A study on noise pollution in selected sawmills (Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumuosi sawmills) in Port Harcourt was carried out. Physical measurements of the noise levels of sawmill machines, including Table Saw, Planing Machine,Stenner 48 Bandsaw, and Sharpening Machine, were made using a digital sound level meter. The background noise of the sawmills ranged 70.58 – 79.70 dBA in the order of Mile 3 > Mile 1 >Rumuosi. The average noise level of sawmill machines for Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumuosi ranged 89.76±0.09- 100.49±0.20dBA, 89.81±0.13 - 97.00±0.46dBA and 89.76±0.07 -100.10±0.53dBA, respectively. In the three sawmills studied, the Sharpening machine recorded the least noise levelwhile the Planing machine had the highest. The noise dose (D) of the Sharpening machine at the three sawmills ranged 0.97 - 0.98, which is below the permissible limit of 1, while the D for Table Saw, Planing Machine and Stenner 48 Bandsawranged 1.86 - 4.27, which is in excess of 1. From the measured noise level and the estimated D, an empirical model that could predict the recommended time a worker is supposed to work with the identified sawmill machines was developed for each of the three sawmills. The values obtained for the hearing deterioration indexindicate that the risk of developing hearing loss after 35 years of exposure is likely to be in the order of Planing machine > Table saw >Stenner 48 bandsaw > Sharpening machine. It is concluded that there is noise pollution emanating from these sawmill machines.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de sistemas operativos y software. Explica que el software libre es gratuito o de bajo costo, mientras que el software comercial se vende para generar ganancias. Detalla dos tipos principales de sistemas operativos - aquellos con interfaz gráfica y aquellos de modo de texto. También enumera versiones populares de Windows y elementos básicos de la interfaz de usuario de Windows.
PANORAMA DE LA ACUICULTURA MUNDIAL, AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Y EN EL PERÚDavid Mendoza Ramirez
La acuicultura en el mundo se ha convertido en una importante industria proveedora de alimentos de alto valor nutricional y generadora de empleo e ingresos en los países tanto desarrollados así como en los que se encuentran en vías de desarrollo; la actividad de acuicultura es realizada por grandes empresas a niveles industriales con tecnologías
sofisticadas, por acuicultores de micro y pequeña empresa (AMYPE) a niveles semi intensivos con tecnologías medias y por diversas comunidades pesqueras, campesinas y nativas a niveles de subsistencia o de recursos limitados con fines de seguridad alimentaria.
La acuicultura se desarrolla con diversas especies de peces, crustáceos, moluscos y plantas acuáticas (algas) empleando diversos tipos de sistemas sencillos y de bajo costo hasta sistemas modernos y tecnificados como factorías con sistemas de recirculación, sistemas de fotoperiodo, jaulas flotantes industriales y con un fuerte componente de innovación y tecnología para la producción de semilla, el proceso de crecimiento y engorda, prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades, trazabilidad, buenas prácticas acuícolas y estas con un enfoque ecosistémico para la actividad de acuicultura.
El presente informe ha sido elaborado con el propósito de dar a conocer el actual panorama y tendencias relevantes de la acuicultura mundial y a nivel de la región de América Latina y El Caribe (ALC), su evolución plasmada en los niveles de cosecha de los principales recursos hidrobiológicos de la acuicultura estableciendo además un ranking mundial y regional de países productores de especies acuícolas, así como la participación del Perú en el escenario tanto mundial como regional en particular sobre las principales especies de la acuicultura peruana como son la concha de abanico, langostinos (camarón patiblanco), trucha arco iris, tilapia y algunos peces amazónicos como es la gamitana (cachama y cachama blanca).
El informe, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos relevantes de la acuicultura mundial, regional y a nivel país ha abarcado el cómo podría evolucionar la acuicultura peruana y un breve análisis respecto a algunas acciones que se vienen desarrollando en el marco de la reciente política nacional aprobada para el desarrollo sostenible de la acuicultura en el Perú, algunas proyecciones del crecimiento de la producción acuícola para el año 2011 así como para los años 2015 y 2018.
Este documento resume dos lecturas sobre cómo hacer una buena presentación oral. Ambas lecturas discuten puntos clave como recopilar información, sentirse seguro al presentar, y planificar, realizar y evaluar una presentación. Si bien los temas tienen nombres diferentes, abordan los mismos puntos importantes como prepararse bien y dominar los nervios. El autor concluye que para tener una buena presentación oral se debe considerar los puntos clave de ambas lecturas.
Noticias inmobiliarias de hoy - 28 de noviembrePrueba Social
Este documento resume las principales noticias del sector inmobiliario en España. Incluye noticias sobre descuentos de hasta el 70% en viviendas durante el Black Friday, la fusión de Merlin y Metrovacesa que crea al principal grupo inmobiliario del país, y sobre el aumento del 10% en el número de hipotecas sobre viviendas en septiembre.
El documento describe el crecimiento económico sostenido de El Salvador luego de los Acuerdos de Paz de 1992, con tasas de hasta el 6-7% en los años 90. Recientemente el crecimiento ha sido del 2.5-4.7% anual, principalmente en los sectores agrícola y de servicios. A pesar de la crisis mundial, el crecimiento de El Salvador ha sido menor que en otros países centroamericanos. La pobreza también se ha reducido sustancialmente desde 1991.
El documento describe un curso de liderazgo llamado "La Cumbre" que busca desarrollar las habilidades de liderazgo de los participantes a través de 10 sesiones mensuales de 5 horas cada una. Cada sesión cubre un tema diferente como gestión del tiempo, trabajo en equipo, planeación estratégica y manejo del cambio, entre otros. El objetivo es que los participantes adquieran las competencias necesarias para dirigir con éxito un grupo de trabajo de cualquier tipo. Al final del curso se otorga un diploma.
El documento presenta un breve esquema de la vida del Mtro. Felipe de Jesús Cabral Álvarez en cuanto a su preparación profesional, desde la primaria hasta la maestría. Luego introduce los principales comandos de control en la programación con Small Basic, incluyendo IF, Then, For, Sub, Endsub, y GOTO.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de sistemas operativos y software. Explica que el software libre es gratuito o de bajo costo, mientras que el software comercial se vende para generar ganancias. Detalla dos tipos principales de sistemas operativos - aquellos con interfaz gráfica y aquellos de modo de texto. También enumera versiones populares de Windows y elementos básicos de la interfaz de usuario de Windows.
PANORAMA DE LA ACUICULTURA MUNDIAL, AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Y EN EL PERÚDavid Mendoza Ramirez
La acuicultura en el mundo se ha convertido en una importante industria proveedora de alimentos de alto valor nutricional y generadora de empleo e ingresos en los países tanto desarrollados así como en los que se encuentran en vías de desarrollo; la actividad de acuicultura es realizada por grandes empresas a niveles industriales con tecnologías
sofisticadas, por acuicultores de micro y pequeña empresa (AMYPE) a niveles semi intensivos con tecnologías medias y por diversas comunidades pesqueras, campesinas y nativas a niveles de subsistencia o de recursos limitados con fines de seguridad alimentaria.
La acuicultura se desarrolla con diversas especies de peces, crustáceos, moluscos y plantas acuáticas (algas) empleando diversos tipos de sistemas sencillos y de bajo costo hasta sistemas modernos y tecnificados como factorías con sistemas de recirculación, sistemas de fotoperiodo, jaulas flotantes industriales y con un fuerte componente de innovación y tecnología para la producción de semilla, el proceso de crecimiento y engorda, prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades, trazabilidad, buenas prácticas acuícolas y estas con un enfoque ecosistémico para la actividad de acuicultura.
El presente informe ha sido elaborado con el propósito de dar a conocer el actual panorama y tendencias relevantes de la acuicultura mundial y a nivel de la región de América Latina y El Caribe (ALC), su evolución plasmada en los niveles de cosecha de los principales recursos hidrobiológicos de la acuicultura estableciendo además un ranking mundial y regional de países productores de especies acuícolas, así como la participación del Perú en el escenario tanto mundial como regional en particular sobre las principales especies de la acuicultura peruana como son la concha de abanico, langostinos (camarón patiblanco), trucha arco iris, tilapia y algunos peces amazónicos como es la gamitana (cachama y cachama blanca).
El informe, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos relevantes de la acuicultura mundial, regional y a nivel país ha abarcado el cómo podría evolucionar la acuicultura peruana y un breve análisis respecto a algunas acciones que se vienen desarrollando en el marco de la reciente política nacional aprobada para el desarrollo sostenible de la acuicultura en el Perú, algunas proyecciones del crecimiento de la producción acuícola para el año 2011 así como para los años 2015 y 2018.
Este documento resume dos lecturas sobre cómo hacer una buena presentación oral. Ambas lecturas discuten puntos clave como recopilar información, sentirse seguro al presentar, y planificar, realizar y evaluar una presentación. Si bien los temas tienen nombres diferentes, abordan los mismos puntos importantes como prepararse bien y dominar los nervios. El autor concluye que para tener una buena presentación oral se debe considerar los puntos clave de ambas lecturas.
Noticias inmobiliarias de hoy - 28 de noviembrePrueba Social
Este documento resume las principales noticias del sector inmobiliario en España. Incluye noticias sobre descuentos de hasta el 70% en viviendas durante el Black Friday, la fusión de Merlin y Metrovacesa que crea al principal grupo inmobiliario del país, y sobre el aumento del 10% en el número de hipotecas sobre viviendas en septiembre.
El documento describe el crecimiento económico sostenido de El Salvador luego de los Acuerdos de Paz de 1992, con tasas de hasta el 6-7% en los años 90. Recientemente el crecimiento ha sido del 2.5-4.7% anual, principalmente en los sectores agrícola y de servicios. A pesar de la crisis mundial, el crecimiento de El Salvador ha sido menor que en otros países centroamericanos. La pobreza también se ha reducido sustancialmente desde 1991.
El documento describe un curso de liderazgo llamado "La Cumbre" que busca desarrollar las habilidades de liderazgo de los participantes a través de 10 sesiones mensuales de 5 horas cada una. Cada sesión cubre un tema diferente como gestión del tiempo, trabajo en equipo, planeación estratégica y manejo del cambio, entre otros. El objetivo es que los participantes adquieran las competencias necesarias para dirigir con éxito un grupo de trabajo de cualquier tipo. Al final del curso se otorga un diploma.
El documento presenta un breve esquema de la vida del Mtro. Felipe de Jesús Cabral Álvarez en cuanto a su preparación profesional, desde la primaria hasta la maestría. Luego introduce los principales comandos de control en la programación con Small Basic, incluyendo IF, Then, For, Sub, Endsub, y GOTO.
Unsteady MHD Flow Past A Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate With Heat Source/ Sink:...IJERA Editor
This document presents an approach to solving multi-objective transportation problems using fuzzy goal programming and non-linear membership functions. It defines efficient, weak efficient, and optimal compromise solutions for multi-objective transportation problems. Three non-linear membership functions are proposed: exponential, hyperbolic, and linear. A fuzzy goal programming technique is used to solve the transportation problem, applying the different membership functions to generate equivalent linear or non-linear models. The approach is aimed to determine the impact of using non-linear versus linear membership functions on obtaining the optimal compromise solution.
Denis Vincent, un homme avec beaucoup de réalisations et très reconnue dans le monde des affaires du Canada. Il a débuté sa carrière dans le domaine de la vente mais savait qu'il voulait beaucoup plus.
Application of Lean Tools in the Oil Field Safety ManagementIJERA Editor
Current safety management in oil fields is in low efficiency and data from DOE indicated that the injury rate in the oil and gas field was greater than those for all the other U.S. industries. The paperintroduced lean concepts and tools to the safety management in oil fields. In theresearch, a new safety management methodology has been set up. The study also compared the current safety management and the new safety management which was built up by lean concepts. In addition, several lean tools have been modified to make them fit and work better in oil fields
El Plan Ceibal busca promover la inclusión digital y reducir la brecha digital en Uruguay mediante la provisión gratuita de computadoras portátiles y acceso a Internet a todos los estudiantes y docentes de escuelas públicas primarias y secundarias. El plan tiene como objetivos principales brindar acceso universal a la tecnología para todos los niños, contribuir a disminuir las diferencias en el acceso al conocimiento entre regiones de Uruguay y acercar al país a naciones más avanzadas tecnológicamente.
This document introduces the main characters Dan Thompson and Ellen Carter in an upcoming short film. Dan Thompson is described as a tall, dark-haired, dark-eyed, cheery, bubbly, outgoing, romantic and charming male. Ellen Carter is described as intelligent, beautiful, dark-haired, dark-eyed and funny. Both characters are played by Matthew Johnson and Jade Knaggs respectively.
Radio Times is a British weekly magazine that provides television and radio program listings. It was founded in 1923 by John Reith, the first director-general of the BBC, making it the world's first broadcast listings magazine. Initially a joint venture between the BBC and a publisher, the BBC took over editorial control in 1925 and full ownership by 1927. In the 1930s, Radio Times became the first magazine to provide television listings as well.
تقرير لجنة الصناعة والطاقة والثروات الطبيعية والبنية الأساسية والبيئة
حول الباب السادس عشر من مشروع ميزانية الدولة لسنة 2017 المتعلق
بوزارة الطاقة والمناجم والطاقات المتجددة
This document provides an overview of products from oops' Small World, including their "On the Go" collection of 3D bags and backpacks for children. It describes 14 different bag and backpack products, highlighting features like adjustable straps, retractable handles, and thermal insulation. Safety and quality standards are also summarized.
Noise pollution in a Refining & Petrochemical Company in Nigeria.IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the concern about noise pollution is acquiring considerable importance especiallly in industrial enviroment where there exist alot of machinerys and equipment. The aim of this study was to determine the level of noise pollution generated by some plants specifically Carbon Black Plant, Power Plant & Utilities, Waste Water treatment Plant and Fuels Plant in Warri Refining & Petrochemical Company (WRPC), Warri, Nigeria and recommmend strageties for noise control. Noise level data was obtained from the environmental monitoring unit of WRPC for period April to November, 2012 .The results showed that the noise level exceeded the 85 dB(A) WHO recommended limit for industrial area in the Carbon Black Plant,Power Plant & Utilities and Fuels Plant in WRPC but was lower than 85 dB(A) in Waste Water treatment Plant section of WRPC.It was observed that such noise pollution can present health problems to the workers.Recommendations have been made to the company in this study to remedy this problems and challenges.
This academic article discusses noise pollution in a steel fabrication industry and its impacts on worker health. It measures noise levels at different locations in the industry and examines how prolonged industrial noise exposure affects hearing capacity through worker interviews and clinical examinations. The article finds that most workers report issues like lack of concentration and headaches from noise. Clinical tests show some workers have permanent hearing threshold shifts or mild to moderate hearing loss due to long-term noise exposure.
Assessment of Noise Levels and Their Subjective Annoyance to the Cardiac Pati...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed noise levels and their impact on cardiac patients at a 100-bed cardiac hospital in India. Noise level measurements were taken over 16 hours at 4 locations within the hospital using a sound level meter. The results showed noise levels consistently exceeded limits set by authorities. Reception and the outpatient department had the highest noise levels. Noise was found to impact cardiac patients by disrupting sleep, causing restlessness and elevated blood pressure. The sources of noise included medical equipment, staff conversations, and other hospital activities. Mitigating noise in hospitals is important to reduce its negative health impacts on patients.
IRJET- Assessment of Noise Pollution in Commercial and Residential Areas and ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes 7 research papers and 2 reports on noise pollution in India. The key findings are:
1) Noise levels exceeded standards in residential, commercial, and industrial areas of cities studied due to increasing population, vehicles, and industrial activities.
2) Noise pollution adversely impacts human health, causing hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other health issues.
3) Major sources of noise pollution identified are vehicles, construction, industrial activities, and public address systems.
4) Studies found increasing noise levels over time as urbanization increased. Control measures like limits, afforestation, and maintenance of vehicles are needed to reduce noise pollution.
Comparative assessment of noise levels in various laboratories and constructi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses noise pollution, its sources, effects, and measures for prevention. It identifies major sources of noise pollution as household activities, social events, commercial/industrial activities, and transportation. Noise from industries, construction sites, vehicles, and agricultural machinery can harm hearing and health. Prevention measures include limiting noisy activities near settlements, proper vehicle maintenance, and soundproofing buildings.
Effect of Air Quality in vicinity of Stone crusher: A case study in Billaua G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of air quality near stone crushing units in Billaua, Gwalior, India. 47 stone crushing units were operating in close proximity. 8 ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up to measure particulate matter (PM10) concentrations. PM10 levels near crushers ranged from 313-784 μg/m3, exceeding national standards. Nearby residential areas also experienced elevated PM10 levels. A health survey found high rates of respiratory, skin and hearing problems among workers. The document concludes that stone crushing dust poses significant health risks and recommendations are made to improve safety compliance and monitoring.
Applications of Agro Waste Cellulosic Material in Acoustic AbsorptionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the sound absorption properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics made from blends of areca, kapok, and cotton fibers. Nonwoven fabrics were produced with different fiber blend ratios and their tensile strength, thermal conductivity, air permeability, and sound absorption were tested. The highest sound absorption coefficient measured was 0.923. Needlepunched nonwoven fabrics produced in this study show potential as sustainable sound insulation materials for applications like theaters, malls, and auditoriums.
This document discusses noise mapping of the campus of the College of Engineering at Al-Mustansiriyah University. Various noise sources on the campus were identified, including electrical generators, parking lots, workshops, and road traffic. Noise measurements were taken at different locations on the campus and compared when the generators were on and off. Based on the noise mappings, the dominant noise levels on the campus exceeded the permissible limit of 55 dB(A) set by the WHO, particularly near areas where students gathered. The noise mappings were created using real measurements and the SoundPlan software to identify the worst noise sources affecting students on the campus.
Statistical Analysis to Audiometric Evaluation with Internal Collaborators in...AI Publications
Since the Industrial Revolution period, workers have been exposed to noisy work environments that are detrimental to their hearing health. However, in Brazil, mandatory audiometric testing occurred late, and were implemented in the end of 1970s. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) occurs when there is continuous exposure to loud noise, which causes hearing damage, and it is quite common in industry environments, being, then, the center of this work study: the influence of the working are of a sugar and alcohol industry located in the interior of the State of São Paulo in which the hearing of analyzed employees in a period of one year. I´d been used a sample of twenty-eight employees, half of whom were located in the transportation sector and the other half from machine operators. The analysis was performed, comparatively, in 2017 and 2018, considering frequency analysis between 500 and 8000 Hz. As a result for the right ear, there was a reduction in the percentage of NIHL in the transportation sector from 2017 to 2018, while the left ear remained stable. For the machine operators sector, the relationship was inverse, in which an increase in NIHL value checked for the right ear was obtained, so that the left ear remained constant.
IRJET- Assessment of Noise Pollution Near Ness Wadia CollegeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed noise pollution levels near Ness Wadia College in India. Researchers measured noise levels daily for two weeks near the college to understand sources and identify times when noise was minimum. They found that vehicles, particularly buses, trucks, cars, and two-wheelers, were the main sources of noise. The noise levels often exceeded recommended limits. To address this, the study proposed using white noise, pink noise, or wireless vehicle horns to reduce noise pollution in sensitive areas like colleges. It aimed to identify alternative traffic routes and times that could lower noise exposure for students at the college.
Predicted impairment and handicap from exposure to steady state broad-band in...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes research on predicting impairment and handicap from exposure to steady-state broad-band industrial noise. The researchers used empirical formulas to predict monaural impairment and hearing handicap values for different exposure levels. They found that both impairment and handicap increase with exposure level, supporting the equal energy hypothesis. The values of hearing handicap were always higher than impairment values.
Unsteady MHD Flow Past A Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate With Heat Source/ Sink:...IJERA Editor
This document presents an approach to solving multi-objective transportation problems using fuzzy goal programming and non-linear membership functions. It defines efficient, weak efficient, and optimal compromise solutions for multi-objective transportation problems. Three non-linear membership functions are proposed: exponential, hyperbolic, and linear. A fuzzy goal programming technique is used to solve the transportation problem, applying the different membership functions to generate equivalent linear or non-linear models. The approach is aimed to determine the impact of using non-linear versus linear membership functions on obtaining the optimal compromise solution.
Denis Vincent, un homme avec beaucoup de réalisations et très reconnue dans le monde des affaires du Canada. Il a débuté sa carrière dans le domaine de la vente mais savait qu'il voulait beaucoup plus.
Application of Lean Tools in the Oil Field Safety ManagementIJERA Editor
Current safety management in oil fields is in low efficiency and data from DOE indicated that the injury rate in the oil and gas field was greater than those for all the other U.S. industries. The paperintroduced lean concepts and tools to the safety management in oil fields. In theresearch, a new safety management methodology has been set up. The study also compared the current safety management and the new safety management which was built up by lean concepts. In addition, several lean tools have been modified to make them fit and work better in oil fields
El Plan Ceibal busca promover la inclusión digital y reducir la brecha digital en Uruguay mediante la provisión gratuita de computadoras portátiles y acceso a Internet a todos los estudiantes y docentes de escuelas públicas primarias y secundarias. El plan tiene como objetivos principales brindar acceso universal a la tecnología para todos los niños, contribuir a disminuir las diferencias en el acceso al conocimiento entre regiones de Uruguay y acercar al país a naciones más avanzadas tecnológicamente.
This document introduces the main characters Dan Thompson and Ellen Carter in an upcoming short film. Dan Thompson is described as a tall, dark-haired, dark-eyed, cheery, bubbly, outgoing, romantic and charming male. Ellen Carter is described as intelligent, beautiful, dark-haired, dark-eyed and funny. Both characters are played by Matthew Johnson and Jade Knaggs respectively.
Radio Times is a British weekly magazine that provides television and radio program listings. It was founded in 1923 by John Reith, the first director-general of the BBC, making it the world's first broadcast listings magazine. Initially a joint venture between the BBC and a publisher, the BBC took over editorial control in 1925 and full ownership by 1927. In the 1930s, Radio Times became the first magazine to provide television listings as well.
تقرير لجنة الصناعة والطاقة والثروات الطبيعية والبنية الأساسية والبيئة
حول الباب السادس عشر من مشروع ميزانية الدولة لسنة 2017 المتعلق
بوزارة الطاقة والمناجم والطاقات المتجددة
This document provides an overview of products from oops' Small World, including their "On the Go" collection of 3D bags and backpacks for children. It describes 14 different bag and backpack products, highlighting features like adjustable straps, retractable handles, and thermal insulation. Safety and quality standards are also summarized.
Noise pollution in a Refining & Petrochemical Company in Nigeria.IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the concern about noise pollution is acquiring considerable importance especiallly in industrial enviroment where there exist alot of machinerys and equipment. The aim of this study was to determine the level of noise pollution generated by some plants specifically Carbon Black Plant, Power Plant & Utilities, Waste Water treatment Plant and Fuels Plant in Warri Refining & Petrochemical Company (WRPC), Warri, Nigeria and recommmend strageties for noise control. Noise level data was obtained from the environmental monitoring unit of WRPC for period April to November, 2012 .The results showed that the noise level exceeded the 85 dB(A) WHO recommended limit for industrial area in the Carbon Black Plant,Power Plant & Utilities and Fuels Plant in WRPC but was lower than 85 dB(A) in Waste Water treatment Plant section of WRPC.It was observed that such noise pollution can present health problems to the workers.Recommendations have been made to the company in this study to remedy this problems and challenges.
This academic article discusses noise pollution in a steel fabrication industry and its impacts on worker health. It measures noise levels at different locations in the industry and examines how prolonged industrial noise exposure affects hearing capacity through worker interviews and clinical examinations. The article finds that most workers report issues like lack of concentration and headaches from noise. Clinical tests show some workers have permanent hearing threshold shifts or mild to moderate hearing loss due to long-term noise exposure.
Assessment of Noise Levels and Their Subjective Annoyance to the Cardiac Pati...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed noise levels and their impact on cardiac patients at a 100-bed cardiac hospital in India. Noise level measurements were taken over 16 hours at 4 locations within the hospital using a sound level meter. The results showed noise levels consistently exceeded limits set by authorities. Reception and the outpatient department had the highest noise levels. Noise was found to impact cardiac patients by disrupting sleep, causing restlessness and elevated blood pressure. The sources of noise included medical equipment, staff conversations, and other hospital activities. Mitigating noise in hospitals is important to reduce its negative health impacts on patients.
IRJET- Assessment of Noise Pollution in Commercial and Residential Areas and ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes 7 research papers and 2 reports on noise pollution in India. The key findings are:
1) Noise levels exceeded standards in residential, commercial, and industrial areas of cities studied due to increasing population, vehicles, and industrial activities.
2) Noise pollution adversely impacts human health, causing hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other health issues.
3) Major sources of noise pollution identified are vehicles, construction, industrial activities, and public address systems.
4) Studies found increasing noise levels over time as urbanization increased. Control measures like limits, afforestation, and maintenance of vehicles are needed to reduce noise pollution.
Comparative assessment of noise levels in various laboratories and constructi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses noise pollution, its sources, effects, and measures for prevention. It identifies major sources of noise pollution as household activities, social events, commercial/industrial activities, and transportation. Noise from industries, construction sites, vehicles, and agricultural machinery can harm hearing and health. Prevention measures include limiting noisy activities near settlements, proper vehicle maintenance, and soundproofing buildings.
Effect of Air Quality in vicinity of Stone crusher: A case study in Billaua G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of air quality near stone crushing units in Billaua, Gwalior, India. 47 stone crushing units were operating in close proximity. 8 ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up to measure particulate matter (PM10) concentrations. PM10 levels near crushers ranged from 313-784 μg/m3, exceeding national standards. Nearby residential areas also experienced elevated PM10 levels. A health survey found high rates of respiratory, skin and hearing problems among workers. The document concludes that stone crushing dust poses significant health risks and recommendations are made to improve safety compliance and monitoring.
Applications of Agro Waste Cellulosic Material in Acoustic AbsorptionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the sound absorption properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics made from blends of areca, kapok, and cotton fibers. Nonwoven fabrics were produced with different fiber blend ratios and their tensile strength, thermal conductivity, air permeability, and sound absorption were tested. The highest sound absorption coefficient measured was 0.923. Needlepunched nonwoven fabrics produced in this study show potential as sustainable sound insulation materials for applications like theaters, malls, and auditoriums.
This document discusses noise mapping of the campus of the College of Engineering at Al-Mustansiriyah University. Various noise sources on the campus were identified, including electrical generators, parking lots, workshops, and road traffic. Noise measurements were taken at different locations on the campus and compared when the generators were on and off. Based on the noise mappings, the dominant noise levels on the campus exceeded the permissible limit of 55 dB(A) set by the WHO, particularly near areas where students gathered. The noise mappings were created using real measurements and the SoundPlan software to identify the worst noise sources affecting students on the campus.
Statistical Analysis to Audiometric Evaluation with Internal Collaborators in...AI Publications
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Assessment of noise pollution in selected sawmills in Port Harcourt
1. Ejikeme Ugwoha.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -3) November 2016, pp.20-25
www.ijera.com 20|P a g e
Assessment of noise pollution in selected sawmills in Port
Harcourt
Ejikeme Ugwoha1*
, Yusuf Momoh2
and Felix E. Arusuraire3
1,2
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Nigeria
3
Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 2, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
A study on noise pollution in selected sawmills (Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumuosi sawmills) in Port Harcourt was
carried out. Physical measurements of the noise levels of sawmill machines, including Table Saw, Planing
Machine,Stenner 48 Bandsaw, and Sharpening Machine, were made using a digital sound level meter. The
background noise of the sawmills ranged 70.58 – 79.70 dBA in the order of Mile 3 > Mile 1 >Rumuosi. The
average noise level of sawmill machines for Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumuosi ranged 89.76±0.09- 100.49±0.20dBA,
89.81±0.13 - 97.00±0.46dBA and 89.76±0.07 -100.10±0.53dBA, respectively. In the three sawmills studied, the
Sharpening machine recorded the least noise levelwhile the Planing machine had the highest. The noise dose (D)
of the Sharpening machine at the three sawmills ranged 0.97 - 0.98, which is below the permissible limit of 1,
while the D for Table Saw, Planing Machine and Stenner 48 Bandsawranged 1.86 - 4.27, which is in excess of
1. From the measured noise level and the estimated D, an empirical model that could predict the recommended
time a worker is supposed to work with the identified sawmill machines was developed for each of the three
sawmills. The values obtained for the hearing deterioration indexindicate that the risk of developing hearing loss
after 35 years of exposure is likely to be in the order of Planing machine > Table saw >Stenner 48 bandsaw >
Sharpening machine. It is concluded that there is noise pollution emanating from these sawmill machines.
Keywords: Sawmill; Sawing machines; Noise pollution; Noise dose; Hearing impairment
I. INTRODUCTION
Noise is asignificant environmental
pollutant and a threat to the quality of man’s
atmosphere. It is considered by the World Health
Organization to be the third most hazardous type of
pollution, after air and water pollution (WHO,
2005). Exposure to excessive noise has negative
impacts on the victims. The most common being
hearing impairment in which the ability of the
individual to hear and participate in conversation is
greatly reduced (Baker, 1997).
Although hearing loss is the most clearly
measurable health hazard, noise is also linked to
other physiological and psychological
problems(Yahaya et al., 2012; Agbalagba et al.,
2013). It annoys, awakens, angers and frustrates
people. It disrupts communication and individual
thoughts, and affects performance capability. The
resultant effect of excessive noise exposure has
been studied in many fields. Wilkinson (2002)
reported a study in which a person in distress in a
noisy environment received no help from passersby
because her cry could not be heard, while a similar
person in a quiet environment was readily attended
to. Baker (1997) reported that students in a quiet
environment performed better than those in a noisy
area because the students and teachers in the quiet
school had fewer distractions and concentrated
more on teaching and learning. High noise levels of
sufficient duration can result in temporary or
permanent hearing loss (Sincero and Sincero,
1996). This is generally associated with those
working in industrial plants or operating
machineries.
Noise pollution in several industrial
workplaces has been extensively studied. Some of
these studies investigated noise pollution in
sawmills, printing presses, corn mills,oil mills,
textile factories, integrated steel plants, feedmills,
construction sites and combination of industrial
sites (Boateng and Amedofu, 2004; Bedi, 2006;
Hamoda, 2008; Kumar et al., 2008; Kerketta et al.,
2009; Ali, 2011; Ampofo, 2012;Yahaya et al.,
2012; Agbalagba et al., 2013). The noise level
reported by these studies with diverse machineries
and operating environments varied considerably.
Generally, workplaces in the industrial sector have
not only generated huge noise, they have equally
witnessed enormous increase in number and
diversification.
Wood work has been useful to human
societies since ancient civilizations and will
continue to play dominant roles in the world as the
demand for wood products is on the increase (FPL,
2010). The building construction industry has also
witnessed tremendous growth and wood from logs
serves as a major construction material. However,
lumber mills where logs are processed have been
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ejikeme Ugwoha.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -3) November 2016, pp.20-25
www.ijera.com 21|P a g e
identified as an extreme acoustic environment for
workers (Davies et al., 2008). In particular, sawmill
activities in lumber mills could generate
appreciable amount of noise as a result of machine
operation, cutting and sawing, and these activities
occur every day for a long period of time. Nigeria
is Africa’s largest wood producer with an annual
harvest of more than 100 million cubic meters
(Aruofor, 2001). Sawmills are majorly domiciled in
cities and they account for 93.32% of the total
wood-based industries (Fuwape, 1998). However,
there is scarcity of information on noise from
sawmill activities within the cities in Nigeria.
In this study the noise associated with
sawmill machines in selected sawmillsin Port
Harcourt was assessed. The aim was to ascertain if
the noise generated in the sawmills were within
human tolerable limit. Physical measurements of
noise levels of sawmill machines in the selected
sawmills were made using a digital sound level
meter. From the measurement data, vital noise
indiceswhich reveal the health implications of
certain noise levels on workers were estimated, and
a model for predicting the recommended time a
worker is supposed to work with a particular
sawmill machine was developed.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study area
This study was carried out in Mile 3
(Timber Market), Mile 1 (Iloabuchi)and Rumuosi
areas of Port Harcourt, Rivers State (Fig. 1). Mile 3
and Mile 1are located in Diobu, a densely
populatedbusiness area,while Rumousi is located
within a residential district.Mile 3 sawmill lies
within latitude 4°48'24"N and longitude 6°59'36"E
while Mile 1 sawmill lies within latitude 4°47'22"N
and longitude 6°59'17"E. Rumuosi sawmill is
situated in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area,
with geographical coordinates of 4°52'51"Nand
6°56'36"E.Thestudied sawmills used machines
such as Table Saw,Planing Machine, Stenner 48
Bandsaw and Sharpening Machine for its daily
operations.
Thesawmills operate six days in a week
and use the same members-of-staff throughout their
operating periods. The sawmill workers are
predominantly males with age range from 18 to 46
years and above. About 77.3% of the staff work for
7-8 hours, 12% work for 5-6 hours while 10.7%
work for 9-10 hours throughout the sawmill
operational working days. About 70% of the staff
have been working in the various sawmills for
more than 5 years. A total of 9 (12%) and 65
(86.7%) rated sawmill noise as noisy and very
noisy respectively while only 1 (1.3%) claimed it is
not so noisy. Therefore, a total of 98.7% of staff are
dissatisfied with the level of noise in their
workplace with some stating that they have
tolerated the situation because it is their only
source of livelihood. Though there are noise
reduction devices, 52% of the staff claimed that
they have never heard of such devices. About
85.3% of the staff expressed willingness to use the
devices if provided while14.7% of the workers
claimed that the management might not allow them
use such protective devices because they are
expected to keep their ears open to detect any
faulty sound in the machines while operation is
ongoing.
Fig. 1 Map of Port Harcourt showing the studied sawmills
3. Ejikeme Ugwoha.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -3) November 2016, pp.20-25
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2.2.Noise measurements
Noise levels in A-weighted decibel (dBA)
were measured from the different machines at the
three sawmills using a Sound Level Meter (SLM),
with Model number SL1361, which gives instant
real time readings. The desired response of the
SLM was set at slow with a range of 30-130dB. A
stop watch was used to monitor measurement
duration. The noise measurements were taken at 10
secs intervals for 5 mins to get 30 discrete sets of
data that were subjected to Leq equation (see
Section 2.3) to get an overall value. This was done
for five days at each sawmill to get five different
readings. The SLM was held 1.5m from the ground
in accordance with the Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety noise measurement
procedure for standing working position and 1.1m
for sitting working position.
2.3. Estimation of equivalent continuous noise
level, noise pollution level, noise dose and
hearing deterioration index
The equivalentcontinuous noise level
(Leq), theconstant noise level over a given period
that produces the same amount of A-weighted
energy as fluctuating level over the same time
frame,was computed using Equation (1). The
average of the daily Leq values was estimated using
Equation (2).Reference time (T), the total time a
worker should be exposed to a noise level, was
determined using Equation (3). Noise dose (D), the
total exposure of a worker to noise during a
working day, was calculated using Equation (4).
The Hearing deterioration index (HDI), the
percentage risk of developing a hearing handicap
and median loss in hearing capacity incurred with
exposure, was estimated using Equation (5) (Bies
and Hansen, 2010; Balaji et al., 2016; Tripathy,
2008; Kiely, 2007).
i
n
i
L
eq
t
T
L i
1
1.0
10
10
1
log10 (1)
where T is the time period over which Leq is
determined, n is number of samples, Li is noise
level at the ith
sample and ti is the fraction of total
time.
n
i
L
P
i
n
L
1
20/
10
10
1
log20 (2)
where Lp is the average Leq, n is the number of
readings and Li is the dailyLeq.
5/)90(
2
8
L
T (3)
where L is the measured A-weighted sound level.
T
C
D (4)
where C is the total time of exposure to a specific
noise level (in this study, an exposure time of 8
hours was assumed).
dtHDI
t
L/
0
20
10
10log10 (5)
where L is the mean exposure level (dBA) and t is
the time of exposure in years.
2.4. Development of a predictive model
A predictive model was developed using
XL STAT software. Parameters such as the
Equivalent continuous noise level (Leq), Noise dose
(D) and Reference time (T) were calculated
independently and later regressed using XL STAT
software to develop a model. The model developed
for each of the three sawmills could be used to
predict the reference time that a worker is supposed
to be exposed to a constant noise in each sawmill.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Background noise level
The average background noise levels of
the three studied sawmills are presented in Fig. 2.
The background noise levelsof the sawmills are
below the Federal Ministry of Environment
(FMEnv) and Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)recommended standard of
90 dBA for 8 h/day (FEPA, 1991; OSHA, 1993).
Among the sawmills, the background noise level is
in the order of Mile 3 sawmill>Mile 1
sawmill>Rumuosi sawmill. Thisvariation can
beattributed to the nature of the environment
hosting the sawmills. While Mile 3 and Mile 1
sawmills arelocated in highly populated business
areas, Rumuosi sawmill is located in a residential
area. Based on these locations, it is likely that
people would be exposed to the noise generated
from the sawmills.
Fig. 2Background noise levels of selected sawmills
3.2. Equivalent continuous noise level ofthe
studied sawmills
Figure 3 presents the average noise levels
of machines in the studied sawmills. The average
noise levels of machines at Mile 3sawmill ranged
89.76±0.09- 100.49±0.20dBA with the highest
79.70
73.62
70.58
62
67
72
77
82
Mile 3 Mile 1 Rumuosi
Noiselevel(dBA)
Sawmill locations
4. Ejikeme Ugwoha.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -3) November 2016, pp.20-25
www.ijera.com 23|P a g e
value recorded for the Planing machine and the
lowest value recorded for the Sharpening machine.
The average noise levels of machines at Mile
1sawmill ranged89.81±0.13 - 97.00±0.46dBA
while those of Rumuosi sawmill ranged89.76±0.07
- 100.10±0.53dBA, with the highest and lowest
values also recorded for the Planing machine and
Sharpening machine, respectively. Although the
Planing machine at Mile 1sawmill recorded the
highest value, it’s value was reasonably lower
compared with those of Mile 3 and
Rumuosisawmills. This lower value could be
attributed to the design of the Planing machine
found at Mile 1 sawmill which has a box-like
shape,different from the common open Planing
machine found at Mile 3 and Rumuosi sawmills. At
Rumuosi sawmill, the noise level recorded for the
Table saw was relatively higher compared with
those of Mile 3 and Mile 1 sawmills. This higher
value could be ascribed to the power generating
sets positioned closely to the Table saw at Rumuosi
sawmill which was not the case at the other
sawmills. The Stenner 48 bandsaw and Sharpening
machine which were of the same brand and age and
kept in similar environment had similar noise level.
Except for the Sharpening machine, all the
machines at the three sawmills have noise levels
above the recommended standard of 90 dBA for 8
h/day. Hence, only the Sharpening machine is
supposed to be operated for 8 h/day by a worker.
The other machines are supposed to be operated for
less than 8 h/day as follows: Planing machine
(1.88, 3.20 and 1.98 h/day), Table saw (3.23, 3.53
and 2.39 h/day) and Stenner 48 bandsaw (3.66,
4.22 and 4.34 h/day) for Mile 3, Mile 1 and
Rumuosi sawmill, respectively (Tripathy, 2008).
Therefore, operating the Planing machine, Table
saw and Stenner 48 bandsaw for the normal 8 h/day
could lead to hearing impairments and/or
physiological damages on workers.
Fig. 3Average equivalent continuous noise levels of machines in the studied sawmills
3.3. Noise indices of the studied sawmills
Table 1 compares the noise dose,
reference time and hearing deterioration indexfor
35 yearsof machines in the studied sawmills. The
Sharpening machinein the sawmills had noise dose
(D) between 0.97 and 0.98 which is below the
FMEnv and OSHA permissible limit of 1, and
reference time (T) between 8.21 and 8.27 hwhich is
higher than the maximum daily working hour of 8
h. Therefore, the risk of workers having a hearing
damage while operating the Sharpening
machinecould be negligible. However, the Planing
machine, Table saw and Stenner 48 bandsaw have
noise doses (1.86 – 4.27) in excess of the
permissible limit of 1 and reference times (1.87 –
4.30 h) well below maximum daily working hour
of 8 h. This indicates that there could be risk of
hearing damage over time on workers operating
these machines.Also, the values obtained for the
hearing deterioration index (HDI) ranged from
60.32-60.35 for Sharpening machine to 62.68-
63.36 for Stenner 48 bandsaw to 63.53-64.95 for
Table saw to 63.94-65.69 for Planing machine,
indicating that the risk of developing hearing loss
after 35 yearsof exposure is likely to be in the order
of Planing machine > Table saw >Stenner 48
bandsaw > Sharpening machine.
5. Ejikeme Ugwoha.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -3) November 2016, pp.20-25
www.ijera.com 24|P a g e
Table 1Comparison of noise dose, reference time and hearing deterioration index of machines in the selected
sawmills.
Sawmill machines Mile 3 Mile 1 Rumuosi
D (-) T (h) HDI (-) D (-) T (h) HDI (-) D (-) T (h) HDI (-)
Table saw 2.61 3.06 63.91 2.35 3.40 63.53 3.49 2.29 64.95
Planing Machine 4.27 1.87 65.69 2.64 3.03 63.94 4.06 1.97 65.49
Stenner 48 Bandsaw 2.25 3.56 63.36 1.90 4.20 62.77 1.86 4.30 62.68
Sharpening Machine 0.97 8.27 60.32 0.98 8.21 60.35 0.97 8.27 60.32
3.4. Predictive model for the recommended time
in the studied sawmills
A mathematical relationship that could
predict the appropriate recommended time for
working with a particular sawmill machine was
developed. This was done by testing a non-linear
model,Equation (6), using XL STAT which is an
Add-ins function of the Microsoft Excel tool Pak
(2011 version). Equations (7) – (9) are the
mathematical relationships gotten for predicting the
recommended time a worker is supposed to work
with the identified sawmill machines at the studied
sawmills, and have R2
values as high as 0.98.
Equation (7) is the model for predicting the
recommended time for machines in Mile 3 sawmill
while Equations (8) and (9) are for machines in
Mile 1 and Rumuosi sawmills, respectively.
Although the models have a common root, they
differ slightly. This is due to the variations in Leq
and D values computed for the various sawmills.
Thus, Equations (7) – (9) are site specific models
which may depend on the brand and age of
machines.
...
2
2423
2
1211 xaxaxaxaaY o (6)
where Y is the daily recommended time of
exposure, no
aaaaaa ,...,,,, 4321
are constants
which depend on sawmill machines, 𝑥1and 𝑥2 are
theLeq and D, respectively.
Tmile 3 = 630.27528 – 12.93717Leq – 1.37883D +
0.06709Leq2
(7)
Tmile 1 = 791.695594 – 16.72198Leq – 3.59996D +
0.08947Leq2
+ 0.14714D2
(8)
Trumuosi= 653.29763 – 13.44502Leq – 1.46036D +
0.06990Leq2
(9)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The noise levels of three sawmills have
been measured and compared. The background
noise of the sawmills ranged 70.58 – 79.70 dBAin
the order of Mile 3 > Mile 1 >Rumuosi. The
average noise level of sawmill machines for Mile 3,
Mile 1 and Rumuosi ranged 89.76±0.09-
100.49±0.20dBA, 89.81±0.13 - 97.00±0.46dBA
and 89.76±0.07 - 100.10±0.53dBA, respectively.
The average noise levels of all the machines of the
studied sawmills, with the exception of the
Sharpening machine, were found to be higher than
the FMEnv and OSHA recommended value of 90
dBA for 8 h/day. These noise levels could cause
hearing loss and/orpsychological effect to
employees of these sawmills as well as people
doing business within the vicinity of the
sawmills.The noise dose (D) of the Sharpening
machine at the three sawmills ranged 0.97 - 0.98,
which is below the permissible limit of 1. On the
contrary, the D of the other machines ranged 1.86 -
4.27, which is in excess of 1. The values obtained
for the hearing deterioration index indicate that the
risk of developing hearing loss after 35 years of
exposure is likely to be in the order of Planing
machine > Table saw >Stenner 48 bandsaw >
Sharpening machine.Above all, a model was
developed that could predict the recommended
time a worker is supposed to work with the
identified sawmill machines for each of the three
sawmills.Although the models have a common
root, they differ slightly due to the variations in the
equivalent continuous noise level and noise dose
values of the machines at the different sawmills.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors wish to thank the Centre for
Occupational Health, Safety and
Environment,University of Port Harcourt for
sponsoring this research.
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