout the animal’s
life.
 The keratin sheath covers the bone core and grows from specialized hair
follicles.
 Horns are found on a variety of animals, including antelope, pronghorn,
bighorn sheep, and bison.
 Horns are used for a variety of purposes, including defense, social
dominance, and territoriality.
ANTELOPE :
 Antelope are a group of hoofed mammals in the family Bovidae.
 Antelope horns are typically unbranched .
 However, the pronghorn antelope is the exception, having branched horns
that are shed annually.
 Antelope horns are used for defense and social dominance.

EXAMPLE OF SOME OF THE HORNS AND ANTELOPE :
ANTELOPE :
 Blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra) :
• GREATER KUDU ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros) :
 ELAND (Taurotragus Oryx) :
• SAIGA (saiga tatarica) :
 The blackbuck is a medium – sized antelope with spiral horns that curve outward and
upward. The horns of the blackbuck are typically 12-24 inches long.
 The greater kudu is a large antelope with corkscrew horns that can grow up to 6 feet long.
The horns of the greater kudu are typically twisted outward and upward, with a sharp point
at the end
 It is the largest antelope in the world. Males have long spiraled horns that can be grow up to
feet long. Females also have horns but typically shorter than the males and less spiraled.
 The saiga is a medium – sized antelope with bulbous noses and large, translucent horns. The
horns of the saiga are typically 12-16 inches long and curve upward and slightly outward.



HORNS :
 SPIRAL HORNS :
 CORKSCREW HORNS :
 RINGED HORNS :
 LYR-SHAPED HORNS :
 Spiral horns are the most common type of horn found on antelope. They are typically
twisted outward and upward, with a sharp point at the end. Spiral horns are found on the
blackbuck, greater kudu , and eland.
 Corkscrew horns are a type of spiral horn that is twisted very tightly. They are found on the
greater kudu.
 Ringed horns have rigdes or rings that run along their length. They are found on the impala.
 Lyr- shaped horns are curved and have a V – shaped notch in the middle. They are found in
the oryx and scimitar- horned oryx .

TYPES OF EGGS FOUND IN IG PARK :
EMU EGGS :
 SIZE: 13 centimetres ( 5.1inches) long and 9 centimetres ( 3.5 inches) wide
 WEIGHT: 450 to 650 grams (1.0 to 1.4 pounds )
 SHELL COLOUR: Dark green
 SHELL THICKNESS: 1 millimetres ( 0.04 inches)
 INCUBATION PERIOD : 56 days
 CLUTCH SIZE: 5 to 15 eggs
PYTHON EGGS:
 Python eggs are a deprecated packaging format for python packages.
 They are typically packaged as ZIP flies with a egg extension.
 Python eggs can be installed using the pip command .
 Avoid python eggs, instead use python wheels.

DIFFERENT BETWEEN BIRDS EGG AND REPTILES EGG :
BIRD :
 SHELL : Bird eggs have a hard shell made of calcium carbonate. This shell helps to
protect the embryo from predators and the elements.
 SHAPE : Bird eggs are typically asymmetrical, meaning that they are tapered at one
end. This shape helps the egg to roll in a circular motion when it is incubated, which
helps to distribute heat evenly.
 COLOR : Bird eggs come in a variety of colors, including white, brown, green, and blue.
This variation in color helps to camouflage the eggs from predators.
 NESTING : Bird eggs are often laid in open areas, such as on the ground or in trees.
This allows the parents to see predators approaching and protect their eggs.
REPTILE :
 SHELL : Reptile eggs, on the other hand, have a soft or leathery shell. This shell is less
protective than a bird’s shell, but it is also lighter and easier for the mother to lay.
 SHAPE : Reptile eggs are typically symmetrical, meaning that they are roughly the same
shape all over.
 COLOR : Reptile eggs are typically white or cream-colored.
 NESTING : Reptile eggs, on the other hand, are often laid in hidden or protected areas,
such as in burrows or under rocks. This helps to protect the eggs from predators.

VENOMOUS AND NON-VENOMOUS SNAKE :
VENOMOUS SNAKE :
They have specialised glands that produce venom, which is a toxin substance that can be injected
into prey or predators through fangs. Venomous snakes use their venom to subdue or to kill their
prey and to defend themselves from predators.Some venomous snakes:
 Russell’s viper
 Indian cobra
 Common krait
 Saw-scaled viper
NON-VENOMOUS SNAKE :
They don’t have venom gland or fangs to inject toxin substance into prey or predators but they kill
their prey by constriction means that they wrap the body of the prey which stops their respiration
process, if severe then it can also break the bones into pieces.
How to distinguish between venomous and non-venomous snacks:
 Venomous snakes have triangular head and slit pupils where non-venomous snake have
oval head and round pupils.
 Venomous snakes have rattle or other warning sounds but non-venomous don’t have any.
 Venomous snakes have put between eyes and nostrils, which is used to sense heat from
prey .
Difference between venomous and poisonous animals :
Venomous : a term that is used to describe animals that inject toxins into their prey or
predators through fangs or other specialized organs. Venomous animals are typically
predators, and they use their venom to subdue and kill their prey. Some venomous
animals, such as snakes, can also use their venom for defense.
Poisonous : a term that is used to describe animals that have toxins in their skin, tissues, or bodily
fluids. Poisonous animals are typically not predators, and they do not inject their toxins into their
prey or predators. Instead, their toxins are typically absorbed through contact or ingestion.

REFERENCE :
 https://byjus.com/biology/wildlife
 https://www.britannica.com/science/national-park
 https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/wnbr/about#:~:text=Biosphere
 https://g.co/bard/share/a97009331ae7
 https://g.co/bard/share/7d82d46bbf07
 https://g.co/bard/share/216c7b6839c3
 https://g.co/bard/share/f37be494c768
 https://g.co/bard/share/5a0c52fdce43
 https://g.co/bard/share/dd03839c5128
 https://g.co/bard/share/9169129b420e
 https://g.co/bard/share/109595552c82
 https://g.co/bard/share/1e7c709a94bb
 https://g.co/bard/share/42b1c05a26ff
 https://g.co/bard/share/f0a1c84082f4
 https://g.co/bard/share/806d9d924d07
 https://g.co/bard/share/f8df43c4e47d
 https://g.co/bard/share/512c38400f64
 https://g.co/bard/share/6e7e8556a59a

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