Australia was first discovered by Dutch explorers in the early 17th century, with the first British settlement established in 1788 under Captain Arthur Phillip. It is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of government. Australia has 6 states and 2 mainland territories and is highly diverse geographically and climatically due to its island continent status. It has a wide variety of unique plant and animal species but has also suffered from human-caused extinctions.

1. English speaking
countries
Australia

2. Content
 1. Discover of Australia
 2.Goverment
 3. States and territories
 4.Australia geography and climate
 5.Environment of Australia

3. 1.Discover of Australia
 Following sporadic visits by  The Dutch charted the whole of the
fisherman from the Malay western and northern coastlines of
Archipelago the first recorded "New Holland" during the 17th
European sight of the Australian century, but made no attempt at
mainland and the first recorded settlement. William Dampier, an
European landfall on the Australian English explorer and privateer
continent were attributet to the landed on the north-west coast of
Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. Australia in 1688 and again in 1699
He sighted the coast of Cape York on a return trip. In 1770, James
Peninsula on an unknown date in early Cook sailed along and mapped the
1606, and made landfall on 26 east coast of Australia, which he
February at the Pennefather River named New South Wales and claimed
on the western shore of Cape York, for Great Britain.
near the modern town of Weipa

4. 2. Goverment
 Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers.
It uses a parliamentary system of government with Queen Elizabeth
II at its apex as the Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct from
her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen
resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her viceroys
in Australia who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.
Supreme executive authority is vested by the Constitution of
Australia in the sovereign, but the power to exercise it is conferred by
the Constitution specifically to the Governor-General. The most notable
exercise of the Governor-General's reserve powers outside a Prime
Minister's request was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in
the constitutional crisis of 1975.

5. 3. States and territories
 Australia has six states—New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western
Australia—and two major mainland territories—the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital
Territory. In most respects these two territories function as states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can
override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only
in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual
legislative powers, including those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads, public transport,
and local government, since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.
 Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the
ACT, and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although
subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known
as the Legislative Assembly the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the
government in each state is the Premier, and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is
represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the
Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.
 The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Australian Antarctic Territory
 Christmas Island and Cocos Islands
 Coral Sea Islands
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of
New South Wales

6. 4.Australia geography and
climate
 Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres is on the Indo-
Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is
separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas. The world's
smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia
—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island
continent", and is sometimes considered the world's largest
island. Australia has 34,218 kilometres of coastline and claims an
extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres.

7. 4.Australia geography and
climate
 The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean
currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño-
Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with
periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure
system that produces cyclones in northern Australia. These
factors induce rainfall to vary markedly from year to year.
Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical
predominantly summer rainfall climate. Just under three
quarters of Australia lies within a desert or semi-arid
zone. The southwest corner of the country has
a Mediterranean climate. Much of the southeast is
temperate.

8. 6.Enviroment of Australia
 lthough most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a
diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical
rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because
of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather
patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of
Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85 per cent of
flowering plants, 84 per cent of mammals, more than 45 per cent
of birds, and 89 per cent of in-shore, temperate-zone fish
are endemic. Australia has the greatest number of reptiles of
any country, with 755 species.

9. 6.Enviroment of Australia
 Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species,
particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions, wattles replace them in
drier regions and deserts as the most dominant species. Among well-
known Australian fauna are the monotremes a host of marsupials, including
the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and
the kookaburra. Australia is home to many dangerous animals including
some of the most venomous snakes in the world. The dingo was introduced
by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around
3000 BCE. Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after first
human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others have
disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.