This document provides an overview and summary of chapters 1 and 2 from a textbook on health information systems and electronic health records. It discusses key topics from the chapters, including: 1. The scope and conceptual model of health information systems, including how systems capture data that can then be used for various purposes like clinical decision support, research, and public health. 2. How health information systems progress over time from foundational technologies to uses of data for learning, knowledge, and driving change. 3. Different uses of health information systems in organizational and community settings like hospitals, clinics, patients' homes, insurance companies, and public health organizations.

1. assingment complete
Florida National University HSA-6197 Health Information System and Electronic Health
Records Week 1 Critical Reflection Paper: Chapters 1 & 2 Objective: To critically reflect your
understanding of the readings and your ability to apply them to your Health care Setting.
ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES (10%): Students will critically analyze the readings from
Chapter 1and 2 in your textbook. This assignment is designed to help you review, critique,
and apply the readings to your Health Care setting as well as become the foundation for all
of your remaining assignments. You need to read the chapters assigned for week 1 and
develop a 2-3-page paper reflecting your understanding and ability to apply the readings to
your Health Care Setting. Each paper must be typewritten with 12-point font and double-
spaced with standard margins. Follow APA style 7th edition format when referring to the
selected articles and include a reference page. EACH PAPER SHOULD INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING: 1. Introduction (25%) Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a
description) of each Chapter and articles you read, in your own words. 2. Your Critique
(50%) What is your reaction to the content of the articles? What did you learn about the
importance of fundamentals in Health Information System? What did you learn HIS Model
and its uses? Did these Chapter change your thoughts about HIS? If so, how? If not, what
remained the same? 3. Conclusion (15%) Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to
your critique of the articles and Chapter you read. How did these Chapters impact your
thoughts on Health Information System? Evaluation will be based on how clearly you
respond to the above, in particular: a) The clarity with which you critique the chapters; b)
The depth, scope, and organization of your paper; and, c) Your conclusions, including a
description of the impact of these Chapters on any Health Care Setting. ASSIGNMENT
RUBRICS Assignments Guidelines Introduction Your Critique Conclusion Total 10 Points 25
Points 50 Points 15 Points 100 points ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM A B+ B C+ C D F Dr.
Gisela LLamas 90% – 100% 85% – 89% 80% – 84% 75% – 79% 70% – 74% 60% – 69%
50% – 59% Or less. 10% 25% 50% 15% 100% Chapter 2: The Scope, Definition, and
Conceptual Model of HIS Introduction • Scope of HIS: all computer systems, networks, and
data created and captured by software – The conceptual model: systems and management;
health informatics; data and analytics; research, policy and public health • Progression and
maturation of HIS – Foundation, use, learning/knowledge, and change • HIS uses in
organization and community settings Systems and Their Management Scope of HIS Model
for the Health Professions Systems and Their Management • Meaningful health information
and data are only as good as the HIS platform and technical foundation that serves as the

2. data source • Data are created and captured in HIS that provide features and functions to
support • Workflows (sequences of common tasks) and • Processes (end-to-end methods)
of healthcare providers and organizations, patients, and public health professionals Systems
and Their Management • HIS that create and capture data serve as the foundation upon
which all other informationand data-related capabilities depend • Essential building blocks
of all other advanced uses of data and information – Clinical decision support (CDS) –
Artificial intelligence (AI) • Data must emanate from real healthcare processes Systems and
Their Management • Health informatics – The use of information systems and technology to
redesign, improve, and recreate the way work is done in medicine, nursing, medical
imaging, and public health – Focus on certain quality- or process-improvement objectives,
which vary based on the setting – Comprise the “use” of the computer capabilities HIS
provide to end users Systems and Their Management • Data – Primary uses involve
transactions that support dayto-day activities of professionals and organizations – Must be
aggregated and compiled to create meaningful information – Creating of information and
ability to conduct analysis and gain knowledge are dependent upon the creation and
capture of individual data elements Systems and Their Management • Data – ”Business
intelligence” (BI): Value realized by flexibly analyzing comprehensive stores of data
representing the totality of an organization’s/provider’s scope of activity – In health care,
the BI concept leads to the notion of “clinical intelligence” (CI) Systems and Their
Management • Research, policy, and public health – Data created and captured in HIS
become available for research – Fuel the work of university researchers and enable analysts
to measure health and provide evidence for improving efficiency and effectiveness of
healthcare processes and outcomes – Policy makers rely on researchers’ findings – Data
captures in electronic health record (EHR) systems are aggregated into databases Systems
and Their Management Data creation/data aggregation Systems and Their Management •
Research, policy, and public health – Public health officials harvest HIS data – Work expands
from a individual to national to international in scope – Data are analyzed according to
dimensions • Demographic, pathogen, disease, provider, payment mechanism, etc. –
Options/variations available for a particular scope are determined by the available data
Progression and Maturation of HIS Through the HIS Conceptual Model HIS progression and
maturation Progression and Maturation of HIS Through the HIS Conceptual Model 1.
Foundation – Progression begins with a strong foundation of technology and infrastructure
and core HIS and their effective and proper management – Subsequent layers cannot exist
without this Progression and Maturation of HIS Through the HIS Conceptual Model 2. Use
(people, process, data, and informatics) – Health informatics • Support of healthcare
activities and use of HIS to develop more effective workflows in the care of patients –
Success is an outcome of the balanced involvement of people-process-technology •
“Informaticist”: intersection of computers; the work of professionals using those systems;
and the work of IT professionals designing, building, and implementing Progression and
Maturation of HIS Through the HIS Conceptual Model 3. Learning/knowledge (Analytics: BI,
CI, AI) – Use of data for gaining new knowledge begins when transactional data are created
and captured in HIS through use of HIS software and then coalesced into databased and
analytics platforms – These data are used for analysis and creation of CDS, BI, CI – AI

3. employs newer technological capabilities • Machine learning, natural language processing
Progression and Maturation of HIS Through the HIS Conceptual Model 4. Change (global
HIS, policy, and research) – Eventually the progression and maturation of use of HIS and
data they produce will improve our ability to conduct research, create effective policy, and
improve public health through change – Path to change for the better is illuminated by
evidence HIS Uses in Organizational and Community Settings • Mission, vision, and goals of
each organization will drive types of systems “core” to its purpose • “What is the
fundamental reason for using HIS?” – Requires thinking through types of systems and
access to data different kinds of providers will need to deliver care and measure outcomes –
Also need to determine types of HIS needed by different types of payers,
patients/consumers, public health agencies, or research organizations HIS Uses in
Organizational and Community Settings • Inpatient, outpatient, and ambulatory healthcare
provider organizations – Anywhere care is delivered, HIS and data they house play an
essential role – Internet was a game-changer in spread of HIS across all settings • Kaiser
Permanente, Intermountain Health System, Veterans’ Administration were pioneering
organizations – Current norm in U.S. health care is automation – Has created a multibillion-
dollar HIS industry – HIS now connect to external partners HIS Uses in Organizational and
Community Settings • Patients’/consumers’ homes – Mobile computing and use of Internet
allow patients to access their records and providers, monitor personalize health data –
Health-related information is accessible – Best outcomes in organizational performance and
clinical care involve patient engagement – People expect to be part of their own healthcare
process – Innovators are embracing means of personal connectivity and engagement using
IT tools widely applied in other industries HIS Uses in Organizational and Community
Settings • Payers, insurance companies, and government programs and agencies – Private
insurance companies, government programs, self-pay • Public health organizations – Exist
to monitor, protect, and improve public health – Serve as “safety net” by providing health
care for uninsured/underinsured patients – Typically funded by government programs –
Some exist to measure, monitor, and report statistics (CDC, Public Health Institute) Case
Example: Vista’s Future: Exchanging Innovation for Commercialization? • Background • The
challenges needing a solution • The solution • Anticipated outcomes of the new approaches
HIS Uses in Organizational and Community Settings • Health information exchanges and
regional health information organizations – Health information exchange (HIE):
collaborative arrangements with goal of sharing patient-related health information – Aim is
to improve timeliness of data availability, support clinicians in emergency situations, make
existing data available in an emergency, reduce need to repeat tests – Interoperability:
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act and
Meaningful Use (MU) HIS Uses in Organizational and Community Settings • Health
information exchanges and regional health information organizations – Regional health
information organizations (RHIOs) Organizations designed to accomplish HIE have gained
momentum as result of HITECH Act – Work in MU initiated through HITECH Act is being
built upon by Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), which
combines quality and process improvement activities into one program HIS Uses in
Organizational and Community Settings • External regulatory, reporting, research, and

4. public health organizations – Some third-party organizations set standards (metrics) for
healthcare providers to use when measuring quality and cost of services – They then create
benchmarks from aggregated data and issue report cards – Some external organizations are
state or federal regulatory agencies – Some monitor key metrics regarding quality of care
for a particular state or the country as a whole HIS Uses in Organizational and Community
Settings • External regulatory, reporting, research, and public health organizations – The
Joint Commission: quasi-regulatory organization that inspects and accredits hospitals based
on ability to meet a rigorous set of scored criteria – The Cardiac Reporting Organization:
established to monitor cardiac mortality rates nationally – Some third-party reporting
relationships are voluntary to enable comparison to similar organizations in an effort to
improve cost performance, quality of care, and transparency to communities HIS Uses in
Organizational and Community Settings • External regulatory, reporting, research, and
public health organizations – Secondary uses of data: data originally created and captured
in the clinical and administrative transactions systems of health provider organizations –
Primary uses of data: data created and housed in these providers’ HIS HIS Uses in
Organizational and Community Settings Summary of Meaningful Use Criteria Stages 1, 2,
and 3 HIS Uses in Organizational and Community Settings Primary and secondary uses of
HIS data Data from the Institute of Medicine Report “Key Capabilities of an Electronic Health
Record System: Letter Report.” Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.
Summary • The layers of the HIS conceptual model provide a comprehensive view of the
total scope of HIS activity – HIS and management – Health information – Business
intelligence/clinical intelligence – Research, policy, and public health • HIS are used
extensively in a wide variety of organizational and community settings