It is comprehensive review of immunology

1. Immune Response against
Avian Pathogens
• Presented by;
Muhammad Noman Naseem
M.Phil. 1st smester

2. What is Immunity
• Immunity is the state of having biological
defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other
unwanted biological invasion.
• It is the capability of the body to resist
harmful pathogens (microorganisms) from
entering it.
• Star fish give ides of immunolgy.
• Immunity involve 2-components;
• Non-specific component(innate immunity)
• specific component(adaptive immunity)

3. Defense Mechanisms

4. Non specific immunity
• Different barriers.
• Anatomical
• Physiological/Chemical
• Phagocytic
• Inflammatory barrier

5. WBC
• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils( Heterophils )
• Eosinophil's
• Basophils
• Agranulocyte
• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte

6. Process of Phagocytosis
• 4-STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Chemo taxis
• Adherence
• Ingestion
• Digestion

7. Inflammation
• Inflammation have two main functions
• To destroys microbes
• To repair damage cells or tissue

8. Interferon and Nk cells
• Interferon and NK-cells also involve in non
specific immunity.
 Produce from virally infected cells
 Interferon have 3-types
• NK_CELLS
• Granzymes
• Perforrins

9. SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
• Characteristics
• Discrimination
• Specificity
• Anmuesis/immunological mamory
• Involves lymphocytes and antibodies

10. Types of immunity

11. Immune response
• Two types of specific immune response
– Antibody-mediated( Humoral immunity)
– Cell-mediated(cellular immunity)

12. Humoral immune response
• The humoral response is carried out by
antibodies which are produced by B-lymphocyte.
• What is anti-gen ?
• When enter into host stimulate Abs
production and react with preform Abs.
• Ag have both immunogenicity and specificity.
• 2-parts of Ag(Hepton, Epitop)

13. Humoral immune response
• Antibodies Structure.

14. Humoral immune response
• Anti bodies Types(5 types)
• IgG (70-80%)
• IgM (6%)
• IgA
• IgE
• IgD

15. Humoral immune response
• Pathogens neutralization
• Opsonization
• Complement fixation
• Complement system have 2-pathways.
• Classical pathway
• Alternative pathway

16. Cellular Immune response
• T-Lymphocytes involved in this.
• 4-Types
• T-cytotoxic cells (have CD8 receptor)
• Adaptive immunity against intracellar pathogens.
• Kill the infected cells.
• T-helper cells (CD4)
• T-mammory cells (CD4)
• T-supressor cells

17. T-Cells sub-sets
• Tc------Viral infection-----perforrins and
granzymes produce……..lysis of infected viral
cells.
• Th1------intracellular infection--------interferon
produce………activtion of phygocytes.
• Th2-------help in Ab production….IL-4,IL-5,IL-
13,TGF……….activate B-cells.
• Th17------ extra-cellular bactaria------IL17……..
Chemotaxis of heterophils.
• Ts--------immuno regulation-------
IL10…….control of other effector cells.