Autism
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The term "autism" was first coined in 1911 to refer to adult schizophrenia, but was later described in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner in his observations of 11 children who exhibited similar behaviors of withdrawing from human contact. Throughout the 1940s and 1960s, the medical community viewed autism as a form of schizophrenia. It was not until the 1960s that doctors began to properly understand autism by identifying its core symptoms and exploring potential treatments.
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Psychodynamic perspective of schizophrenia
Freud believed that schizophrenia was caused by regression to an early mental state due to an inability to cope with unacceptable urges. Later psychodynamic theorists, like Sullivan, argued that schizophrenia results from a gradual withdrawal from relationships that begins with an anxious and hostile parent-child relationship in early childhood. This withdrawal continues in a cycle until early adulthood, when new social demands cause such extreme anxiety that the person disengages completely from relationships and reality.
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The document discusses the different types of autism spectrum disorders including Asperger's syndrome, Kanner's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett's syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. It describes the characteristics of each type, such as difficulties with social and communication skills, repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing. The causes of autism are not entirely known but are believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for autism, early intervention and treatment tailored to the individual can help children develop their skills and manage symptoms.
Schizophrenia
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its classification, definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, types, treatment, and nursing responsibilities. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and social withdrawal. It has a prevalence of about 1% and has both genetic and environmental risk factors. The main types include paranoid, hebephrenic, and catatonic schizophrenia. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies to manage symptoms and promote rehabilitation.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, involves two or more distinct personalities that control an individual's behavior. Symptoms include memory loss, mood swings, depression, and flashbacks of abuse or trauma. The number of alternate personalities can range from two to over 100. Differences between DID and schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions being features of schizophrenia but not DID. DID is thought to develop as a response to severe childhood trauma as a way to dissociate traumatic memories.
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Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, usually arising from overwhelming psychic pain such as abuse. There are several forms including dissociative amnesia, fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder). Dissociative amnesia involves sudden memory loss not due to medical causes, fugue involves suddenly traveling with no memory of one's past, depersonalization involves feeling detached from one's self, and dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities that emerge. A case study describes a woman who realized through therapy that her reported alters and abuse memories were actually suggested to her and not real.
Maternal Filicide
Maternal filicide refers to mothers killing their children. The document discusses different types of filicide including altruistic, psychotic, fatal maltreatment, unwanted child, and spouse revenge filicide. Common factors seen in filicidal mothers include crime location, victim characteristics, method used, and confession after arrest. Additional factors like age, education level, relationship status, and social circumstances are also considered. Prevention efforts include early screening for mental illness, helping at-risk mothers find meaning and significance, and understanding the motives and stressors that lead to filicide. Further research is needed to better determine the causes and risk factors of maternal filicide.
What is a psychopath
Psychopaths appear charming and trustworthy but have no conscience or empathy. They make up 1-4% of the population and gravitate towards jobs and relationships where they can exploit others. While most people feel guilt for harming others, psychopaths feel entitled to do as they please without remorse. Psychopathy is associated with narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders which all involve reduced conscience and inability to develop emotional depth. The website www.dontbelievethemask.com provides more information for those who have been close victims of psychopathic abuse.
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Psychodynamic perspective of schizophrenia
Freud believed that schizophrenia was caused by regression to an early mental state due to an inability to cope with unacceptable urges. Later psychodynamic theorists, like Sullivan, argued that schizophrenia results from a gradual withdrawal from relationships that begins with an anxious and hostile parent-child relationship in early childhood. This withdrawal continues in a cycle until early adulthood, when new social demands cause such extreme anxiety that the person disengages completely from relationships and reality.
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The document discusses the different types of autism spectrum disorders including Asperger's syndrome, Kanner's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett's syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. It describes the characteristics of each type, such as difficulties with social and communication skills, repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing. The causes of autism are not entirely known but are believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for autism, early intervention and treatment tailored to the individual can help children develop their skills and manage symptoms.
Schizophrenia
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its classification, definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, types, treatment, and nursing responsibilities. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and social withdrawal. It has a prevalence of about 1% and has both genetic and environmental risk factors. The main types include paranoid, hebephrenic, and catatonic schizophrenia. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies to manage symptoms and promote rehabilitation.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, involves two or more distinct personalities that control an individual's behavior. Symptoms include memory loss, mood swings, depression, and flashbacks of abuse or trauma. The number of alternate personalities can range from two to over 100. Differences between DID and schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions being features of schizophrenia but not DID. DID is thought to develop as a response to severe childhood trauma as a way to dissociate traumatic memories.
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Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, usually arising from overwhelming psychic pain such as abuse. There are several forms including dissociative amnesia, fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder). Dissociative amnesia involves sudden memory loss not due to medical causes, fugue involves suddenly traveling with no memory of one's past, depersonalization involves feeling detached from one's self, and dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities that emerge. A case study describes a woman who realized through therapy that her reported alters and abuse memories were actually suggested to her and not real.
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Maternal filicide refers to mothers killing their children. The document discusses different types of filicide including altruistic, psychotic, fatal maltreatment, unwanted child, and spouse revenge filicide. Common factors seen in filicidal mothers include crime location, victim characteristics, method used, and confession after arrest. Additional factors like age, education level, relationship status, and social circumstances are also considered. Prevention efforts include early screening for mental illness, helping at-risk mothers find meaning and significance, and understanding the motives and stressors that lead to filicide. Further research is needed to better determine the causes and risk factors of maternal filicide.
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Psychopaths appear charming and trustworthy but have no conscience or empathy. They make up 1-4% of the population and gravitate towards jobs and relationships where they can exploit others. While most people feel guilt for harming others, psychopaths feel entitled to do as they please without remorse. Psychopathy is associated with narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders which all involve reduced conscience and inability to develop emotional depth. The website www.dontbelievethemask.com provides more information for those who have been close victims of psychopathic abuse.
Delusions
Normal thinking involves goal-directed progression of ideas and associations leading to rational conclusions. Thought disorders involve errors in this process and can be categorized as disorders of form, progression, content, or possession. Delusions are a type of thought content disorder characterized by false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence. Conrad proposed a 5-stage model of delusion development including mood changes, search for meaning, heightening of psychosis, formation of a new worldview, and eventual isolation. Delusions are classified based on origin, theme, mood congruence, reality value, and complexity. Common delusional themes include persecution, guilt, infidelity, grandeur, poverty, and somatic or religious beliefs. Case studies demonstrate delusional
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DISORDER CONTENT OF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
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Normal thinking involves goal-directed progression of ideas and associations leading to rational conclusions. Thought disorders involve errors in this process and can be categorized as disorders of form, progression, content, or possession. Delusions are a type of thought content disorder characterized by false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence. Conrad proposed a 5-stage model of delusion development including mood changes, search for meaning, heightening of psychosis, formation of a new worldview, and eventual isolation. Delusions are classified based on origin, theme, mood congruence, reality value, and complexity. Common delusional themes include persecution, guilt, infidelity, grandeur, poverty, and somatic or religious beliefs. Case studies demonstrate delusional
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DISORDER CONTENT OF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
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1) Creating a Tumblr blog focused on culture, music, arts and lifestyle in Stockholm and Gothenburg.
2) Organizing events like a blogger trip and Midsommar photo booth to generate content for the blog.
3) Partnering with influencers to produce articles highlighting their favorite places.
The campaign was successful in growing the blog's audience to over 1,700 followers, publishing hundreds of articles, and increasing social media engagement for Stockholm and Got
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The document summarizes information about four African countries - Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. It provides details on their capitals, official languages, currencies, whether they drive on the left or right side of the road, and calling codes. It then gives brief overviews of the history and some popular tourist attractions in each country, including the pyramids in Egypt, Mount Kenya National Park, Masai Mara in Kenya, and Zanzibar in Tanzania.
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- AGORA includes universities and organizations that work to develop open-source risk software, share data and methodologies, and facilitate information exchange.
- An example project described is MIRISK, which intends to create a user-friendly tool using open-source software to help decision-makers assess natural hazard risks and vulnerabilities.
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2013 01-18 demonstration of the risk analysis software
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The document discusses the history and symptoms of autism. It notes that the term "autism" was originally used in 1911 to refer to adult schizophrenia, but was later described in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner to refer to behaviors observed in children. Throughout the 1940s-1960s, autism was often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia in children. The document outlines some genetic disorders like Fragile X syndrome that increase the risk of autism, and that autism affects males more than females. It provides a list of common symptoms in social interaction, communication, and restricted behaviors. The document concludes with some treatment approaches like prompting specific behaviors and providing immediate praise and rewards.
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- A brief definition and history of schizophrenia and how it was originally classified.
- An overview of causes, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of schizophrenia.
- A case study example of a young girl diagnosed with schizophrenia at age six.
- Details of an empirical study finding a link between disrupted sleep patterns and schizophrenia symptoms.
The document covers the key aspects of schizophrenia from a medical and clinical perspective. It aims to inform the reader on what is currently known about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of this mental disorder.
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The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
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This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
Regulatory Affairs
Full hand written notes
M.pharm - 1st year .PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
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In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
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Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
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Autism
- 1. By Marissa Borquez May 14, 2009 Period 3
- 2. The coined term “autism” goes all the way back to 1911, however then it was not meant for what it is today but instead referred to adult schizophrenia. It was described for the first time in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner. He observed numbers of children's’ behavior and found 11 of them to be in common. The behavior they all had in common was that the children had withdrawn from human contact. Throughout the 40’s and the 60’s the medical community felt that autistic children were schizophrenic. In the 60’s was when doctors began understanding autism and identifying symptoms and treatments.
- 3. SYMPTOMS Autism affects thought, perception, and attention. It is a wide variety of disorders that range from mild to severe. The disorder occurs among many different situation and is consistently inappropriate for age. A diagnosis of DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) or, “autistic disorder” is made when someone shows 6 to 12 symptoms from 3 major areas; Social interaction, Communication, and Behavior.
- 4. SYMPTOMS •Failure to develop peer relationships as appropriate to age level. •Lack of pointing out objects of interest to other people •Delay or complete lack of spoken language •Symbolic or imaginative play •Resistance to any type of change •Staring at hands, flapping at arms, walking on tiptoe, rocking, tantrums, strange postures, unpredictable behavior and hyperactivity •Poor Judgment *EXAMPLE; Autistic child could run into a busy street without any sign of fear.
- 5. TREATMENT •Prompting to perform specific behaviors •Immediate praise and rewards for good behavior •Gradual increase of complexity •Clearly given instructions to the child