Astronomy D2
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This document provides information about the formation of the solar system and its planets. It discusses the difference between rotation and revolution, lists the 8 major planets and 5 dwarf planets, and notes key facts about each planet's moons. Students are instructed to read a section on the inner planets and answer questions for homework if the assignment is not finished in class.
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Origins Of The Solar System
The solar system formed from a large cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity around 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud spun, it flattened into a disk with the sun at the center. Closer to the sun, the rocky, terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars formed. Further from the sun, the larger gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune formed, along with the icy planet Pluto. The inner planets are smaller and denser, while the outer planets have thick atmospheres and are mostly made of gas.
Phase jumping&gases
This document discusses the behavior and properties of gases through a series of questions and explanations. It begins by asking questions about how gases behave when heated or cooled, such as what causes a hot air balloon to rise. It then explains the jumping phase phenomena of sublimation and deposition, where a substance can transition directly between solid and gas states without becoming liquid. The document also discusses how evaporation is an endothermic cooling process, using the example of sweating to cool our bodies. It concludes by reviewing a sublimation lab experiment with dry ice.
Social Science From Mexico Unam 075
Este documento describe algunas técnicas cualitativas como sesiones de grupo, entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante. Explica que las sesiones de grupo se usan para explorar opiniones entre 8-12 personas, las entrevistas a profundidad son individuales para conocer perspectivas clave, y la observación participante estudia grupos en su ambiente natural. También resume los usos de la investigación cualitativa como complemento de la cuantitativa, para explorar temas antes y después de encuestas, y diseñar programas entendiendo motivaciones y
Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules. Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing unpaired valence electrons, with examples being water (H2O) forming two covalent bonds and molecular oxygen (O2) forming a double covalent bond by sharing two pairs of electrons. Properties of covalent bonds include low melting and boiling points with poor conductivity.
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El documento describe diferentes técnicas cualitativas como sesiones de grupo, entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante que se pueden usar para investigación de campañas locales. También explica cómo estas técnicas cualitativas se pueden usar antes, durante y después de una encuesta cuantitativa, así como ejemplos de su uso para evaluar posicionamiento de partidos, candidatos y material publicitario.
Math in science
This document provides an overview of key concepts for reading and interpreting graphs in science:
- It defines terms like estimation, accuracy, reproducibility, significant figures, precision, the origin, axes, coordinates, data points, trend lines, linear and non-linear graphs, slope, and issues like sawtooth patterns.
- Examples are given to illustrate important graphing principles like having labeled axes, showing the general trend of data rather than misleading patterns, and using math concepts like slope to analyze graphs.
- Readers are encouraged to analyze sample graphs to identify good practices like clear trends as well as misleading aspects to avoid, such as nonlinear sawtooth patterns. Understanding graphs is presented as an essential math skill for interpreting data
Reactions&life chem (STAR review)
1) Chemical changes result in a new substance being formed, while physical changes only alter the appearance or form of a substance.
2) Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms as they rearrange. Signs that a chemical reaction occurred include the release of light, gas, heat or energy.
3) Acids have a pH below 7 and taste sour, while bases have a pH above 7 and taste bitter. Common uses of acids and bases include foods, fertilizers, cleaning products and more.
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Origins Of The Solar System
The solar system formed from a large cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity around 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud spun, it flattened into a disk with the sun at the center. Closer to the sun, the rocky, terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars formed. Further from the sun, the larger gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune formed, along with the icy planet Pluto. The inner planets are smaller and denser, while the outer planets have thick atmospheres and are mostly made of gas.
Phase jumping&gases
This document discusses the behavior and properties of gases through a series of questions and explanations. It begins by asking questions about how gases behave when heated or cooled, such as what causes a hot air balloon to rise. It then explains the jumping phase phenomena of sublimation and deposition, where a substance can transition directly between solid and gas states without becoming liquid. The document also discusses how evaporation is an endothermic cooling process, using the example of sweating to cool our bodies. It concludes by reviewing a sublimation lab experiment with dry ice.
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Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules. Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing unpaired valence electrons, with examples being water (H2O) forming two covalent bonds and molecular oxygen (O2) forming a double covalent bond by sharing two pairs of electrons. Properties of covalent bonds include low melting and boiling points with poor conductivity.
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El documento describe diferentes técnicas cualitativas como sesiones de grupo, entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante que se pueden usar para investigación de campañas locales. También explica cómo estas técnicas cualitativas se pueden usar antes, durante y después de una encuesta cuantitativa, así como ejemplos de su uso para evaluar posicionamiento de partidos, candidatos y material publicitario.
Math in science
This document provides an overview of key concepts for reading and interpreting graphs in science:
- It defines terms like estimation, accuracy, reproducibility, significant figures, precision, the origin, axes, coordinates, data points, trend lines, linear and non-linear graphs, slope, and issues like sawtooth patterns.
- Examples are given to illustrate important graphing principles like having labeled axes, showing the general trend of data rather than misleading patterns, and using math concepts like slope to analyze graphs.
- Readers are encouraged to analyze sample graphs to identify good practices like clear trends as well as misleading aspects to avoid, such as nonlinear sawtooth patterns. Understanding graphs is presented as an essential math skill for interpreting data
Reactions&life chem (STAR review)
1) Chemical changes result in a new substance being formed, while physical changes only alter the appearance or form of a substance.
2) Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms as they rearrange. Signs that a chemical reaction occurred include the release of light, gas, heat or energy.
3) Acids have a pH below 7 and taste sour, while bases have a pH above 7 and taste bitter. Common uses of acids and bases include foods, fertilizers, cleaning products and more.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Energy
This document discusses different types of energy: kinetic energy, which depends on an object's mass and speed; potential energy, which is stored energy from an object's position or shape; and gravitational potential energy, which depends on an object's height and weight. It also introduces the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or changed from one form to another.
Balancing equations
The document discusses how to balance chemical equations by ensuring the total number of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal. It explains that coefficients are used to represent the number of molecules in a reaction, while subscripts indicate the number of atoms in a molecule. The steps to balance an equation are to: 1) Write the unbalanced equation, 2) Count the atoms on each side, 3) Use coefficients to make the atoms equal on both sides. Examples are provided to demonstrate balancing equations through adjusting coefficients and verifying the balanced atoms.
Keplers laws
Early Greek astronomers believed in a geocentric model of the universe, with Earth at the center. Ptolemy hypothesized that planets moved in circular orbits around Earth. Nicolaus Copernicus later developed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler analyzed astronomical data collected by Tycho Brahe, leading Kepler to discover his three laws: 1) planetary orbits are ellipses rather than circles, 2) planets move faster when closer to the Sun and slower when farther, and 3) the squares of planetary orbit periods are proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the Sun.
Notes simple machines
There are 6 simple machines: the lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, wedge, and pulley. They were first defined by Renaissance scientists and make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of forces. Simple machines allow an applied force to work against a load through mechanical advantage. They transform energy rather than create it, as discovered by Galileo. Each machine functions differently based on its design and placement of fulcrums.
Notes stars
Stars are large balls of ionized gas held together by gravity that emit energy through nuclear reactions. They are classified by size, temperature, and brightness. Size categories include super giants, red giants, and main sequence stars. Temperature determines color, from red (coolest) to blue-white (hottest). Brightness depends on a star's luminosity and distance, though tools like spectroscopy can provide more information about chemical compositions and temperatures to help understand stars.
Sun, Earth, Moon System
This document discusses the relationships between planets, moons, and other celestial bodies. It explains that the Moon orbits the Earth and is considered our natural satellite. A satellite revolves around a planet. Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes behind Earth into its shadow, while solar eclipses happen when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. The Moon's phases are caused by varying amounts of sunlight reflecting off its surface due to its orbit around Earth. Tides are also influenced by the Moon's gravity, with high and low tides occurring regularly due to the positions of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth.
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy due to an object's position or shape. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change forms.
Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms when the metals donate electrons to the nonmetals, becoming positively charged cations while the nonmetals accept electrons and become negatively charged anions. The oppositely charged ions are then attracted to each other, bonding ionically. When ionic compounds form, the charges balance out according to the formula. For example, two chloride (Cl-) ions with a charge of -1 each will balance out one magnesium (Mg2+) ion with a charge of +2, written as MgCl2. Ionic compounds form hard, brittle solids with high melting points and conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
Describing matter
This document defines key terms related to matter: matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. A pure substance has a specific, unchanging makeup like salt or sugar. Matter has physical properties that can be observed without changing its substance, like melting point, and chemical properties that describe its ability to change into other substances through reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while mixtures contain two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixtures can be homogeneous, where the parts are evenly mixed and not visible, or heterogeneous, where the different parts can be seen.
Forces in fluids
Forces in fluids can be explained by several principles:
1) Pressure is exerted equally in all directions and depends on depth, with deeper depths experiencing greater pressure from the weight of fluid above.
2) Whether an object floats or sinks depends on if its density is greater or less than the density of the surrounding fluid based on Archimedes' principle.
3) Bernoulli's principle states that as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted decreases, which can create lift.
Density!!!!!!
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It describes how closely packed the molecules of a substance are. Density can be used to calculate mass or volume when two of the three properties are known using the formula: Density = Mass/Volume, Mass = Density x Volume, or Volume = Mass/Density. Substances with a higher density than water (1 g/mL) will sink, while those with a lower density will float.
Module 1-Lesson 1_Science 6 _ Earth & Space.pptx
This document outlines a lesson plan on the solar system for 6th grade science students. It includes learning objectives about identifying the 8 planets, creating a model of the solar system, and reflecting on the importance of knowing the planets. The lesson introduces activities like a warm-up space trivia game and dividing the planets into terrestrial and jovian categories. It also provides assessments like identifying the planets and answering questions, as well as an activity to build a physical model of the solar system.
02 planets and_moons
This document provides an overview of the solar system, including the planets and moons. It begins with an introduction to the solar system, describing it as consisting of the sun and objects that orbit it, including nine planets. Each planet is then summarized, noting key features like relative size, distance from the sun, presence of moons, and other distinguishing characteristics. Moons are also briefly described as orbiting planets and varying greatly in number between planetary systems. The document concludes with sections on detecting planets orbiting other stars and includes additional online resources for further information.
Our Solar System
Our solar system is approximately 5 billion years old and contains 8 planets, dwarf planets, over 170 moons, thousands of asteroids and comets that all orbit the sun. The inner solar system contains terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system contains the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune along with Pluto and other comets. A video is provided to learn more about the characteristics of each planet and differences between terrestrial and gas giant planets.
Our Solar System
Our solar system is approximately 5 billion years old and contains 8 planets, dwarf planets, over 170 moons, thousands of asteroids and comets that all orbit the sun. The inner solar system contains terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system contains the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune along with Pluto and other comets. A video is provided to learn more about the characteristics of each planet and differences between terrestrial and gas giant planets.
02 planets and_moons
The document provides an overview of our solar system, including the sun and planets as well as moons. It describes key features of each planet from Mercury to Pluto, such as their size, visibility, and number of moons. The largest and most notable moons, such as Jupiter's Galilean moons and Mars' Phobos and Deimos, receive more detailed descriptions. The document aims to educate the reader about the composition and characteristics of objects that make up our local planetary neighborhood.
Ppt
This document provides an overview of the solar system. It defines the solar system as a collection of eight planets and their moons orbiting the sun, along with smaller bodies. Key details include the names of the eight planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The document also notes that the solar system consists of the sun and planets along with satellites, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids.
Feature article (language arts)
The document provides guidance on writing feature articles. It explains that feature articles report facts about real events or topics through sections, visuals, and quotes from experts. They need a catchy title and grabber paragraph to engage readers, as well as factual information and a wrap-up conclusion. The sample feature article takes readers on a trip through the solar system, describing the makeup of the system and key facts about planets like Mercury, Jupiter, and Pluto. It concludes that learning about space can be an exciting journey.
Solar System Intro
The document provides an overview of the solar system. It consists of the sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, many moons, asteroids, comets, and dust and gas. Our solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy along with many other solar systems. The document then lists the 8 planets in our solar system and notes that Pluto is no longer considered a planet. It goes on to explain that students will be divided into crews to research different planets in our solar system, with each student taking on the role of a scientist, politician, captain, or presenter.
The universe part 1
This document discusses the key elements that make up the universe including stars, galaxies, planets, satellites, asteroids and comets. It provides details on stars, galaxies, the solar system's eight planets which are divided into inner and outer planets, satellites, and examples of questions and activities for learning more about these celestial bodies.
Forces in fluids
This document discusses various principles related to forces in fluids. It explains that pressure relates to force over an area and is greater the deeper one is in a fluid. Objects will float if their density is less than the fluid and sink if greater. Buoyancy creates an upward force opposing gravity. Archimedes' principle states buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid. Pascal's principle explains how pressure changes in confined fluids are transmitted equally. Bernoulli's principle describes decreasing pressure as fluid speed increases.
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Motion etc
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Energy
This document discusses different types of energy: kinetic energy, which depends on an object's mass and speed; potential energy, which is stored energy from an object's position or shape; and gravitational potential energy, which depends on an object's height and weight. It also introduces the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or changed from one form to another.
Balancing equations
The document discusses how to balance chemical equations by ensuring the total number of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal. It explains that coefficients are used to represent the number of molecules in a reaction, while subscripts indicate the number of atoms in a molecule. The steps to balance an equation are to: 1) Write the unbalanced equation, 2) Count the atoms on each side, 3) Use coefficients to make the atoms equal on both sides. Examples are provided to demonstrate balancing equations through adjusting coefficients and verifying the balanced atoms.
Keplers laws
Early Greek astronomers believed in a geocentric model of the universe, with Earth at the center. Ptolemy hypothesized that planets moved in circular orbits around Earth. Nicolaus Copernicus later developed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler analyzed astronomical data collected by Tycho Brahe, leading Kepler to discover his three laws: 1) planetary orbits are ellipses rather than circles, 2) planets move faster when closer to the Sun and slower when farther, and 3) the squares of planetary orbit periods are proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the Sun.
Notes simple machines
There are 6 simple machines: the lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, wedge, and pulley. They were first defined by Renaissance scientists and make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of forces. Simple machines allow an applied force to work against a load through mechanical advantage. They transform energy rather than create it, as discovered by Galileo. Each machine functions differently based on its design and placement of fulcrums.
Notes stars
Stars are large balls of ionized gas held together by gravity that emit energy through nuclear reactions. They are classified by size, temperature, and brightness. Size categories include super giants, red giants, and main sequence stars. Temperature determines color, from red (coolest) to blue-white (hottest). Brightness depends on a star's luminosity and distance, though tools like spectroscopy can provide more information about chemical compositions and temperatures to help understand stars.
Sun, Earth, Moon System
This document discusses the relationships between planets, moons, and other celestial bodies. It explains that the Moon orbits the Earth and is considered our natural satellite. A satellite revolves around a planet. Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes behind Earth into its shadow, while solar eclipses happen when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. The Moon's phases are caused by varying amounts of sunlight reflecting off its surface due to its orbit around Earth. Tides are also influenced by the Moon's gravity, with high and low tides occurring regularly due to the positions of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth.
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy due to an object's position or shape. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change forms.
Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms when the metals donate electrons to the nonmetals, becoming positively charged cations while the nonmetals accept electrons and become negatively charged anions. The oppositely charged ions are then attracted to each other, bonding ionically. When ionic compounds form, the charges balance out according to the formula. For example, two chloride (Cl-) ions with a charge of -1 each will balance out one magnesium (Mg2+) ion with a charge of +2, written as MgCl2. Ionic compounds form hard, brittle solids with high melting points and conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
Describing matter
This document defines key terms related to matter: matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. A pure substance has a specific, unchanging makeup like salt or sugar. Matter has physical properties that can be observed without changing its substance, like melting point, and chemical properties that describe its ability to change into other substances through reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while mixtures contain two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixtures can be homogeneous, where the parts are evenly mixed and not visible, or heterogeneous, where the different parts can be seen.
Forces in fluids
Forces in fluids can be explained by several principles:
1) Pressure is exerted equally in all directions and depends on depth, with deeper depths experiencing greater pressure from the weight of fluid above.
2) Whether an object floats or sinks depends on if its density is greater or less than the density of the surrounding fluid based on Archimedes' principle.
3) Bernoulli's principle states that as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted decreases, which can create lift.
Density!!!!!!
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It describes how closely packed the molecules of a substance are. Density can be used to calculate mass or volume when two of the three properties are known using the formula: Density = Mass/Volume, Mass = Density x Volume, or Volume = Mass/Density. Substances with a higher density than water (1 g/mL) will sink, while those with a lower density will float.
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Module 1-Lesson 1_Science 6 _ Earth & Space.pptx
This document outlines a lesson plan on the solar system for 6th grade science students. It includes learning objectives about identifying the 8 planets, creating a model of the solar system, and reflecting on the importance of knowing the planets. The lesson introduces activities like a warm-up space trivia game and dividing the planets into terrestrial and jovian categories. It also provides assessments like identifying the planets and answering questions, as well as an activity to build a physical model of the solar system.
02 planets and_moons
This document provides an overview of the solar system, including the planets and moons. It begins with an introduction to the solar system, describing it as consisting of the sun and objects that orbit it, including nine planets. Each planet is then summarized, noting key features like relative size, distance from the sun, presence of moons, and other distinguishing characteristics. Moons are also briefly described as orbiting planets and varying greatly in number between planetary systems. The document concludes with sections on detecting planets orbiting other stars and includes additional online resources for further information.
Our Solar System
Our solar system is approximately 5 billion years old and contains 8 planets, dwarf planets, over 170 moons, thousands of asteroids and comets that all orbit the sun. The inner solar system contains terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system contains the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune along with Pluto and other comets. A video is provided to learn more about the characteristics of each planet and differences between terrestrial and gas giant planets.
Our Solar System
Our solar system is approximately 5 billion years old and contains 8 planets, dwarf planets, over 170 moons, thousands of asteroids and comets that all orbit the sun. The inner solar system contains terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system contains the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune along with Pluto and other comets. A video is provided to learn more about the characteristics of each planet and differences between terrestrial and gas giant planets.
02 planets and_moons
The document provides an overview of our solar system, including the sun and planets as well as moons. It describes key features of each planet from Mercury to Pluto, such as their size, visibility, and number of moons. The largest and most notable moons, such as Jupiter's Galilean moons and Mars' Phobos and Deimos, receive more detailed descriptions. The document aims to educate the reader about the composition and characteristics of objects that make up our local planetary neighborhood.
Ppt
This document provides an overview of the solar system. It defines the solar system as a collection of eight planets and their moons orbiting the sun, along with smaller bodies. Key details include the names of the eight planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The document also notes that the solar system consists of the sun and planets along with satellites, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids.
Feature article (language arts)
The document provides guidance on writing feature articles. It explains that feature articles report facts about real events or topics through sections, visuals, and quotes from experts. They need a catchy title and grabber paragraph to engage readers, as well as factual information and a wrap-up conclusion. The sample feature article takes readers on a trip through the solar system, describing the makeup of the system and key facts about planets like Mercury, Jupiter, and Pluto. It concludes that learning about space can be an exciting journey.
Solar System Intro
The document provides an overview of the solar system. It consists of the sun and everything that orbits it, including 8 planets, many moons, asteroids, comets, and dust and gas. Our solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy along with many other solar systems. The document then lists the 8 planets in our solar system and notes that Pluto is no longer considered a planet. It goes on to explain that students will be divided into crews to research different planets in our solar system, with each student taking on the role of a scientist, politician, captain, or presenter.
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This document discusses the key elements that make up the universe including stars, galaxies, planets, satellites, asteroids and comets. It provides details on stars, galaxies, the solar system's eight planets which are divided into inner and outer planets, satellites, and examples of questions and activities for learning more about these celestial bodies.
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Forces in fluids
This document discusses various principles related to forces in fluids. It explains that pressure relates to force over an area and is greater the deeper one is in a fluid. Objects will float if their density is less than the fluid and sink if greater. Buoyancy creates an upward force opposing gravity. Archimedes' principle states buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid. Pascal's principle explains how pressure changes in confined fluids are transmitted equally. Bernoulli's principle describes decreasing pressure as fluid speed increases.
Newtons laws
Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law states that acceleration depends on the net force acting on an object and its mass. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, and the law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant unless an outside force acts on it.
Motion etc
This document defines and explains key concepts related to motion, speed, velocity, and acceleration in physics. It defines motion as the changing distance between objects based on a reference point. Speed is defined as the distance traveled over time, while velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity over time, which can refer to increasing or decreasing speed or changing direction. Examples and calculations are provided for each term.
Notes galaxies
This document discusses different types of galaxies. Galaxies are massive systems of stars, dust and gas held together by gravity, and usually have a central bulge containing a supermassive black hole. The main types are spiral galaxies with arms radiating from a central bulge, barred spiral galaxies with a bar through the center, elliptical galaxies in an elliptical shape, and irregular galaxies with no defined shape. The Milky Way is described as a barred spiral galaxy over 120,000 light years in diameter containing between 100-400 billion stars. It has a massive black hole in the center, around 4 million times the sun's mass. The closest galaxy to the Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy, around 2.5 million light years
Notes nebula starlife
The document summarizes the life cycle of stars from their birth in nebulae through their evolution into red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. It explains that stars produce light through nuclear fusion, where hydrogen fuses into helium. Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas where stars are born as gravity causes material to collapse and form protostars at the center.
Star Classification
Stars are large balls of ionized gas held together by gravity that emit energy through nuclear reactions. They are classified based on size, temperature, and brightness. Size categories include super giants, red giants, main sequence, white dwarfs, and neutron stars. Temperature determines color, from red (coolest) to blue (hottest). Brightness depends on both a star's intrinsic luminosity and its distance from Earth. Spectrographs are used to analyze starlight and determine properties like chemical composition, temperature, and distance.
Asteroids, comets, meteors
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the sun and are smaller than planets. Comets are made of ice and dust with elongated orbits around the sun, forming tails as they near the sun. Meteors enter Earth's atmosphere as meteorites and appear as "shooting stars", transitioning from meteoroid to meteor to meteorite. While both appear as streaks of light, comets remain stationary while meteors quickly streak across the sky.
Keplers laws
The document discusses the history of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers to Johannes Kepler. It describes how Greeks originally believed in a geocentric model with the Earth at the center, which was later supported by Ptolemy. Copernicus then developed the heliocentric model of the sun at the center. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons and use of the telescope supported this model. Tycho Brahe and Kepler collected extensive observational data, allowing Kepler to develop his three laws: planets orbit in ellipses, their speed changes as they revolve with closer planets moving faster, and their orbital period relates to their average distance from the sun.
Notes on our solar system
Our solar system contains 1 sun, 8 planets, 5 dwarf planets, and over 170 moons. The planets are divided into two groups - terrestrial planets which are small and rocky, and gas giants which are much larger and composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Gas giants include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Dwarf planets such as Ceres and Pluto have not cleared their orbital path. Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet after astronomers discovered other similar objects in the Kuiper belt.
Notes revolution rotation
This document provides an overview of key astronomy concepts including:
- The structures of the solar system such as the sun, planets, and moons.
- Key terms like axis of rotation, period of rotation, period of revolution, and ellipses that describe planetary motion.
- Distances in our solar system measured in Astronomical Units and on a galactic scale using light years.
- How the tilt of the Earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun cause the seasons.
- The equinoxes in March and September when day and night are equal length and the solstices in June and December when the sun is farthest from the equator.
CHONPS (basic o-chem intro)
Carbon plays a central role in living organisms due to its ability to combine with itself and other elements in many ways. Organic compounds contain carbon and were originally thought to only relate to living things, but are now known to exist more broadly. Polymers are long chains of molecules formed when monomers link together repeatedly through chemical bonds, and include both synthetic materials like plastics as well as natural polymers like proteins, DNA, and silk that make up living things.
Acids bases
The document discusses acids, bases and the pH scale. It explains that the pH scale ranges from 0-14 and measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Acids have a pH below 7 and contain hydrogen ions, while bases have a pH above 7 and contain hydroxide ions. A pH of 7 is neutral. The document also provides examples of common acids and bases, their properties, and some of their uses.
Chemicall change
This document discusses observing and describing chemical changes. It defines chemical and physical properties and changes. A chemical change results in a new substance, while a physical change only changes the appearance or form of a substance. Chemical changes involve reactants changing into products and can be represented by chemical equations. They involve breaking and forming bonds. Evidence of a chemical change includes new properties, energy changes, and conservation of mass, with the same number and types of atoms in the reactants and products. A system can be open or closed to matter flow during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions
This document summarizes key concepts about chemical reactions and properties. It defines chemical properties as the ability of a substance to change into a new substance, and physical properties as observable characteristics that do not change the substance. Chemical changes result in new substances, while physical changes alter appearance but not substance. For a chemical reaction to occur, bonds must be broken and reformed, allowing atoms to rearrange. Signs that a chemical reaction has taken place include formation of a precipitate, release of heat or light, and changes in color, temperature or gas formation. Chemical equations balance reactants and products to obey the law of conservation of matter, where mass and atoms are conserved despite rearrangement during bonding changes. Reaction rates depend on factors like activation energy
Periodic table
The document summarizes the history and organization of the periodic table. It describes how Mendeleev organized the first periodic table based on atomic mass and properties, and how the modern table is organized by atomic number. The periodic table is divided into periods and groups; elements in the same group have similar properties. The document also defines metals, nonmetals, semimetals, and inert gases, and provides examples of their characteristic properties.
Metallic bonds
Metallic bonds form when metal atoms come together and their valence electrons move freely around the atomic nuclei, creating a "sea of electrons" that positively charged metal ions are suspended within. This bond structure allows metals to be malleable, ductile, shiny, electrically conductive, and thermally conductive. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are generally stronger than their pure metal components due to metallic bonding between different kinds of metal atoms.
Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to gain a full outer shell. Atoms that form covalent bonds, like hydrogen and oxygen in water, share electrons so that neutral molecules are created. Covalent bonds generally occur between nonmetals and result in molecules with low melting and boiling points that do not conduct electricity well.
Isotopes, Lewis Dot Diagrams and Predicting Reactions
This document provides a review of key concepts related to isotopes, Lewis dot diagrams, and predicting chemical reactions. It defines isotopes as variants of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Lewis dot diagrams represent valence electrons and allow prediction of how atoms will react to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable full outer shells like noble gases. Atoms react in the simplest way possible to satisfy this rule by losing or gaining the fewest electrons.
Bohr diagrams
This document discusses the key parts of an atom including atomic number, mass, protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains that the atomic number tells us the number of protons and it shows how to calculate neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass. The number of electrons is the same as the number of protons to maintain neutral charge. It demonstrates this process for carbon and neon atoms and teaches how to draw Bohr diagrams showing the nucleus and electron shells.
Evolution of atom
The document traces the evolution of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed that all matter is made up of indivisible atoms, to modern scientists like Rutherford, Bohr, Thomson, Chadwick and others. Their experiments and findings progressively revealed more about the internal structure of atoms, including discovering the electron, nucleus, neutron, and that atoms are mostly empty space with electrons in motion around the dense nucleus. The current model depicts electrons in a probabilistic "electron cloud" rather than on fixed orbits as in the Rutherford-Bohr model.
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Astronomy D2
- 1. Formation of our SOLAR SYSTEM!! Don’t worry, we will come up with something equally as exciting when you are adults.
- 2. Warm up! Stretch that brain! What is the difference between the period of rotation and the period of revolution? (think, think, think… we talked about it yesterday…. you know this!)
- 3. A quick message from our sponsor
- 4. What’s up with all these planets?! One sun, 8 planets, 5 dwarf planets,170 moons
- 6. Venus
- 7. Earth
- 8. Mars
- 9. Jupiter
- 10. Saturn
- 11. Uranus
- 13. Pluto
- 14. Haumea
- 15. Makemake
- 16. Eris
- 17. Mercury - 0
- 18. Venus - 0
- 19. Earth -1
- 20. Mars – 2
- 21. Jupiter – 63
- 22. Saturn – 61
- 23. Uranus – 27
- 24. Neptune – 13
Editor's Notes
- Activity is the inner planets activity on pages 50 and 51 in Astronomy teaching resources