This document reviews the pharmacokinetic considerations for antimicrobial therapy in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. It discusses the principles of drug removal during renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Hemodialysis removes drugs mainly by diffusion while hemofiltration removes drugs by convection. The efficiency of drug removal depends on characteristics of the drug and renal replacement therapy device. Hydrophilic antimicrobials with high renal clearance may require increased dosing with renal replacement therapy, while lipophilic drugs with low renal clearance may require no dose adjustment. Therapeutic drug monitoring can help optimize drug exposure during renal replacement therapy.
Design of Pulsatile Tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium: Factorial Design ApproachReshma Fathima .K
This document describes a study that developed and optimized a pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium using a 32 full factorial design approach. Six core tablets were initially prepared and evaluated. Amounts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were selected as independent variables in the factorial design to study their effects on tablet properties. The optimized core formulation (f3) was then coated with Eudragit S to produce pulsatile tablets. In vitro dissolution studies showed the coated tablets remained intact in acid media and released drug after reaching the intestine, indicating successful development of a pulsatile delivery system for pantoprazole sodium.
The document describes a study that formulated and evaluated Ofloxacin floating tablets using different grades of HPMC as polymers. Six formulations were developed using wet granulation technique. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties, floating behavior, swelling index and in-vitro drug release. All formulations showed good floating properties between 8-12 hours. Drug release from the formulations ranged from 97.25% to 102.85% over 24 hours, indicating controlled release of the drug. The study demonstrated that floating tablets using HPMC can prolong gastric residence time and sustain the release of Ofloxacin.
Preparation and evaluation of kollidon sr matrix tablets of tinidazole for co...IJSIT Editor
Amoebiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and it is mainly
present in the intra-intestinal lumen. The efficient treatment of amoebiasis and other colonic infections could
be achieved by targeting the drug to the colon. Tinidazole is the drug of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and
other colonic infections and the best approach for this drug is to target the drug to the colon which would
make the drug effective with low dose and prevent the potential hazards observed in conventional dose.
Moreover, addition of suitable polymers in the formulation could enhance the drug solubility. The aim of the
present investigation was to formulate matrix formulations using different concentrations of Kollidon SR and
PVP K-30, Eudragit S100 to prevent the premature drug release in the GI tract, the matrix formulations
further taken for compression to test the suitability for targeted drug delivery to the colon. The release
kinetics of the formulations was calculated. All the Matrix, compression coated formulations showed the
desired physicochemical properties as per the official limits. Based on the drug release study in pH 1.2 (0.1N
HCl), Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and the results showed that among the 9 formulations FE2 and FL3 showed
good dissolution profile to control the drug release respectively.
FORMULATION, EVALUATION AND OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE FLOATING BILAYE...Dhaneshwar P
This document describes the formulation, evaluation, and optimization of sustained release floating bilayer tablets containing artemether. Thirteen bilayer tablet formulations were developed using a 2-factor, 3-level central composite design with concentrations of HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934P as the independent variables. The dependent variables were total floating time and time for 95% drug release. Pre-formulation studies and evaluation of tablet properties such as drug content, in vitro buoyancy, and in vitro drug release were performed. The optimized formulation F13 showed a floating lag time of 45 seconds, floating for 12 hours, and 98.3% drug release at 12 hours. The study concluded that the developed bilayer floating tablets can
The document discusses invitro dissolution testing. It begins with an introduction to dissolution and BCS classification. It then covers theories of dissolution like the diffusion layer model. It describes various invitro dissolution test models including non-sink methods like the USP rotating basket and paddle apparatus and sink methods like the flow through column method. Finally, it discusses factors that can affect dissolution testing and provides a conclusion.
Design of Pulsatile Tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium: Factorial Design ApproachReshma Fathima .K
This document describes a study that developed and optimized a pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium using a 32 full factorial design approach. Six core tablets were initially prepared and evaluated. Amounts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were selected as independent variables in the factorial design to study their effects on tablet properties. The optimized core formulation (f3) was then coated with Eudragit S to produce pulsatile tablets. In vitro dissolution studies showed the coated tablets remained intact in acid media and released drug after reaching the intestine, indicating successful development of a pulsatile delivery system for pantoprazole sodium.
The document describes a study that formulated and evaluated Ofloxacin floating tablets using different grades of HPMC as polymers. Six formulations were developed using wet granulation technique. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties, floating behavior, swelling index and in-vitro drug release. All formulations showed good floating properties between 8-12 hours. Drug release from the formulations ranged from 97.25% to 102.85% over 24 hours, indicating controlled release of the drug. The study demonstrated that floating tablets using HPMC can prolong gastric residence time and sustain the release of Ofloxacin.
Preparation and evaluation of kollidon sr matrix tablets of tinidazole for co...IJSIT Editor
Amoebiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and it is mainly
present in the intra-intestinal lumen. The efficient treatment of amoebiasis and other colonic infections could
be achieved by targeting the drug to the colon. Tinidazole is the drug of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and
other colonic infections and the best approach for this drug is to target the drug to the colon which would
make the drug effective with low dose and prevent the potential hazards observed in conventional dose.
Moreover, addition of suitable polymers in the formulation could enhance the drug solubility. The aim of the
present investigation was to formulate matrix formulations using different concentrations of Kollidon SR and
PVP K-30, Eudragit S100 to prevent the premature drug release in the GI tract, the matrix formulations
further taken for compression to test the suitability for targeted drug delivery to the colon. The release
kinetics of the formulations was calculated. All the Matrix, compression coated formulations showed the
desired physicochemical properties as per the official limits. Based on the drug release study in pH 1.2 (0.1N
HCl), Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and the results showed that among the 9 formulations FE2 and FL3 showed
good dissolution profile to control the drug release respectively.
FORMULATION, EVALUATION AND OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE FLOATING BILAYE...Dhaneshwar P
This document describes the formulation, evaluation, and optimization of sustained release floating bilayer tablets containing artemether. Thirteen bilayer tablet formulations were developed using a 2-factor, 3-level central composite design with concentrations of HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934P as the independent variables. The dependent variables were total floating time and time for 95% drug release. Pre-formulation studies and evaluation of tablet properties such as drug content, in vitro buoyancy, and in vitro drug release were performed. The optimized formulation F13 showed a floating lag time of 45 seconds, floating for 12 hours, and 98.3% drug release at 12 hours. The study concluded that the developed bilayer floating tablets can
The document discusses invitro dissolution testing. It begins with an introduction to dissolution and BCS classification. It then covers theories of dissolution like the diffusion layer model. It describes various invitro dissolution test models including non-sink methods like the USP rotating basket and paddle apparatus and sink methods like the flow through column method. Finally, it discusses factors that can affect dissolution testing and provides a conclusion.
Development and evaluation of a novel twice daily cup core metformin hydrochl...SriramNagarajan19
The study was undertaken with an aim to formulate develop and evaluation of a novel twice daily core cup of Metformin hydrochloride(Antidiabetic drug) tablets using different grades and weight of HPMC polymers as release retarding agent. Granules were evaluated for tests Bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio before being punched as tablets. Tablets were tested for weight variation, thickness, hardness and friability as per official procedure. F-2 was found to be 73.90. From the above results and discussion it is concluded that formulation of Cup core tablet of containing Metformin hydrochloride HPMC K 4M & 215: 230 (in mg) can be taken as an ideal or optimized formulation of sustained release tablets for 12hour release as it fulfills all the requirements for sustained release tablet and our study encourages for the further clinical trials on this formulation. The core in cup tablets of Metformin hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method, they were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, and thickness for all batches (F1 – F9). No significant difference was observed in the weight of individual tablets from the average weight. The weight variation tests were performed according to the procedure given in the pharmacopoeia. In a weight variation test, pharmacopoeial limit of tablet for percentage deviation is 5%. The average percentage deviation of all tablet formulation was found to be within the pharmacopoeial limit and hence all formulation passed the test for uniformity of weight.
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
This document provides an overview of dissolution testing and the factors that influence drug dissolution. It defines dissolution and describes the intrinsic dissolution process. It also discusses the various apparatus used for dissolution testing according to pharmacopeial specifications, including the basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, and flow-through cell. The key factors affecting dissolution are also summarized, such as drug properties, apparatus parameters, and media properties.
The document provides an overview of drug dissolution including:
- Definitions of dissolution rate and intrinsic dissolution rate.
- Theories of drug dissolution including the diffusion layer model, Danckwert's model, and the interfacial barrier model.
- Factors that affect drug dissolution related to the physicochemical properties of drugs, drug product formulation, processing factors, dissolution apparatus and test parameters.
- Importance and applications of drug dissolution testing in product development, quality assurance, stability assessment, and biowaivers.
1. Dissolution and drug release tests measure the rate and extent of drug release from a product under specified conditions. They are important quality control tests linked to in vivo performance.
2. Many factors can affect drug dissolution, including drug properties, formulation excipients, test medium conditions, temperature, and apparatus type and settings.
3. Common apparatuses include baskets, paddles, cylinders and flow cells suited for different drug products like tablets, capsules, suspensions or films. Test conditions are selected based on the product type to simulate gastrointestinal conditions.
Introduction to Dissolution equipment's, Calibration of dissolution apparatus, Dissolution procedure development and validation, Dissolution method development for generic drug products.
This document discusses in vitro dissolution testing methods. It defines dissolution as the process by which a solid substance solubilizes in a solvent, and dissolution rate as the amount of drug substance that goes into solution per unit time under standardized conditions. It then describes 7 common apparatus used for in vitro dissolution testing according to pharmacopeial standards, including the rotating basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, flow through cell, paddle over disk, rotating cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods. Each apparatus has distinct advantages and disadvantages for testing different drug products and dosage forms.
The document discusses drug dissolution, including:
1) It defines drug dissolution rate and the processes involved, such as wetting, disintegration, and diffusion of dissolved particles.
2) It describes several theories of drug dissolution, including the diffusion layer model, Danckwert's penetration model, and the interfacial barrier model.
3) It lists many factors that can affect a drug's dissolution rate, such as its physical and chemical properties, the dosage form characteristics, and the dissolution test conditions.
Formulation and evaluation of Lisinopril floating tabletsSriramNagarajan18
This document describes a study that formulated and evaluated floating tablets of the drug Lisinopril to prolong its residence time in the stomach. Floating tablets containing Lisinopril, gum karaya, carrageenan, and sodium bicarbonate were prepared by direct compression. In vitro tests found that formulations containing 20% gum karaya or 20% carrageenan (F7) floated for over 12 hours while releasing 99.76% of the drug. Stability studies of F7 showed no significant changes over 3 months. The study concluded that gum karaya and carrageenan are effective polymers for developing floating drug delivery systems of Lisinopril with prolonged gastric retention.
To investigate the hold time study of abacavircubi333
This document describes a hold time study of Abacavir Sulfate tablets 300mg that were prepackaged in a quarantine area. Three batches of the coated tablets were tested at initial, 30th, 60th, and 90th days of storage under controlled conditions. All test parameters, including description, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration, and assay remained within specification limits throughout the 90-day study period. It was concluded that the coated tablets could be safely stored for up to 90 days in the quarantine area. Proper storage conditions and labeling were recommended to validate the established 90-day hold time under the prevailing conditions.
Development and in vitro evaluation of sustained release formulation of telmi...SriramNagarajan18
This document describes the development and in vitro evaluation of sustained release tablets of telmisartan hydrochloride. Various polymers including Eudragit RL 100, guar gum, and ethyl cellulose were used to formulate the sustained release matrix tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release over 12 hours. The optimized formulation (F6) containing Eudragit RL 100 showed desired drug release of 96.10% over 12 hours and followed zero-order release kinetics. The document aims to develop a sustained release formulation of telmisartan that can maintain therapeutic drug levels for over 12 hours with once-daily dosing.
Aim: This diploma thesis focused on the study of the influence of two types of high-shear
mixers as well as the effect of poly(meth)acrylate concentrations on the properties of
prepared granules and consequently matrix tablets.
Methods: Caffeine was employed as the model drug and matrix tablets were prepared via
the wet granulation process using two different high-shear mixers either Stephan UMC5 or
Rotolab mixer. Eudragit® NM 30D was used in various concentrations as a wet granulation
agent for time controlled drug release with low permeability and pH independent swelling.
In addition, lactose monohydrate was added as indifferent soluble filler, magnesium
stearate served as the antiadhesive excipient and colloidal silica was added for flowability
improvement. Matrix tablets were evaluated for mass, content and dosage uniformity,
uniformity of dosage units, friability, hardness and dissolution according to Ph. Eur.
Results - Conclusions: All prepared tablets exhibited sustained drug release. The
employment of different mixers for sustained matrix tablets preparation did not
significantly influence the release profile of caffeine (Eudragit® NM concentrations 9-
14%), except when the lower Eudragit® NM concentration (7%) was used for granulation.
Furthermore, Eudragit® NM concentrations (7 – 14% per tablet) did not significantly affect
the release profile of caffeine from matrix tablets, neither in the Stephan UMC5 nor the
Rotolab mixer.
Dissolution is mass transfer process.
Dissolution is mainly depend on aqueous solubility of drug.
It is process in which solid mass transfer in liquid medium.
Dissolution based on four process – 1. wetting 2. solubility 3. Swelling 4. diffusion.
Particle size, shape, surface area is important factor can affect the rate of dissolution of drug.
The aqueous solubility is increases, increases rate of dissolution drug
The document summarizes the design and statistical optimization of a pulsatile delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium. Key points include:
- The aim is to develop a pulsatile drug release tablet for pantoprazole sodium using MCC, CCS, and SSG to achieve a lag time of 5 hours followed by immediate drug release.
- A 32 factorial design is used to optimize the formulation. Preliminary studies evaluate formulations with varying levels of MCC, CCS, and SSG.
- Tablets are evaluated for pre-compression parameters, drug content, disintegration time, and dissolution profile in pH 6.8 buffer.
- The best formulation from preliminary studies will be selected for
O documento descreve dois jogos: Sopa de Letras, onde letras são organizadas em grade para formar palavras, e Escaleras, onde jogadores sobem degraus de letra em letra para chegar ao topo.
A reverse mortgage allows senior homeowners aged 62 or older to convert equity in their home into tax-free cash payments, while continuing to live in their home. They do not require monthly mortgage payments or repayment of the loan until the last borrower permanently moves out or passes away. Common myths about reverse mortgages include that the borrower could lose ownership of their home or owe more than their home is worth, but reverse mortgages are structured to protect borrowers from these outcomes. Eligibility requires the home to be the borrower's primary residence and for them to receive counseling on reverse mortgage options and costs.
El Hotel Obelisco se ha comprometido a una política de sostenibilidad que incluye la prevención de la contaminación, el uso responsable de recursos, la protección de ecosistemas, la promoción de la economía local y la cultura regional, así como la inclusión social y la prevención de la explotación infantil. El documento describe los derechos y deberes de los huéspedes, clientes y proveedores en relación a esta política.
Our goal is to use cognitive radio and software defined radios to improve wireless communication efficiency and spectrum utilization. We will use USRP software defined radios to detect spectrum use and allow new users to transmit over unused portions of licensed spectrum. Our project plan follows the S.I.M.I.L.A.R. framework and within our budget we will implement a cognitive radio system with USRPs transmitting at 5GHz to demonstrate dynamic spectrum access.
Evaluation of the chronic kidney disease epidemiology 2010eduardo de avila
This study evaluated differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and antimicrobial dosing recommendations when using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation versus the Cockcroft-Gault equation in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CKD-EPI equation estimated higher average GFRs compared to the Cockcroft-Gault equation. There was a 15-25% discordance rate in antimicrobial dosing recommendations between the two equations. While the equations showed statistically significant differences, the clinical significance of these differences in patient outcomes is uncertain. Clinical judgment should be used when making renal dosage adjustments of antimicrobials.
Development and evaluation of a novel twice daily cup core metformin hydrochl...SriramNagarajan19
The study was undertaken with an aim to formulate develop and evaluation of a novel twice daily core cup of Metformin hydrochloride(Antidiabetic drug) tablets using different grades and weight of HPMC polymers as release retarding agent. Granules were evaluated for tests Bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio before being punched as tablets. Tablets were tested for weight variation, thickness, hardness and friability as per official procedure. F-2 was found to be 73.90. From the above results and discussion it is concluded that formulation of Cup core tablet of containing Metformin hydrochloride HPMC K 4M & 215: 230 (in mg) can be taken as an ideal or optimized formulation of sustained release tablets for 12hour release as it fulfills all the requirements for sustained release tablet and our study encourages for the further clinical trials on this formulation. The core in cup tablets of Metformin hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method, they were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, and thickness for all batches (F1 – F9). No significant difference was observed in the weight of individual tablets from the average weight. The weight variation tests were performed according to the procedure given in the pharmacopoeia. In a weight variation test, pharmacopoeial limit of tablet for percentage deviation is 5%. The average percentage deviation of all tablet formulation was found to be within the pharmacopoeial limit and hence all formulation passed the test for uniformity of weight.
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
This document provides an overview of dissolution testing and the factors that influence drug dissolution. It defines dissolution and describes the intrinsic dissolution process. It also discusses the various apparatus used for dissolution testing according to pharmacopeial specifications, including the basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, and flow-through cell. The key factors affecting dissolution are also summarized, such as drug properties, apparatus parameters, and media properties.
The document provides an overview of drug dissolution including:
- Definitions of dissolution rate and intrinsic dissolution rate.
- Theories of drug dissolution including the diffusion layer model, Danckwert's model, and the interfacial barrier model.
- Factors that affect drug dissolution related to the physicochemical properties of drugs, drug product formulation, processing factors, dissolution apparatus and test parameters.
- Importance and applications of drug dissolution testing in product development, quality assurance, stability assessment, and biowaivers.
1. Dissolution and drug release tests measure the rate and extent of drug release from a product under specified conditions. They are important quality control tests linked to in vivo performance.
2. Many factors can affect drug dissolution, including drug properties, formulation excipients, test medium conditions, temperature, and apparatus type and settings.
3. Common apparatuses include baskets, paddles, cylinders and flow cells suited for different drug products like tablets, capsules, suspensions or films. Test conditions are selected based on the product type to simulate gastrointestinal conditions.
Introduction to Dissolution equipment's, Calibration of dissolution apparatus, Dissolution procedure development and validation, Dissolution method development for generic drug products.
This document discusses in vitro dissolution testing methods. It defines dissolution as the process by which a solid substance solubilizes in a solvent, and dissolution rate as the amount of drug substance that goes into solution per unit time under standardized conditions. It then describes 7 common apparatus used for in vitro dissolution testing according to pharmacopeial standards, including the rotating basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, flow through cell, paddle over disk, rotating cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods. Each apparatus has distinct advantages and disadvantages for testing different drug products and dosage forms.
The document discusses drug dissolution, including:
1) It defines drug dissolution rate and the processes involved, such as wetting, disintegration, and diffusion of dissolved particles.
2) It describes several theories of drug dissolution, including the diffusion layer model, Danckwert's penetration model, and the interfacial barrier model.
3) It lists many factors that can affect a drug's dissolution rate, such as its physical and chemical properties, the dosage form characteristics, and the dissolution test conditions.
Formulation and evaluation of Lisinopril floating tabletsSriramNagarajan18
This document describes a study that formulated and evaluated floating tablets of the drug Lisinopril to prolong its residence time in the stomach. Floating tablets containing Lisinopril, gum karaya, carrageenan, and sodium bicarbonate were prepared by direct compression. In vitro tests found that formulations containing 20% gum karaya or 20% carrageenan (F7) floated for over 12 hours while releasing 99.76% of the drug. Stability studies of F7 showed no significant changes over 3 months. The study concluded that gum karaya and carrageenan are effective polymers for developing floating drug delivery systems of Lisinopril with prolonged gastric retention.
To investigate the hold time study of abacavircubi333
This document describes a hold time study of Abacavir Sulfate tablets 300mg that were prepackaged in a quarantine area. Three batches of the coated tablets were tested at initial, 30th, 60th, and 90th days of storage under controlled conditions. All test parameters, including description, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration, and assay remained within specification limits throughout the 90-day study period. It was concluded that the coated tablets could be safely stored for up to 90 days in the quarantine area. Proper storage conditions and labeling were recommended to validate the established 90-day hold time under the prevailing conditions.
Development and in vitro evaluation of sustained release formulation of telmi...SriramNagarajan18
This document describes the development and in vitro evaluation of sustained release tablets of telmisartan hydrochloride. Various polymers including Eudragit RL 100, guar gum, and ethyl cellulose were used to formulate the sustained release matrix tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release over 12 hours. The optimized formulation (F6) containing Eudragit RL 100 showed desired drug release of 96.10% over 12 hours and followed zero-order release kinetics. The document aims to develop a sustained release formulation of telmisartan that can maintain therapeutic drug levels for over 12 hours with once-daily dosing.
Aim: This diploma thesis focused on the study of the influence of two types of high-shear
mixers as well as the effect of poly(meth)acrylate concentrations on the properties of
prepared granules and consequently matrix tablets.
Methods: Caffeine was employed as the model drug and matrix tablets were prepared via
the wet granulation process using two different high-shear mixers either Stephan UMC5 or
Rotolab mixer. Eudragit® NM 30D was used in various concentrations as a wet granulation
agent for time controlled drug release with low permeability and pH independent swelling.
In addition, lactose monohydrate was added as indifferent soluble filler, magnesium
stearate served as the antiadhesive excipient and colloidal silica was added for flowability
improvement. Matrix tablets were evaluated for mass, content and dosage uniformity,
uniformity of dosage units, friability, hardness and dissolution according to Ph. Eur.
Results - Conclusions: All prepared tablets exhibited sustained drug release. The
employment of different mixers for sustained matrix tablets preparation did not
significantly influence the release profile of caffeine (Eudragit® NM concentrations 9-
14%), except when the lower Eudragit® NM concentration (7%) was used for granulation.
Furthermore, Eudragit® NM concentrations (7 – 14% per tablet) did not significantly affect
the release profile of caffeine from matrix tablets, neither in the Stephan UMC5 nor the
Rotolab mixer.
Dissolution is mass transfer process.
Dissolution is mainly depend on aqueous solubility of drug.
It is process in which solid mass transfer in liquid medium.
Dissolution based on four process – 1. wetting 2. solubility 3. Swelling 4. diffusion.
Particle size, shape, surface area is important factor can affect the rate of dissolution of drug.
The aqueous solubility is increases, increases rate of dissolution drug
The document summarizes the design and statistical optimization of a pulsatile delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium. Key points include:
- The aim is to develop a pulsatile drug release tablet for pantoprazole sodium using MCC, CCS, and SSG to achieve a lag time of 5 hours followed by immediate drug release.
- A 32 factorial design is used to optimize the formulation. Preliminary studies evaluate formulations with varying levels of MCC, CCS, and SSG.
- Tablets are evaluated for pre-compression parameters, drug content, disintegration time, and dissolution profile in pH 6.8 buffer.
- The best formulation from preliminary studies will be selected for
O documento descreve dois jogos: Sopa de Letras, onde letras são organizadas em grade para formar palavras, e Escaleras, onde jogadores sobem degraus de letra em letra para chegar ao topo.
A reverse mortgage allows senior homeowners aged 62 or older to convert equity in their home into tax-free cash payments, while continuing to live in their home. They do not require monthly mortgage payments or repayment of the loan until the last borrower permanently moves out or passes away. Common myths about reverse mortgages include that the borrower could lose ownership of their home or owe more than their home is worth, but reverse mortgages are structured to protect borrowers from these outcomes. Eligibility requires the home to be the borrower's primary residence and for them to receive counseling on reverse mortgage options and costs.
El Hotel Obelisco se ha comprometido a una política de sostenibilidad que incluye la prevención de la contaminación, el uso responsable de recursos, la protección de ecosistemas, la promoción de la economía local y la cultura regional, así como la inclusión social y la prevención de la explotación infantil. El documento describe los derechos y deberes de los huéspedes, clientes y proveedores en relación a esta política.
Our goal is to use cognitive radio and software defined radios to improve wireless communication efficiency and spectrum utilization. We will use USRP software defined radios to detect spectrum use and allow new users to transmit over unused portions of licensed spectrum. Our project plan follows the S.I.M.I.L.A.R. framework and within our budget we will implement a cognitive radio system with USRPs transmitting at 5GHz to demonstrate dynamic spectrum access.
Evaluation of the chronic kidney disease epidemiology 2010eduardo de avila
This study evaluated differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and antimicrobial dosing recommendations when using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation versus the Cockcroft-Gault equation in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CKD-EPI equation estimated higher average GFRs compared to the Cockcroft-Gault equation. There was a 15-25% discordance rate in antimicrobial dosing recommendations between the two equations. While the equations showed statistically significant differences, the clinical significance of these differences in patient outcomes is uncertain. Clinical judgment should be used when making renal dosage adjustments of antimicrobials.
This document provides information to home buyers on various aspects of the home buying process, including:
1) Rate shopping can be misleading as advertisers often list low interest rates but charge high upfront fees, so it's important to consider the actual APR and lock-in period.
2) The length of time needed to borrow money impacts whether paying upfront fees is worthwhile and what loan program is best, such as a shorter-term fixed rate vs 30-year fixed rate.
3) Key aspects of the purchase contract include the contract period to complete due diligence, home inspection contingency period, and related decisions as a buyer.
1) The study assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in 114 patients treated with intravenous polymyxin B for at least 3 days.
2) AKI developed in 22% of patients. Risk factors for AKI included abnormal baseline serum creatinine, use of vasoactive drugs, and infections located in the abdomen, blood, or catheter.
3) Patients who developed AKI had a strikingly higher mortality rate of 92% compared to 53% in patients without AKI.
Een presentatie over Menus en Menuitems, zoals gegeven tijdens de officiele Joomla!Dagen 2011 Nederland (te Doorn). De presentatie geeft een goed overzicht van het gebruik van menus binnen Joomla! 1.6 - vooral bedoeld voor beginners, maar ook interessant voor ervaren webdevelopers.
Ultimo concenso para monitorizacion de vancomicinaeduardo de avila
The document summarizes guidelines from infectious disease societies for therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin treatment. It provides recommendations for dosing, monitoring, and targeting trough serum concentrations of vancomycin based on a review of existing evidence. The guidelines recommend initial doses based on actual body weight and subsequent adjustments based on serum concentrations to achieve target concentrations. Trough serum concentrations are recommended for monitoring effectiveness, with concentrations of 15-20 mg/L suggested to optimize outcomes for serious infections while avoiding resistance. Monitoring is advised for certain high-risk patients.
Jezebel's Boutique currently manages their inventory manually which takes a significant amount of employee time. They proposed purchasing Fishbowl Inventory software which would automate the inventory process using barcodes and seamlessly integrate with their QuickBooks system. The software would cost $3,595 but they estimate it would save $256 per month in labor costs. At this rate, the software would pay for itself within 14 months.
This document discusses three assistive technologies that can be useful for English teachers in secondary classrooms: Turnitin, the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), and Teaching English with Technology (Tewt). Turnitin helps prevent plagiarism by checking student papers against an online database. OWL provides hundreds of writing resources for students and teachers, including style guides and answers to grammar questions. Tewt offers lesson plans and advice on incorporating blogs, wikis and other technologies into English and language arts lessons. The document argues that these resources can help engage students and give them tools to succeed as writers.
This research report compares the pharmacodynamics of intermittent and prolonged infusions of piperacillin/tazobactam using Monte Carlo simulations and pharmacokinetic data from hospitalized patients. The authors found that prolonged infusion regimens of 3.375 g or more every 8 hours achieved excellent target attainment against common gram-negative pathogens like E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae with MICs up to 16 μg/mL, using lower daily doses than standard intermittent regimens. However, none of the regimens tested provided optimal coverage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
This article discusses how cardiac surgery and related pathophysiological conditions can impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in cardiac critical care patients. Specifically, it summarizes how cardiac surgery can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. It also reviews how cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery can impact drug disposition. The article emphasizes that drug dosing regimens may need to be adjusted in critically ill cardiac patients to avoid under or overexposure due to these surgical and physiological alterations. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for some drugs to help guide individualized dosing.
This document discusses the mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance of various antiseptics and disinfectants used to kill or inhibit microorganisms. It begins by defining key terms and outlining general methodology for studying these mechanisms. The main body of the document then examines the mechanisms of specific classes of antiseptics and disinfectants, including alcohols, aldehydes, biguanides, halogens, silver compounds, peroxides, phenols and others. It also reviews the intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microbes. In conclusion, the document states that while knowledge of antiseptic and disinfectant mechanisms of action has increased, less
This review discusses microRNA-based therapeutic strategies for breast cancer. It begins by describing various microRNAs (miRNAs) that are involved in breast cancer development and progression, including oncogenic miRNAs that promote cell motility, proliferation, and other processes, as well as tumor suppressor miRNAs that inhibit metastasis, proliferation, and induce apoptosis. The review then discusses different therapeutic approaches to regulate miRNAs, including nucleic acid-based methods to replace or inhibit miRNAs, and drug-based strategies that interact with miRNAs. The review focuses on miR-21 and miR-34 as particularly promising targets for RNA-based therapy in non-invasive and invasive breast cancer, respectively. It concludes by highlighting relevant commercialized therapeutic strategies and approaches using nanotechnology
This document provides an overview of the Mayo Clinic Analgesic Pathway book, which discusses the use of peripheral nerve blocks for pain management after major orthopedic surgery. The book contains 4 sections that cover the principles of peripheral nerve blocks, techniques for specific lower extremity blocks including lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve blocks, Mayo Clinic's total joint anesthesia and analgesic pathway, and the management of peripheral nerve catheters. The preface notes that peripheral nerve blocks can improve the postoperative experience for patients compared to general anesthesia alone, but that training in these techniques is still lacking in many residency programs.
Mayo clinic analgesic pathway peripheral nerve blockadeNorma Obaid
This document provides information about peripheral nerve blockade for major orthopedic surgery from Mayo Clinic. It discusses the Mayo Clinic total joint anesthesia and analgesic pathway, which utilizes peripheral regional techniques and oral analgesics to manage pain after total knee and hip arthroplasty. With this approach, 95% of knee replacement patients and 80% of hip replacement patients can be discharged within 48 hours, with 90% going home rather than to a rehabilitation facility. The document contains detailed descriptions of techniques for peripheral nerve blocks of the lower extremities, including the lumbar plexus, sciatic nerve, and individual nerve blocks, as well as considerations for managing peripheral nerve catheters.
2017 eacts guidelines on perioperative medication in adult cardiac surgeryJimmy Wea
This document provides guidelines on perioperative medication management for adult cardiac surgery patients. It addresses recommendations for antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, beta-blockers, statins, antibiotics and other medications before, during and after surgery. Specific guidance is given for conditions like atrial fibrillation and different types of surgical procedures. The goal is to provide evidence-based guidance to reduce risks and optimize outcomes for cardiac surgery patients.
1. The document provides guidelines for empirical antimicrobial treatment in intensive care units, with a focus on prompt, targeted treatment to reduce antibiotic exposure and resistance.
2. It outlines principles for antimicrobial prescribing including selecting empirical agents based on local resistance patterns, limiting treatment duration, and obtaining infectious diseases input for de-escalation.
3. Guidance is provided for investigating potential infection sources and detecting bloodstream infections, as well as managing common community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections that may present in ICUs.
Cochrane Review on local vs general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomysamirsharshar
This Cochrane review analyzes 14 randomized controlled trials involving over 4,500 carotid endarterectomy operations to compare outcomes of the procedures when performed under local versus general anesthesia. The review found no significant difference in the percentage of patients experiencing a stroke or death within 30 days between the two anesthesia types. Specifically, around 3% of patients experienced a stroke and 1% died within 30 days under both local and general anesthesia. The review concludes that either anesthesia technique is acceptable for carotid endarterectomy based on safety and that patient and surgeon preferences can guide the decision.
Linezolid versus vancomycin MIC assay for the treatment of infections caused ...AditiSurjeet07
This study compared the efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infections in Japanese patients. One hundred patients received linezolid and 51 received vancomycin. At the end of therapy, clinical success rates were higher for linezolid than vancomycin (63% vs 50%), and microbiological eradication rates were also higher for linezolid (79% vs 30%). Adverse events like anemia and thrombocytopenia were more common with linezolid. The authors concluded that linezolid was as effective as vancomycin for treating MRSA infections and may be more effective at achieving microbiological eradication, though it had more hematological
This document provides an overview of anticoagulation and summarizes the current and emerging options. It discusses the coagulation cascade and how it can be inhibited at different points. Currently, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin are most commonly used but have limitations due to food and drug interactions and a need for regular INR monitoring. Newer direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors offer fixed dosing advantages over warfarin and are increasingly used for conditions like venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes. Emerging agents continue to be studied.
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects. The term pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behavior through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function.
This document is a reference guide for cardiopulmonary care published by Edwards Lifesciences. It provides concise summaries of anatomy, physiology, monitoring techniques, and central venous access. The guide is intended as an educational reference for medical personnel and disclaims any liability. It has been compiled from available literature and the editors cannot guarantee the correctness of the information.
This document discusses lung delivery systems for drugs. It begins with a brief history of lung delivery and then covers topics like lung anatomy, aerosol deposition mechanisms, drug elimination from the lungs, and controlled drug transport. It also discusses fundamentals like particle size and recent developments in delivery devices and formulations, such as liposomes and nanoparticles. The overall aim is to provide an overview of lung delivery systems for improving drug bioavailability.
This document provides a summary of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention in adults and children. It begins with an overview of the TB pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its global epidemiology. Subsequent chapters discuss TB pathogenesis, the various clinical forms of TB disease, diagnostic methods including microscopy, culture and nucleic acid amplification tests, and treatment recommendations for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. The final chapter covers prevention strategies such as prophylactic treatment and vaccine development.
Definition of centrifugation
History
Principle of centrifugation
Classification
Operation
Construction
Application in Pharmaceutical industry
Advantages & disadvantages
Safety measures
importance
Summary
A centrifuge is used to separate particles or even macro-molecules:
Cells
Subcellular components
Proteins
Nucleic acid
Basis of separation-
Size
Shape
Density
Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research cellular techniques in bio-chemistry and molecular biology, pharmacy and in medicine.
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge.
A centrifuge is a device that spins quickly to press objects outward with centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force is an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
Myocardial viability testing all STICHed up, or about to be REVIVEDNicolas Ugarte
Patients with ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction frequently undergo myocardial viability testing. The historical model presumes that
those who have extensive areas of dysfunctional-yet-viable myocardium derive particular benefit from revascularization, whilst those without extensive viability do not. These suppositions rely on the theory of hibernation and are based on data of low quality: taking a dogmatic
approach may therefore lead to patients being refused appropriate, prognostically important treatment. Recent data from a sub-study of
the randomized STICH trial challenges these historical concepts, as the volume of viable myocardium failed to predict the effectiveness of
coronary artery bypass grafting. Should the Heart Team now abandon viability testing, or are new paradigms needed in the way we interpret viability? This state-of-the-art review critically examines the evidence base for viability testing, focusing in particular on the presumed
interactions between viability, functional recovery, revascularization and prognosis which underly the traditional model. We consider
whether viability should relate solely to dysfunctional myocardium or be considered more broadly and explore wider uses of viability testingoutside of revascularization decision-making. Finally, we look forward to ongoing and future randomized trials, which will shape evidence-based clinical practice in the futur
This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-cancer mechanisms and clinical potential of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). PEITC is present in cruciferous vegetables and has been shown to inhibit cancer initiation and progression through multiple mechanisms. It targets various cancer-promoting pathways including proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. PEITC also modulates inflammation and immunity. A key mechanism is its ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Preclinical studies demonstrate PEITC's synergy with conventional anti-cancer agents, making it a promising candidate for clinical use. PEITC has reached clinical trials for leukemia and lung cancer.
This document discusses targeting neural circuitry for the treatment of anxiety disorders. It begins by introducing anxiety disorders as a major public health concern and outlines current treatment approaches and their limitations. Specifically, it discusses the effectiveness of benzodiazepines and SSRIs/SNRIs but also their side effects and inconsistent response rates. The document then examines the neurobiology of anxiety disorders in depth, exploring the roles of the GABA, serotonin, and glutamate systems. It reviews various pharmacological approaches that modulate these neurochemical systems as potential new treatments for anxiety disorders. Finally, it concludes that a systems-level approach combining drug discovery, brain imaging, and personalized medicine may help develop more effective therapeutics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.