The document summarizes Howard R. Wolf's autobiographical essay about shaping his personal collection of papers that was opened at Amherst College in 1996. The collection included Wolf's own published works as well as papers and letters from his life. Opening the collection at his alma mater was a significant event for Wolf as he was exposed both professionally as a writer and collector, and personally through the biographical materials in the collection. He describes the collection's growth over 25 years and how he aimed to self-curate it through description letters to help establish the context and timeline of deposits to aid future researchers.
The document summarizes a collection of 10,000 letters, emails, and internet posts written by the author from 1959 to 2009. It discusses the author's 50 years of correspondence as a Bahá'í homefront and international pioneer. It provides context about the collection, including that most of the letters are kept confidential but some commentary and letters may be published after the author's passing. It also reflects on the value and challenges of epistolary communication and preserving letters over time.
This document provides an overview of a graduate course on collective memory in Canada called "Matters of Memory" offered in 1996-1997 at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. The course explored literary and material manifestations of collective, cultural, social, and public memory in Canada through a series of presentations by the instructor and students on sites of memory in Canada. The author reflects on how the concepts from the course, such as the division of essays into sections on "Muse and Recall" and "Remember and See," could be applied to studying the international Baha'i community and its imagined communities around the world over the past two centuries.
This document is a necessary abridgement of a narrative work of 2600 pages; it has been truncated here to fit into the small space for this document. This document is both an outline and a curtailment of an epic-opus, an abbreviated, a compressed, a boiled down, a potted, a shorn, a mown, a more compact version of my larger epic-work.
This abridgement of the 7th edition of my autobiography will include changes in the months ahead. When a significant number of changes are made an 8th edition will be brought out. It is my hope, although I cannot guarantee, that this brief exposure here will give readers a taste, a desire, for more.
This post is Part 1 of my autobiography.
This introduction provides guidance for studying English and American literature. It recommends focusing on major historical periods defined by towering literary figures. For England, these include Chaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, and Dickens. For America, suggestions include Edwards, Franklin, Emerson and Hawthorne. The introduction advises concentrating on one period, its authors, and genres. Alternatively, one could examine a period's influence on religion, commerce, politics or society. The goal is a harmonious understanding of literature's reflection of human thought and struggles over time.
This document provides a review of the book "A New Literary History of America" edited by Greil Marcus and Werner Sollors. The reviewer summarizes that the book presents a diverse range of essays on American literary and cultural history from 1507 to 2008 from various scholars. While ambitious in scope, the book largely succeeds in its goals and presents insightful and thought-provoking analyses. However, the reviewer notes that the book's organization and indexing could make it difficult to use as a reference work for some readers.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the author's notebooks. It discusses the author's history of keeping notebooks dating back to 1949. The notebooks contain notes on various subjects compiled over many decades from the author's teaching, writing, and personal study. The document outlines different types of notebooks and notes their role in the author's work. It also references notebooks kept by other writers as models and compares the author's large collection of notebooks to Samuel Beckett's theatrical notebooks.
This part of my autobiography is APPENDIX 1. It begins with the Introduction to SECTION IX OF
PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS:
NOTEBOOKS
The material below, not originally part of the 6th edition of my autobiography, has been added as an appendix. This appendix may be useful for future autobiographical, biographical and historical work. Since such a substantial part of my life has been spent compiling and utilizing notebooks in my teaching, my personal study and my writing, it seemed relevant to include this commentary on my notebooks in this 6th edition of my memoirs or autobiography.
Notebook is the general name I give to each file that I now have in my study and to the files and notebooks I once had as a teacher and student as far back as 1949. One can spend much time defining precisely what constitutes a file or a notebook. I do that in several places in my literary resource base and especially here in this Notebooks:
Volume 5. This Volume 5 of my Notebooks focuses on the Notebooks of other writers and provides an overview of some 300 of my own Notebooks.
This document discusses the genre of spiritual autobiography writing that emerged in the early 17th century in England. It summarizes that these autobiographies tended to emphasize self-transcendence over individualism and highlighted collective religious identities. They provided a public voice for marginalized groups while still conforming to conventions. The document then traces how interest in spiritual autobiography grew across religious groups in the 16th and 17th centuries, in both manuscript and printed forms, as people sought to understand and explain their spiritual experiences. It analyzes how these autobiographies were shaped by Calvinist frameworks of election, regeneration, and interpreting experiences for signs of grace.
The document summarizes a collection of 10,000 letters, emails, and internet posts written by the author from 1959 to 2009. It discusses the author's 50 years of correspondence as a Bahá'í homefront and international pioneer. It provides context about the collection, including that most of the letters are kept confidential but some commentary and letters may be published after the author's passing. It also reflects on the value and challenges of epistolary communication and preserving letters over time.
This document provides an overview of a graduate course on collective memory in Canada called "Matters of Memory" offered in 1996-1997 at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. The course explored literary and material manifestations of collective, cultural, social, and public memory in Canada through a series of presentations by the instructor and students on sites of memory in Canada. The author reflects on how the concepts from the course, such as the division of essays into sections on "Muse and Recall" and "Remember and See," could be applied to studying the international Baha'i community and its imagined communities around the world over the past two centuries.
This document is a necessary abridgement of a narrative work of 2600 pages; it has been truncated here to fit into the small space for this document. This document is both an outline and a curtailment of an epic-opus, an abbreviated, a compressed, a boiled down, a potted, a shorn, a mown, a more compact version of my larger epic-work.
This abridgement of the 7th edition of my autobiography will include changes in the months ahead. When a significant number of changes are made an 8th edition will be brought out. It is my hope, although I cannot guarantee, that this brief exposure here will give readers a taste, a desire, for more.
This post is Part 1 of my autobiography.
This introduction provides guidance for studying English and American literature. It recommends focusing on major historical periods defined by towering literary figures. For England, these include Chaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, and Dickens. For America, suggestions include Edwards, Franklin, Emerson and Hawthorne. The introduction advises concentrating on one period, its authors, and genres. Alternatively, one could examine a period's influence on religion, commerce, politics or society. The goal is a harmonious understanding of literature's reflection of human thought and struggles over time.
This document provides a review of the book "A New Literary History of America" edited by Greil Marcus and Werner Sollors. The reviewer summarizes that the book presents a diverse range of essays on American literary and cultural history from 1507 to 2008 from various scholars. While ambitious in scope, the book largely succeeds in its goals and presents insightful and thought-provoking analyses. However, the reviewer notes that the book's organization and indexing could make it difficult to use as a reference work for some readers.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the author's notebooks. It discusses the author's history of keeping notebooks dating back to 1949. The notebooks contain notes on various subjects compiled over many decades from the author's teaching, writing, and personal study. The document outlines different types of notebooks and notes their role in the author's work. It also references notebooks kept by other writers as models and compares the author's large collection of notebooks to Samuel Beckett's theatrical notebooks.
This part of my autobiography is APPENDIX 1. It begins with the Introduction to SECTION IX OF
PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS:
NOTEBOOKS
The material below, not originally part of the 6th edition of my autobiography, has been added as an appendix. This appendix may be useful for future autobiographical, biographical and historical work. Since such a substantial part of my life has been spent compiling and utilizing notebooks in my teaching, my personal study and my writing, it seemed relevant to include this commentary on my notebooks in this 6th edition of my memoirs or autobiography.
Notebook is the general name I give to each file that I now have in my study and to the files and notebooks I once had as a teacher and student as far back as 1949. One can spend much time defining precisely what constitutes a file or a notebook. I do that in several places in my literary resource base and especially here in this Notebooks:
Volume 5. This Volume 5 of my Notebooks focuses on the Notebooks of other writers and provides an overview of some 300 of my own Notebooks.
This document discusses the genre of spiritual autobiography writing that emerged in the early 17th century in England. It summarizes that these autobiographies tended to emphasize self-transcendence over individualism and highlighted collective religious identities. They provided a public voice for marginalized groups while still conforming to conventions. The document then traces how interest in spiritual autobiography grew across religious groups in the 16th and 17th centuries, in both manuscript and printed forms, as people sought to understand and explain their spiritual experiences. It analyzes how these autobiographies were shaped by Calvinist frameworks of election, regeneration, and interpreting experiences for signs of grace.
A history of_english_literature_(2002) (1)Hotin Madalina
This document is a preface and introduction to "A History of English Literature" by Robert Huntington Fletcher. It outlines two main aspects of literary study: 1) gaining general knowledge of historical context and author biographies, and 2) direct study and appreciation of literature itself. It then provides guidance on evaluating key elements of literature, including how well it portrays life, the balance of intellect and emotion, use of imagination, treatment of characters, and other stylistic and thematic qualities. The introduction aims to equip students with tools for intelligent and appreciative analysis of English literary works.
ENG 100R, Fall 2019 Analytical Essay 4 In this essay, .docxgidmanmary
The document is instructions for an analytical essay assignment for an English class. Students are asked to analyze and synthesize two essays - "How Do We Live With Music Made by Problematic Artists?" by Jayson Greene, and "When White Poets Pretend to Be Asian" by Hua Hsu. The prompt asks students to what extent an artist's background influences the experience of their work. Students are provided with details on formatting, length, citations, and deadlines for a rough draft and final draft. They are also given thinking points and questions to consider in their analysis of the two essays.
This document is APPENDIX 2 to my autobiography entitled PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS
SECTION X1: MEMORABILIA:
The following are some initial thoughts on this subject, thoughts put down in the sixteen years 2005 to 2011, years after the completion of the first edition of my memoirs or autobiography in 1993. In order for this section XI of my autobiography PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS, a section devoted to memorabilia, to have any relevance at all it would seem to me that it would require a man like Charles Nicholl.
Nicholl was mesmerised by the minutiae of archival evidence. The shreds or perhaps shards of everyday life preserved accidentally or on purpose for posterity, and from which the biographer-sleuth could piece together the parts of a life or enrich a vivid or not so vivid personality which already existed, at least in part, and perhaps on paper as my work is, and thus make a more plausible career, a more detailed lifeline, a more interesting narrative were, to Nicholl, the very breath of life. Each shard of writing deciphered from the margins of a manuscript, each artifact, however trivial, determined for Nicholl a direction for further exploration.
With the opening of this arch-lever file of personal correspondence there now exists eleven volumes of personal letters to individuals for future biographers, analysts of embryonic Baha’i institutions, communities and interested parties of various ilk. This volume of letters opens the 24th year of my extensive letter collecting and the 47th since the first letter in this collection found its place in volume 1 and was dated November 27th 1960.
For the most part these letters are a casual although, to some extent, systematic collection. These volumes of what I have called personal correspondence are part of a wider collection of letters to and from: (I)Baha’i institutions,(II) publishers on and off the internet, (III.1) Baha’i magazines and journals,(III.2) Non-Baha’i journals and magazines, (IV) individuals: (a) in Canada and (b) particular/special individuals in my life like Baha’i writers, inter alter, (V) places of employment and (VI) family and friends regarding annual letters/emails.
More than two dozen arch-lever files and 2-ring binders are now part of this collection containing only communications with internet sites in their myriad forms. Some dozen or more files are found in connection with the other topics/subjects listed above. Unlike telephone calls and conversations, letters can be bundled, tied with ribbons, stored for decades or, as in my case, placed in binders of different sizes and kept fresh, dried-out and worn but enduring—each one unique—to tell a future age about these epochs I have lived in and through.
I have taken my letters out of their binding and placed them in A-3 manila folders, as requested by the National Bahá'í Archives of Australia(NBAA).
The Metaphysical school of Poetry of the Seventeenth CenturyMohammed Albadri
There is common preservation that the term "metaphysical" is utilized to portray a gathering of seventeenth-century English artists, who wrote in a specific way affected by, or in response to, works by John Donne. The chose not many related as such are known as the metaphysical artists, and their works marked as "metaphysical poetry". Precisely what the term metaphysical refers to, or what does it define this aspect requires some explanation. As indicated by the Cambridge Dictionary, metaphysical poetry identifies with the piece of theory that is tied in with getting presence and information"; while theory then again, is "the affective reason in viewing things with the aspect of the present reality and presence. Subsequently, by suggestion, however, till this day there is no fully effective definition of metaphysical poetry, as it requires a variety of characteristics which will be presented in this paper along with the brief history behind the metaphysical poets and inspirations.
This document discusses the origins of George Washington's "Rules of Civility" from his youth. It traces the rules back to a French Jesuit manual from 1595 called "Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnesteté en la Conversation entre les Hommes." Washington likely learned the rules while attending school in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1745, where the school and clergy were French. 92 of Washington's 110 rules were found verbatim in the French manual. The remaining 18 rules came from an early English translation of the manual from 1640. The document provides historical context about the manual and its various editions to establish it as the source for Washington's rules.
Assmann, Jan - Cultural Memory And Early CivilizationYolanda Ivey
This document discusses the transmission of cultural memory across generations through oral storytelling and ritual practices. It analyzes passages from the Pentateuch where parents are instructed to teach their children the meanings and origins of Jewish laws and rituals by recounting the story of the exodus from Egypt. The father answers the child's questions using pronouns like "we" and "I" to incorporate the child into the collective memory of the Jewish people and their shared history of slavery in Egypt and liberation by God.
William j. long-outlines_of_english_and_american_literatureKhanhHoa Tran
This document provides an outline and preface for a book about English and American literature. It introduces the book's purpose of presenting literary works and their authors as living things rather than dead subjects. It outlines the book's structure of historical introductions for periods, biographies of authors, reviews of works, and critical analyses. The content sections cover major periods of English literature from Anglo-Saxon to Victorian eras.
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and methods for analyzing literature. It has roots in ancient Greece and Rome but emerged as a modern academic discipline in the 1950s influenced by structuralist linguistics. There are many different schools and approaches to literary theory that take different views on defining literature and interpreting texts, including New Criticism, formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism, feminism, deconstruction, and reader-response theory. These schools draw on diverse intellectual traditions and often have conflicting views.
This document discusses and compares the historical and biographical approaches to literary criticism. The historical approach examines the context surrounding the author and time period a work was created, and assumes the relationship between art and society influences a work. The biographical approach focuses on illuminating a work's meaning and intent through examining facts about the author's life. An example is then given analyzing Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn through both the historical context of Twain's life in Hannibal, Missouri, and biographical details. The document concludes by briefly introducing moral-philosophical approaches which interpret works within the philosophical context of their time period.
This document provides an overview of literary theory and criticism, beginning with definitions and outlining some of the major approaches and their histories, including New Criticism, structuralism, Marxist criticism, reader-response criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, and ecocriticism. It discusses key figures like I.A. Richards, Frye, Barthes, and Derrida. It also contrasts New Criticism with reader-response theory and outlines some critiques of New Criticism's approach. Finally, it considers the relationship between theories and Theory as an academic institution and discourse.
The document discusses various methods for studying literature, including studying the author, systematized reading, the chronological method, comparative study, and the historical method. It emphasizes understanding the author's life and times, reading works in the order they were produced, comparing authors and genres, and considering the historical context and influences between literary periods and nations. The comparative method is highlighted as particularly important for grasping influences like those between English and French literature from the 17th to 18th centuries.
This document provides an introduction and overview of H.G. Wells' book "A Modern Utopia". It describes the book as a hybrid between fiction and non-fiction, using an imagined "voice" to discuss ideas about utopias and social organization. The owner of the voice is described as a middle-aged man who will take the reader on curious experiences while discussing utopias, though he will periodically return to reviewing ideas at a table. The introduction aims to prepare readers for an unconventional style that blends narrative with philosophical discussion.
Defining Literature Essay
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What Is Literature? Essay
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This document appears to be the preface or introduction to a published collection of works by John Bunyan from the 19th century. It provides historical context about the publication and reception of Bunyan's writings. It notes that Bunyan's works were initially published very humbly and imperfectly, with cheap paper and prints, yet sold enormously to the poor. The compiler of this collection sought to reproduce Bunyan's writings accurately from their original publications. The preface discusses editing challenges and the religious context of Bunyan's time period.
Thoughts-1984 to 2014-on the Metaphysical PoetsRon Price
When I was teaching English literature to matriculation students at a polytechnic in Perth Western Australia back in the early 1990s, in my last decade employed as a FT teacher and lecturer, I had my first serious and systematic contact with the metaphysical poets. It was, though, only a brief contact, since I was also up-to-my-ears-and-eyes in many other aspects of literature, to say nothing of the history and psychology courses I was also teaching at the time in a vocational college which did not then, and does not now, expect its charges to be highly-tuned to the intricacies of poetry in particular and literature in general.
Susan Bassnett describes how comparative literature has evolved over time. It challenges Eurocentric approaches and embraces more inclusive understanding of diverse literatures. Bassnett reviews comparative literature in the 1990s, noting how developments in critical theory have impacted the field. She views translation as crucial for cross-cultural understanding and questions comparative literature's current state and future. Bassnett argues the field must adapt to new technologies and globalization while resisting cultural homogenization by promoting nuanced understanding of different literary traditions.
What is Comparative Literature Today? - Article by Susan BassnettHetalPathak10
This PPT Made as a part of Pair activity in the context of Comparative Study. This Presentation based upon the article " What is Comparative Literature Today? By Susan Bassnett.
In this volume Dr. Stalker brings his well-known gifts of religious and literary
insight to the interpretation of the Poetry of the Bible. After an illuminating intro-
ductory discussion of Hebrew poetry, the various poetical books are treated in sym-
pathetic chapters, which are calculated both to open up the Bible as literature, and to
exhibit its great truths alike as guidance for life and as a preparation for Christianity,
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay about one's favorite book, noting that it is difficult to balance subjective personal sentiments with objective literary analysis. It explains that an effective essay on this topic must convey passion for the book while maintaining critical evaluation, address why the book had an emotional impact without relying on cliches, and engage readers who may not initially share the same view. The document advises that transforming personal admiration for a book into a compelling narrative requires careful consideration of language, structure, and reader engagement.
185 Toefl Writing Topics And Model Essays PDF - DownlJody Sullivan
The chapter summarizes Elizabeth Pisani's book "The Wisdom of Whores" which critiques the international response to the AIDS epidemic. It discusses Pisani's frustration with the approaches taken by international organizations, governments, NGOs, and activists. While data-driven, the book was seen as controversial in how it portrayed these responses. The chapter provides an overview of Pisani's perspective that the data showed some approaches were ineffective and highlights both her critiques and hopes for progress made.
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A history of_english_literature_(2002) (1)Hotin Madalina
This document is a preface and introduction to "A History of English Literature" by Robert Huntington Fletcher. It outlines two main aspects of literary study: 1) gaining general knowledge of historical context and author biographies, and 2) direct study and appreciation of literature itself. It then provides guidance on evaluating key elements of literature, including how well it portrays life, the balance of intellect and emotion, use of imagination, treatment of characters, and other stylistic and thematic qualities. The introduction aims to equip students with tools for intelligent and appreciative analysis of English literary works.
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The document is instructions for an analytical essay assignment for an English class. Students are asked to analyze and synthesize two essays - "How Do We Live With Music Made by Problematic Artists?" by Jayson Greene, and "When White Poets Pretend to Be Asian" by Hua Hsu. The prompt asks students to what extent an artist's background influences the experience of their work. Students are provided with details on formatting, length, citations, and deadlines for a rough draft and final draft. They are also given thinking points and questions to consider in their analysis of the two essays.
This document is APPENDIX 2 to my autobiography entitled PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS
SECTION X1: MEMORABILIA:
The following are some initial thoughts on this subject, thoughts put down in the sixteen years 2005 to 2011, years after the completion of the first edition of my memoirs or autobiography in 1993. In order for this section XI of my autobiography PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS, a section devoted to memorabilia, to have any relevance at all it would seem to me that it would require a man like Charles Nicholl.
Nicholl was mesmerised by the minutiae of archival evidence. The shreds or perhaps shards of everyday life preserved accidentally or on purpose for posterity, and from which the biographer-sleuth could piece together the parts of a life or enrich a vivid or not so vivid personality which already existed, at least in part, and perhaps on paper as my work is, and thus make a more plausible career, a more detailed lifeline, a more interesting narrative were, to Nicholl, the very breath of life. Each shard of writing deciphered from the margins of a manuscript, each artifact, however trivial, determined for Nicholl a direction for further exploration.
With the opening of this arch-lever file of personal correspondence there now exists eleven volumes of personal letters to individuals for future biographers, analysts of embryonic Baha’i institutions, communities and interested parties of various ilk. This volume of letters opens the 24th year of my extensive letter collecting and the 47th since the first letter in this collection found its place in volume 1 and was dated November 27th 1960.
For the most part these letters are a casual although, to some extent, systematic collection. These volumes of what I have called personal correspondence are part of a wider collection of letters to and from: (I)Baha’i institutions,(II) publishers on and off the internet, (III.1) Baha’i magazines and journals,(III.2) Non-Baha’i journals and magazines, (IV) individuals: (a) in Canada and (b) particular/special individuals in my life like Baha’i writers, inter alter, (V) places of employment and (VI) family and friends regarding annual letters/emails.
More than two dozen arch-lever files and 2-ring binders are now part of this collection containing only communications with internet sites in their myriad forms. Some dozen or more files are found in connection with the other topics/subjects listed above. Unlike telephone calls and conversations, letters can be bundled, tied with ribbons, stored for decades or, as in my case, placed in binders of different sizes and kept fresh, dried-out and worn but enduring—each one unique—to tell a future age about these epochs I have lived in and through.
I have taken my letters out of their binding and placed them in A-3 manila folders, as requested by the National Bahá'í Archives of Australia(NBAA).
The Metaphysical school of Poetry of the Seventeenth CenturyMohammed Albadri
There is common preservation that the term "metaphysical" is utilized to portray a gathering of seventeenth-century English artists, who wrote in a specific way affected by, or in response to, works by John Donne. The chose not many related as such are known as the metaphysical artists, and their works marked as "metaphysical poetry". Precisely what the term metaphysical refers to, or what does it define this aspect requires some explanation. As indicated by the Cambridge Dictionary, metaphysical poetry identifies with the piece of theory that is tied in with getting presence and information"; while theory then again, is "the affective reason in viewing things with the aspect of the present reality and presence. Subsequently, by suggestion, however, till this day there is no fully effective definition of metaphysical poetry, as it requires a variety of characteristics which will be presented in this paper along with the brief history behind the metaphysical poets and inspirations.
This document discusses the origins of George Washington's "Rules of Civility" from his youth. It traces the rules back to a French Jesuit manual from 1595 called "Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnesteté en la Conversation entre les Hommes." Washington likely learned the rules while attending school in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1745, where the school and clergy were French. 92 of Washington's 110 rules were found verbatim in the French manual. The remaining 18 rules came from an early English translation of the manual from 1640. The document provides historical context about the manual and its various editions to establish it as the source for Washington's rules.
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This document discusses the transmission of cultural memory across generations through oral storytelling and ritual practices. It analyzes passages from the Pentateuch where parents are instructed to teach their children the meanings and origins of Jewish laws and rituals by recounting the story of the exodus from Egypt. The father answers the child's questions using pronouns like "we" and "I" to incorporate the child into the collective memory of the Jewish people and their shared history of slavery in Egypt and liberation by God.
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This document provides an outline and preface for a book about English and American literature. It introduces the book's purpose of presenting literary works and their authors as living things rather than dead subjects. It outlines the book's structure of historical introductions for periods, biographies of authors, reviews of works, and critical analyses. The content sections cover major periods of English literature from Anglo-Saxon to Victorian eras.
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and methods for analyzing literature. It has roots in ancient Greece and Rome but emerged as a modern academic discipline in the 1950s influenced by structuralist linguistics. There are many different schools and approaches to literary theory that take different views on defining literature and interpreting texts, including New Criticism, formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism, feminism, deconstruction, and reader-response theory. These schools draw on diverse intellectual traditions and often have conflicting views.
This document discusses and compares the historical and biographical approaches to literary criticism. The historical approach examines the context surrounding the author and time period a work was created, and assumes the relationship between art and society influences a work. The biographical approach focuses on illuminating a work's meaning and intent through examining facts about the author's life. An example is then given analyzing Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn through both the historical context of Twain's life in Hannibal, Missouri, and biographical details. The document concludes by briefly introducing moral-philosophical approaches which interpret works within the philosophical context of their time period.
This document provides an overview of literary theory and criticism, beginning with definitions and outlining some of the major approaches and their histories, including New Criticism, structuralism, Marxist criticism, reader-response criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, and ecocriticism. It discusses key figures like I.A. Richards, Frye, Barthes, and Derrida. It also contrasts New Criticism with reader-response theory and outlines some critiques of New Criticism's approach. Finally, it considers the relationship between theories and Theory as an academic institution and discourse.
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This document appears to be the preface or introduction to a published collection of works by John Bunyan from the 19th century. It provides historical context about the publication and reception of Bunyan's writings. It notes that Bunyan's works were initially published very humbly and imperfectly, with cheap paper and prints, yet sold enormously to the poor. The compiler of this collection sought to reproduce Bunyan's writings accurately from their original publications. The preface discusses editing challenges and the religious context of Bunyan's time period.
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When I was teaching English literature to matriculation students at a polytechnic in Perth Western Australia back in the early 1990s, in my last decade employed as a FT teacher and lecturer, I had my first serious and systematic contact with the metaphysical poets. It was, though, only a brief contact, since I was also up-to-my-ears-and-eyes in many other aspects of literature, to say nothing of the history and psychology courses I was also teaching at the time in a vocational college which did not then, and does not now, expect its charges to be highly-tuned to the intricacies of poetry in particular and literature in general.
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insight to the interpretation of the Poetry of the Bible. After an illuminating intro-
ductory discussion of Hebrew poetry, the various poetical books are treated in sym-
pathetic chapters, which are calculated both to open up the Bible as literature, and to
exhibit its great truths alike as guidance for life and as a preparation for Christianity,
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Autobibliography, a Place in Time On Shaping a Collection (1971-2006).pdf
1. Autobibliography, A Place in Time:
On Shaping a Collection (1971–2006)
Howard R. Wolf
I take the title of this personal bibliographic essay from a talk I gave
on November 18, 1996, at Amherst College on the occasion of the
opening of my collection in Archives and Special Collections of the
College’s Robert Frost Library. This was a charged event for me, a
defining moment of my academic literary life, and one that I ap-
proached, if not with fear and trembling, then at least with apprehen-
sion and a measure of anxiety. I would be exposed, after all, on many
levels: as an amateur collector, as a collector of my own work
(twelve books and about 200 articles to date of literary and psychoa-
nalytic criticism, literary journalism, autobiography, book reviews,
educational theory, fiction, travel, and op-ed pieces) and the work of
contemporaries, and as an explicator/commentator on all these
efforts. In addition, I was returning to my alma mater for this
celebration of a life in letters (epistolary and humane), so it was a
homecoming and reunion as well.
The audience for the talk and the events surrounding it, a lun-
cheon and the opening of the exhibition of my collection, would be
attended by family, friends, colleagues, members of the Amherst
College community, and the public. I would be facing, as it were,
representatives of my life and, in a sense, re-presenting it for them.
Many literary artifacts from my life, including letters, were in the
collection—the vital tesserae of a life’s mosaic.
Copyright (c) 2008 AMS Press, Inc.
All rights reserved.
2. 214 Lifewriting Annual
Such a confrontation could be nothing less than Fitzgeraldian in
its intensity for me. Everyone present would define, in some way,
someone absent. The audience would not be large, but it would be
significant. The meaningful sectors and vectors of my life would
converge in a rehabilitated room in Converse Hall, previously the old
Converse Library, where I had spent many atmospheric and obligato-
ry hours as an undergraduate. Some minutes of those hours had been
spent wondering if ever I would achieve enough to be asked to return
to Amherst College to give a talk about my life and work as a writer
and collector, as well as the connections, conflations, and confusions
between them. These were, you might say, proleptic retrospective
moments: looking forward to looking back, a habit of mind with
which modern writers are familiar.
Those speculations had been prompted by a series of English 2
assignments at Amherst College in spring 1955, my freshman year,
that included the following statement: “You are selecting documents
about yourself and your society which you will put in a chest and
keep safely for a historian to examine at some undefined time in the
future” (Louis 212). At the time of the assignment, I felt, I recall, an
ineffable shock of recognition since I was already a collector of
personal memorabilia. Looking back after all those years through the
history of my collection, I realized that, as a freshman, I had known I
would take the assignment as part of my life’s work.
The opening of the “Howard R. Wolf (AC 1958) Papers” would
be at once a retrospective and pre-imagined occasion for me, a
Proustian ceremony of sorts for someone who had read only Swann’s
Way, but who had been influenced by the implications for memory
of Remembrance of Things Past through Theodore Baird’s legendary
English 1–2 course during the high period of Amherst College’s
New Curriculum, a rigorous general education program, requiring a
year of both English and physics, designed after World War II with
ex-GI’s in mind. This course is described in John Carpenter Louis’s
1971 Harvard thesis: “English 1–2 at Amherst College: Composition
and the Unity of Knowledge.” It is clear now, looking back, that
Baird had been deeply impressed by the “petites madeleines”
revelation of the “Overture” section of Swann’s Way (Proust 34). He
included it, in fact, in his pioneering The First Years: Selections from
Autobiography in 1935 (196). Baird’s interest in the construction of a
personal vision of the world had been influenced as well by Robert
Frost’s emphasis on “voice” in his years at Amherst College (1917–
20, 1923–25, 1926–38, and 1949–63). During his years as a teacher
at Amherst College from 1953 to 1959, John Francis Butler also
3. Howard R. Wolf 215
promoted these autobiographically subjective values, and Professor
Roger J. Porter of Reed College, college roommate and lifetime
friend, has carried this autobiographical tradition forward in his
teaching of autobiography and his personal and critical Self-Same
Songs: Autobiographical Performances and Reflections (2002). So,
in returning to Amherst to summarize and explain a collecting
enterprise that by then encompassed twenty-five years, I would be
looking back at myself as a young man and my generation of
Amherst College contemporaries, to say nothing of my generation of
Americans who had looked forward into an unknown and uncertain
future.
Always struggling with and for my identity, I would not be able
to say confidently with Henry James, “I wanted to do very much
what I have done, and success, if I may say so, now stretches back a
tender hand to its younger brother, desire” (Dupee 113). When in
college, I had the unformed ambition to be some kind of American
writer, but was far from certain whether I would make it. I also was
far from certain that America and the world would survive the
thermonuclear terrors of the period. I should add that I graduated a
year later than my official Class of 1958 because I had taken a year
out 1956–57, for a Grand Tour, if I may call it that, with an alienated
uncle whose diasporic psyche and its impact on mine I later wrote
about in poems, stories, and a memoir, Forgive the Father: A
Memoir of Changing Generations. The artifacts of my life’s efforts
as a writer are deposited in the collection for which the current
curator of Archives and Special Collections, John Lancaster, pre-
pared a provisional “finding aid” in December 1997. A definitive
finding aid, including substantial deposits since 1997, is promised in
the near future and may be completed for my fiftieth reunion in
2008.
When you get in the habit of writing “description letters” about
what you are putting into a collection (along with CV’s and biblio-
graphies, to keep the records straight and up to date), you become
fussy about temporal matters. Times and dates become important as
the descriptions, taken together, begin to make up something like an
“autobibliography” (my coinage), and their sequence becomes
crucial in order to make sense of the emerging story of the collection.
The description letters serve several functions: they describe the
contents of each deposit, and they establish a timeline for these
deposits, so that, all together, the letters become a kind of chronicle
of the growth of the collection and my relation to it as writer, critic,
social historian, and collector. They also establish a rationale for the
4. 216 Lifewriting Annual
deposits and a context in which to place them. Increasingly, as I
devoted more time and thought to the collection, I began to establish
connections between deposits in a somewhat thematic way. The
description letters make it possible to get a sense of the collection as
a whole in somewhat the way a software program enables one to find
linkages between data and to bring data together. I do not mean this
in the fashionable sense of hypertext, but merely as an epistolary
adjunct to building a collection that will make it possible for the
collection to be used with relative ease.
In simple terms, one might distinguish my collection from many
others by imagining two trunks full of the same material. One would
be sent to a Special Collections department with description letters,
the other, without them. One curator could make sense of the
deposits pretty quickly and establish a procedure for cataloguing the
material; the other curator would be at a loss without a great ex-
penditure of time and study to know where to begin. A version of
such a situation might make an interesting starting point for an
experimental assignment in a writing class.
These letters serve several pragmatic functions and, if they are
read in sequence, form something like an autobiography shaped
around and in relation to bibliographic matter. Although many of the
letters describe aspects of my life as a teacher, traveler, critic, parent,
and friend, they primarily address items in the collection. As autobi-
ography in a traditional sense is a biography of the self; autobiblio-
graphy is a history of the self as a collector and of a collection that
includes one’s own written work. As one might imagine writing a
biography of a writer through his unpublished material and publica-
tions, so one might imagine writing mine as a collector of literary
materials other than my own as well as my own. I use the term
“autobibliography” as well to mean that the collection is essentially
self-curated.
This concern for establishing accurate dates of composition, pub-
lication, and bequests was especially true for me from the beginning
because I wanted to self-curate the collection, to whatever extent that
was possible, so that the curator’s burdens could be lessened. This
desire to construct the curatorial record of the collection myself, I
confess, has led to a degree of tunnel vision about the relation of my
collection to the Amherst College Library. It’s all too easy as a
writer-collector/collector-writer to think that one’s archival tomb is
the only burrow in town, or in the case of the Amherst College
Library, “bunker,” since a former Strategic Air Command base
5. Howard R. Wolf 217
beneath nearby Mt. Tom now serves as the library’s storage exten-
sion.
Although I was pleased and flattered that I would have a chance
to open the collection in a formal way, even as I had been more
flattered at an earlier point that I had been invited to have a collec-
tion at all, I was deeply concerned about what I might say and what
the response to it might be. To write is to assert one’s importance in
some fashion, to collect one’s work adds to the apparent self-interest
of writing, and then to comment on the project of self-expression and
the preserving of its history is to invite some jealousy and criticism.
In fact, I almost lost one good and old friend in this process, but that
is another story (one that in fact I have written, titled “Near Ancient
Gardens,” in my Of the Bronx and Manhattan a Son, a copy of which
is in the collection).
Narcissism is the great modern sin, along with the misuse of
power, and it’s almost impossible for a self-collector or collector of
self to exculpate himself wholly from this allegation. My partial
defense then and now is that, in creating the collection, I made
myself into a generational specimen and had expanded the collection
to include as much, if not more, work of others as my own. Indeed, a
few people who may have resented the fact of my having a collection
may live in the future mainly through it and because of its existence.
I have “saved” more colleagues than might have saved me—in
several senses (see my “Library of the Lost” in the collection).
At the end of August 1996 I went to Portland, Oregon, to spend a
week with my college roommate, Roger J. Porter, to whom I have
written more than seven hundred letters over the years (Porter 114).
Our letters to each other are in the collection and should help a future
scholar, if there is to be one, look into some of the complexities of
interpersonal relationships lasting over a half-century and the ways
in which such close friendships, captured in letters, mirror and
encapsulate larger generational, historical, and global issues. Given
our long friendship beginning in college, it seemed to make sense to
work up some notes and an outline for the “opening” talk in the
library of Roger’s bibliographically inspiring house overlooking the
Willamette River, sun flashing off the upper slopes of Mt. Hood to
the east. Never has such an avalanche of facts and ideas flowed into
my mind. I set down facts and impressions and tried to put them in
meaningful categories on legal foolscap. It was an exhilarating kind
of agony to try to wrest some order and coherence out of the history
of my collection.
6. 218 Lifewriting Annual
As a hanging concentrates the mind of the condemned and spec-
tators, so I worked with great concentration in the early mornings,
when I always have written. The occasion for which I was preparing
something between an essay and a speech loomed in the distance like
Kilimanjaro. I felt at times not up to the task, like Harry in Heming-
way’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”: “Now he would never write the
things that he had saved to write until he knew enough to write
them” (54). This was a particularly ironic self-reflection because I
had met Hemingway ever so briefly in Paris in my year abroad, and
we had talked, of course, about writing. Now, here was I, no He-
mingway, trying to make a statement about a life’s work. The
occasion for which I was preparing a draft of a talk would not be one
of “biblio-bliss,” as A. Edward Newton calls it in the dedication of
his The Amenities of Book-Collecting and Kindred Affections, but it
had its pleasures, especially when I came up with the neologism
“autobibliography” to name the process in which I had been engaged
since the origin of the collection in 1971, a process in which I
provided a provenance for each deposit and defined myself as a
person, collector, writer, teacher, and critic through these commenta-
ries. I might add at this point that the Newton book is a double
“association copy” and will go into the collection with this text when
it is finished. The book bears the handwritten signature “OAS,”
standing for Oscar A. Silverman, Roger Porter’s first cousin once
removed, who from 1956 to 1963 was Chairman of the Department
of English at SUNY at Buffalo, where I have taught since 1967. He
was also Director of Libraries there from 1960 to 1968 and Director
Emeritus from 1968 to 1977. Professor Silverman played a key role
in the acquisition of the now invaluable Joyce papers for the Poe-
try/Rare Books Collection at the University at Buffalo and helped
edit James Joyce’s Letters to Sylvia Beach: 1921–1940 with Melissa
Banta (1987). My copy, a discard signed by Banta, is a gift copy to
Raymond Federman, a well-known Beckett scholar, postmodernist
fictionist, and former member of Buffalo’s French and English
Departments whose work is represented in my collection.
These kinds of connections between the personal association and
the intrinsic value of the artifact are typical of the many kinds of
deposits in the collection. These diverse artifacts, when considered
along with the description letters, tell the story of a developing self
and its relation to a community, academic and literary, in local,
national, and international contexts over the course of a half-century.
Soon after the first phase of the collection ended in 1977, the
linkages between that self and others became crucial in my thinking
7. Howard R. Wolf 219
about the future value and use of the collection, when the publication
in 1978 of Forgive the Father: A Memoir of Changing Generations
led me to believe that my work might become more visible and thus
make my associations more compelling to potential future scholars.
In working up notes for the opening of the collection in “Ore-
gon,” I naturally looked back to the “origin” (forgive the pun) of the
collection. What, or rather who, had set this life-commitment in
motion, a commitment that in about a decade after its beginning
turned into a form of lifewriting? The launching of my collection and
its transformation into “autobibliography” began precisely on a
certain day, just as Winston’s diary in Ninety Eighty-Four begins
dramatically on 4 April 1984: “To mark the paper was the decisive
act. In small clumsy letters he wrote: April 4th, 1984” (9–10). The
collection became a possibility when I received a letter dated
October 18, 1971, from J. Richard Phillips, Special Collections
Librarian of the Amherst College Library, whom I unfortunately
never was to meet. Mr. Phillips says in his letter:
I have been assisting Mr. Aldridge (Richard Aldridge, freelance
writer and editor, Amherst College ’52) a little in connection with
his anthology of Amherst poets, and it has occurred to us that you
might consider joining ranks with other alumni such as Richard
Wilbur, Mr. Aldridge, and the late Rolfe Humphries in establishing
a collection of your manuscripts and papers here at Amherst. We
would be pleased to begin such a collection and wonder if you
have given any thought to eventually placing your papers in a li-
brary. If you have not already made such arrangements, I would
appreciate an opportunity to elaborate on our arrangement concern-
ing the gift of such materials. I shall look forward to hearing from
you at your convenience.
I was taken aback by the invitation; I might even say nonplussed. If
ever I had thought about climbing the stairway to fame, I had not
included a library collection as a rung of the ladder; and I no longer
was writing poetry.
After some, but not too much thought, I wrote a letter of accep-
tance, as it were, to Phillips. I did not keep copies of my correspon-
dence in those days. Saving letters began when I started using a
personal computer in 1989, so I don’t know exactly the date of my
response and inaugural deposit (they are in the collection). I would
have to conduct some research about myself on this point and thus
become a biographer of myself and work. I shall leave that to a
possible scholar of the future, someone interested in the American
8. 220 Lifewriting Annual
literary academy in the second half of the twentieth century as it was
anthologized through the prism of a specific autobibliographer. I do
recall that I was greatly relieved that I would have a chance to
preserve several shoeboxes full of juvenilia and letters. I never had
been able to discard such personal material; I treasured school
yearbooks and photographs of childhood friends and summer
campmates. I do recall wrapping up a fairly large trove of material
and running into a colleague, the poet Irving Feldman, on the way to
the mailroom to post it. I mentioned somewhat proudly, sotto voce,
what I was on the verge of doing.
He smiled faintly, as writers are prone to do, when the work of
other writers is the subject, and I realized then that it would be best
to keep the collection a private matter both as a way of protecting
myself and making it possible to collect, discreetly, the work of those
creative colleagues in my department and university at large. This
policy applied in particular to any form of correspondence where
rights of privacy (moral and legal) came into play. As much as
writers crave recognition, they insist as well, as a rule, on privacy.
When Irving went on to garner many literary honors, including a
MacArthur, I smiled to myself. Little did he know that I was doing
my best to preserve his work, as well as my own, for posterity. It’s
hard to know, as reputations fade, if only for a while, how important
archival traces will be in the fullness of time and under the aspect of
bibliographic eternity.
The first phase of the collection during J. Richard Phillips’s cu-
ratorship of it from 1971 to 1977 was not too active. I mainly made
deposits of my own material: preparatory notes, drafts of manu-
scripts, rejection slips, acceptances, ceremonial objects (memorabi-
lia), correspondence with editors and publishers, and published work.
The collection began in earnest on July 20, 1977, when Phillips’s
successor, John Lancaster, wrote to me: “As the new Special
Collections Librarian/Archivist, I have been impressed and gratified
at the interest in our collection on the part of the alumni, and I hope
to be able to maintain and perhaps increase that interest. [. . .] I look
forward to meeting you.” It was not until April 24, 1978, that I heard
from John again: “Congratulations on the acceptance of your book
for publication. However often it may have happened before, that is
always a major event; all the more so when the road has been rocky.”
The book in question was Forgive the Father: A Memoir of Chang-
ing Generations. The story behind this book from composition
(1973) to publication (1978) was quite complex, and I was impressed
and moved by John’s sensitivity to a writer’s struggle.
9. Howard R. Wolf 221
Before money and fame ever become issues, most writers crave
recognition of their creative existence. Most serious writers care
more about aesthetic quality and identity than they do summer
homes in the Hamptons, at least at the beginning of their careers.
Good curators communicate sympathy and impartiality toward the
writer/collector’s efforts while keeping a cordial and professional
distance. The relationship between writer/collector and curator has
something in common with the dynamics of the patient/doctor or
analysand/psychoanalyst relationship with respect to a confidential
and nonjudgmental ambience. John’s affirmation of the collection
became an implicit affirmation of my writing as well.
From 1977 through 1996, John Lancaster and I exchanged about
200 letters, his, as a rule, in response to a deposit and description
letter of mine. Some of his responses were even holographs, thus
defining poignantly the end of an era. After 1996, our exchanges
have been letters and e-mails from my side and e-mails, pretty much
exclusively, from his. As is now well understood, bibliographers of
the future will have to contend with the complexities both of hardco-
py and electronic data.
Usually, John Lancaster’s responses have been acknowledg-
ments of receipts with the occasional comment and observation. One
important observation, which gave me a sense of controlled freedom,
is this of February 2, 1991: “I think it’s fair to say that your collec-
tion here is unique, or nearly so (I don’t know of any other like it). In
a sense, it’s an experiment, in just letting the collection grow by your
direction rather than mine or the institution’s. [. . .] I like your
anthology analogy” (my emphasis).
Another of John Lancaster’s liberating observations is this of
July 29, 1991: “Just one point I should respond to: you ask about the
commentaries that accompany books, clippings, etc. In fact they are
not only useful, they are crucial to the collection, I believe. I xerox
each one as many times as necessary to put with the thing(s) it refers
to—this provides both a date and a context.” Needless to say, I have
been appreciative of John’s meticulous archival procedures and his
common sense from the outset. This collection would not have been
possible without his steadfast commitment. He has been, in an
archival context, Maxwell Perkins to my Thomas Wolfe.
As I’ve said, in the collection’s first phase, I deposited mostly
my own material. But I realized at a certain point that it was risky for
me to base the collection solely on my reputation. What if I remained
only a minor writer in my lifetime? I decided, or felt a necessity, to
include in the collection the work of literary colleagues (writers,
10. 222 Lifewriting Annual
critics, scholars) in and out of the academic world, in America and
overseas whose work, along with mine, could serve as guide to many
of the complexities of the culture of writing in our time. The collec-
tion would become, in time, an anthology of our generation and
demonstrate that writers shape the culture as much as they are shaped
by it.
Let me list some of the literary friends and colleagues who are
represented in different ways in the collection, the Buffalonians and
Americans first: television critic Michael Arlen, Jr.; poet Ansie
Baird, Oscar Silverman’s daughter; prose mentor and great editor
Sheridan Baker, late of the University of Michigan; Shakespeare
scholar and humanist C. L. Barber; freelance critic and economist
David Bazelon; postmodernist poet Charles Bernstein; college
roommate, philosopher, and former Dean of Trinity College W.
Miller Brown; Buffalo colleague and poet-mythologist Jack Clarke;
polymath Albert S. Cook; 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner Carl
Dennis; poet Robert Creeley; Arthur Efron (many issues of whose
journal Paunch are in the collection); Jewish-American poet Irving
Feldman; distinguished critic Leslie Fiedler; American diplomat Dr.
Helena Kane Finn; late colleague and poet-novelist Lyle Glazier;
college roommate, TV producer, and film scholar Laurence
Goldstein; late colleague and poet Mac Hammond; former colleague
and Americanist George Hochfield; freelance and former science
fiction critic for the New York Times Gerald Jonas; scholar Alvin
Kernan; playwright and composer Wendy Spiegel Kesselman; John
Lancaster; late colleague and Catholic-American poet John Logan;
critic and poet Kandace Lombart; college roommate and internation-
al cooperation worker E. David Luria; Canadian-American scholar
Irving Massey; poet and former colleague Jerome Mazzaro; artist
Patrick McCarthy; novelist and short story writer Leonard Michaels;
Holocaust scholar Charles Patterson; art scholar and Americanist
Martin L. Pops; Roger J. Porter, autobiography scholar and Professor
of English, Reed College; medievalist and Native American poet
Carter Revard; experimental poet Aaron Rosen; Michael Rosenthal,
friend from Horace Mann High School in New York, Columbia
University Professor of English, and biographer of its former
President Nicholas Murray Butler; Steven Schrader, Washington
Heights childhood friend, writer, and publisher of Cane Hill books;
Americanist Mark Shechner; film critic Alan Spiegel; poet Robert
Sward; classicist and poet William Sylvester; editor Joan Tapper;
Max Wickert, translator of Tasso; editor Adele Westbrook; college
friend and psychoanalyst Dr. John Zinner; and my brother Dr.
11. Howard R. Wolf 223
Ronald C. Wolf, author of Trade, Aid, and Arbitrate: The Globaliza-
tion of Western Law, among other works.
Some overseas writers and literary academics (including editors)
are represented in various ways. They include Americanist Necla
Aytur (Turkey); French aviator, anthropologist, and Sinologist Jean
Berlie; 2003 Nobel Prize for Literature winner J. M. Coetzee (South
Africa and Australia); the late Piers Gray, dramatist and critic (Hong
Kong); fiction writer David Ehrlich (Israel); literary scholar Manju
Jaidka and British literature expert Devindra Kohli (India); Professor
of Childhood Education Eeva-Liisa Kronqvist (Finland); popular
novelist and model Anna Toppin (England); novelist and folklorist
Biyot Kesh Tripathy (Orissa, India); Professor of English and
survivor of the Cultural Revolution Xiao Anpu of Chengdu (China);
Viet Nam and Holocaust scholar Adi Wimmer (Austria); Ameri-
canist and postmodernist Jaroslav Kusnir (Slovak Republic); poet
Muhammed Salleh (Malaysia); and medievalist/ editor Margaret
Raftery (South Africa).
As one might expect, each person is represented in a slightly dif-
ferent way: published worked, works in manuscript, articles about
them, announcements of readings, letters, posters, even some graphic
work and souvenirs. In writing description letters about these people,
my interest, already serious, in biography and individual character
deepened and led me to a renewed commitment, after abandoning
psychoanalytic criticism, to writing fiction.
The center of the collection, however, is my own work: some of
my personal library, manuscripts, professional and personal corres-
pondence, published work, some press coverage and publicity,
documentation of honors and awards, and notebooks. There are
several unpublished book manuscripts as well: Ends and Other
Beginnings: Mainly Sunday Letters from Hong Kong, Looking for
America: Towards a Global Education, and Mourning Letters for My
Father. A significant corner of the collection is a group of disserta-
tions about American literature from India for which I have served as
an outside “adjudicator.” I inherited this role through three lecture
trips to India between 1988–92. This part of the collection may be a
unique holding among small liberal arts colleges.
The collection has many radial spokes that constitute something
like a social and intellectual history of a portion of the American
literary academy from the end of the Second World War to the War
in Iraq. These spokes include a category that I have called “cultural
miscellany,” a gathering in batches of documents concerning the
artistic and cultural life that has affected me and that I have lived in
12. 224 Lifewriting Annual
America, in my years as an overseas teacher in Turkey and South
Africa on Fulbrights, Malaysia, India, Hong Kong, and in other
countries in which I have traveled and lectured. Included in this
miscellany are playbills, concert programs, tickets, LP’s, CD’s, etc.
Closely related to cultural miscellany, but somewhat different,
are visual materials that serve as a background to the literary mate-
rials: posters, calls for papers, newspaper clippings, magazine
articles, department and university publications, some artwork. This
category also comprises some representative technological matter
that illustrates changing methods of composition and production over
the past half-century: typewriter ribbons, one typewriter used by
Nobel Laureate J. M. Coetzee during a term in Buffalo, printer
cartridges, etc. Some of these items, trivial and unimportant in
themselves as discrete data, assume significance in the “field” of the
collection. When one knows, for instance, that an important writer’s
fingers have touched the keyboard of an old Remington, that type-
writer is then not just “another” typewriter. It takes on, in ways that
no one fully understands, some talismanic and primitive quality as a
“sacred object” of sorts. No less than a potsherd from an ancient site,
the pen, if it was held by Robert Frost, becomes something other
than just another pen. As the time in which we live becomes the past,
we must make decisions as to which aspects of that lost time we
choose to anthologize, aspects on which to bestow what might be
called “museum status.”
Any use of “etc.” in this autobiographical essay gets at the dis-
tinction between being a collector and the collection itself as it will
be curated, that is, the sense that will be made of this life’s work.
Even though I have written description letters (somewhere between
500–1000 words each) about most of the deposits, I have not written
them for all, and I don’t have copies in any case of letters I wrote
prior to 1989. And where I do have copies, I would have to go
through 45 volumes of letters (each volume about 200–250 pages),
30 of which are in the collection, in order to cull all the description
letters that were written in the elusive flow of time and conscious-
ness. As a result, to categorize the collection exactly and comprehen-
sively, beyond the terms in which I have done so here, will require a
serious act of biographical and bibliographic research in the future. I
am too close to the work to do the job, and I would not wish, in any
case, to relive my life a fourth time. I have lived it, I have written
about it, and I have collected it.
In addition to the general points about the function and signific-
ance of the collection I have made already, I would like to add some
13. Howard R. Wolf 225
further observations. The “voices” in the collection, an echo chamber
of sorts, especially the voices of the poets, represent a dialogue
between humanist and postmodernist tonalities. Carl Dennis, Lyle
Glazier, and Mac Hammond are on the traditional side. Charles
Bernstein, Albert Cook, Robert Creeley, and Aaron Rosen (master of
surfaces and the exiguous line) work at the boundary of the avant-
garde. The postmodern voices have been dominant in my teaching
and writing lifetime, a fact that has had great significance for me,
since my teaching and writing life has taken place within the context
of this dominant “aleatory” atmosphere. A progressive in the
classroom, my writing has been traditional, so I have been writing
against the current and au courant. This is one of the major themes
that has emerged through building the collection and writing about
it—a dual project, with each side affecting the other and becoming
finally conjoined, “auto” (or self) shaping “bibliography,” “biblio-
graphy” forming the “auto.”
I should mention that two of the poets who read at the opening,
Lyle Glazier and Mac Hammond, are now deceased. Their deaths
speak poignantly to the ways in which collections are fragile mirrors
of mortality. In building the collection, I become more sensitive to
the loss of those represented in it. This heightened sense is reflected,
I am sure, in my own writing, however comic and satirical it has
become over time.
Because it has required writing description letters over time, a
daily five-finger exercise and training ground for writing as well as
collection point of ideas and associations, the collection generated a
form of writing which exists as a genre somewhere between the
epistle, bibliographic research, and a history of America in the living
time of the collection. In this sense, the collection as a somewhat
new form of writing—an unpublished “autobibliography” (biography
of the self written in the first person as a record of a life of writing
and collecting)—constituted a somewhat vexing paradox for me: I
had put my greatest writing effort, all told, into “work” that would in
all likelihood remain unpublished and invisible. If this had a virtue, it
was as a counterweight to the self-centered and self-serving interests
of the collection—interests I do not disavow for all the reasons I
have given, but about which I feel some guilt nonetheless. Call it
literary survival guilt.
To some extent, I began to live, travel, and write in relation to
the collection. I wanted to write significantly for it, as if it were a
“double” and secret sharer making demands of me. I had felt and
known since adolescence that travel helped writers write. But it
14. 226 Lifewriting Annual
wasn’t until I went to Ankara University on a Fulbright in 1983–84
as a Lecturer in American Literature that the world opened to me as a
platform for travel and writing and for exploring the connection
between them. After Turkey, I traveled widely and wrote about the
countries in which I lived and taught: Malaysia, India, Hong Kong,
and South Africa. I have put together these essays, many of them
published, in a book manuscript mentioned above, Far-away Places:
Lessons in Exile.
If the muse, lower back, and American Express continue to smile
upon me, I hope to write essays on the Czech Republic, England,
Florida, Israel, Lithuania, New York’s Lower East Side, and Portug-
al, where my brother has lived for five decades, all in relation to my
family’s Jewish European background and its American foreground.
I hope to write about Egypt as well, where a cousin, Henry Boyar, a
pilot in the Rhodesian Air Force during WWII, lies buried in the
Sinai; the Israeli Defense Force discovered his grave in 1974. My
working title for this series of essays is Excavations of Loss: Site-
Seeing in the Diaspora.
My generation of writer/teachers is coming to an end. One of the
things my collection demonstrates is how many dedicated and
talented people in America have worked below the media radar to
make America and the world a more civilized place. This fact—
documented in my collection (letter to John Lancaster, July 10,
1996)—is one response to a recent letter from my brother in which
he says, “I cannot understand why you would wish to reveal such
intimacies of your life. Opening your heart, as you have done,
detracts from the ownership of your own destiny, to be forged by
you, and not others” (December 1, 2005). Without opening my heart
(and other faculties) in the collection, I would not have been able to
document as I have the life of my times and the people who, in part,
made and made up those times. I haven’t exposed myself completely
(even exhibitionists don’t want to exhibit everything), but I have
revealed a good deal about myself.
In his Nobel Lecture, Harold Pinter says, “A writer’s life is high-
ly vulnerable, almost naked activity. We don’t have to weep about
that. The writer makes his choice and is stuck with it. But it is true to
say that you are open to all the winds, some of them icy indeed”
(11). At the end of the day, the collection will be a homecoming and
meeting place of sorts for many people in my life who never have
met one another but whose lives, making up a symbolic community,
will be bound together. I published a volume of travel letters about a
15. Howard R. Wolf 227
decade ago: Letters from the World: A Version of Home. My collec-
tion might be thought of as a “version of homecoming.”
I assumed, when I began to teach in a Department of English,
that a sense of community would deepen over the years. We would
all become, in the fullness of time, members of a literary club. We
would sit back in leather chairs, cordials in hand, and revisit in tales
and anecdotes the pleasures and follies of our years together. Mr.
Chips would have nothing over us. Alas, this has not been the case.
Alienation and Mr. Micro-chips have, to a large extent, displaced
these images, but something of that spirit lives, I hope, in the time
capsule that is the collection I have described. It would be nice to be
around when that time capsule is opened in 2058, a century after my
college commencement, and to uncork a bottle of champagne. I’ll
have to imagine it for now.
Works Cited
Baird, Theodore, ed. 1935. The First Years: Selection from Autobio-
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Banta, Melissa, and Oscar Silverman. 1987. James Joyce’s Letters to
Sylvia Beach: 1921–1940. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Dupee, F.W. 1974. Henry James. New York: William Morrow.
Hemingway, Ernest. 2003. “The Snows of Kilimanjaro.” The Short
Stories. New York: Scribner’s. 52–77.
Louis, John Carpenter. 1971. “English 1–2 at Amherst College:
Composition and the Unity of Knowledge.” PhD diss. Harvard
Univ. 1971 (UMI Dissertation Information Service).
Newton, A. Edward. 1918. The Amenities of Book-Collecting and
Kindred Affections. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Orwell, George. 1989. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Penguin.
Phillips, J. Richard. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. October 18, 1971.
Howard R. Wolf (AC 1958) Papers, Archives, and Special Col-
lections, Amherst College Library. Hereafter, “Wolf Papers.”
———. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. July 20, 1977. Wolf Papers.
———. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. April 24, 1978. Wolf Papers.
———. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. February 2, 1991. Wolf
Papers.
———. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. July 29, 1991. Wolf Papers.
Pinter, Harold. “Harold Pinter: Art, Truth & Language.” December
7, 2005. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/
2005/pinter-lecture-e.pdf. 1–12.
16. 228 Lifewriting Annual
Porter, Roger J. 2002. Self-Same Songs: Autobiographical Perfor-
mances and Reflections. Lincoln and London: Univ. of Nebraska
Press.
Proust, Marcel. 1970. Swann’s Way. Trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff.
New York: Vintage Books.
Wolf, Howard. R. Ends and Other Beginnings: Mainly Sunday
Letters from Hong Kong (unpublished, Wolf Papers).
———. Far-away Places: A Global Exploration (unpublished, Wolf
Papers).
———. 1978. Forgive the Father: A Memoir of Changing Genera-
tions. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Book Co.
———. Letter to John Lancaster. July 10, 1996. Wolf Papers.
———. 1992. Letters from the World: A Version of Home. Delhi,
India: Academic Foundation.
———. 2006. “Library of the Lost.” The Education of Ludwig
Fried. Chandigarh: Atma Ram & Sons.
———. Looking for America: Towards a Global Education (unpub-
lished, Wolf Papers).
———. Mourning Letters for my Father (unpublished, Wolf
Papers).
———. 2004. Of the Bronx and Manhattan a Son. Chandigarh: New
Era International.
Wolf, Ronald C. Letter to Howard R. Wolf. December 1, 2005. Wolf
Papers.