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Aspects of Semantic Knowledge_Sentences-Utterances-Propositions
This document discusses aspects of semantic knowledge, utterances, sentences, and propositions. It begins by defining key terms like utterances, sentences, and propositions. Utterances are any spoken language produced by a speaker on a particular occasion, while sentences are abstract strings of words that follow grammatical rules. Propositions describe a state of affairs and can be true or false. The document then compares and contrasts utterances, sentences, and propositions. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between them. Finally, it examines how propositions can be expressed using different sentences. The document aims to explain these fundamental concepts in semantics.
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Aspects of Semantic Knowledge_Sentences-Utterances-Propositions
- 1. Aspects of SemanticKnowledge, Sentences, Utterances, and Propositions By: 1. Perwari Melati Akmilia 0203518062 2. Endang Susilowati 0203518064 3. Aditya Nugrahanto 0203518067
- 2. SUB TOPICS 1 2 Utterances 4 5 Aspectsof Semantics Knowledge Propositions A Relevant Article 3 Sentence s Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
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- 4. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Ambiguity Entailment Adjacency pair Anomaly Paraphrase Synonymy Antonymy Contradictory Presupposition
- 5. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Speakers know whether something is or is not meaningful in their language. e.g. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Anomaly 01 02 Speakers of a language agree as to when two sentences have essentially the same meaning and when they do not. e.g. The police chased the burglar. The burglar was chased by the police. Paraphrase
- 6. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Speakers generally agree when two words have essentially th e same meaning in a given context. e.g. Hungry-empty Big-large Synonymy 03 04 Speakers recognize when the meaning of one sentence contradicts another sentence. e.g. Charles is a bachelor. • Charles is married. Contradictory
- 7. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Speakers generally agree when two words have opposite me anings in a given context e.g. Passive x active Tragic x comic Loss x profit Antonymy 05 06 Some sentences have double meanings; they can be interpret ed in two ways. e.g. The fisherman went to the bank. The boy saw the man with a telescope. Ambiguity
- 8. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Speakers know how language is used when people interact. e.g. Call → response “Waiter!” → “Yes, sir” Adjacency pair 07 08 Speakers are aware that two statements may be related in su ch a way that if one is true, the other must also be true. Entailment I gave him a cake. I gave a cake to him. Robin is a man. Robin is human. mutual asymmetrical
- 9. Aspects of SemanticsKnowledge Speakers know that the message conveyed in one sentence may pressupose other pieces of knowledge. e.g. Have you stopped eating meat? Have you talked to Hans? Presupposition09
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- 11. Utterances, Sentences, &Propositions Propositions sentence Utterances The levels of abstractions Less abstract (concrete/physical) More abstract Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 12. Utterances An utterance … •is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of that person (Hurford, Heasley, and Smith, 2007). • is any acts of uttering that the speakers perform on a particular occasion. • can be a sequences of sentences, or a single phrase, or even a singl e word. • is a physical event. • deals with spoken language. Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 13. Utterances The characteristics ofutterances are: 1. Spoken 2. By specific person (accent) 3. By specific time or on particular occasion 4. Physical events 5. May be grammatical or not (utterances DO NOT focus on the grammatical aspects.) 6. Meaningful or meaningless 7. A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word) 8. Using quotation mark ‘____’ in the written form. Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 14. Utterances Examples: 1. ‘Hello’ 2. ‘Notmuch’ 3. ‘John came here yesterday.’ Decide whether the following could represent utterances or not. 1. ‘Go away!’ 2. ‘bhbkfdsngvg’ 3. ‘help!’ Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
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- 16. Sentences A sentence… • isconceived abstractly a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language to convey meaning (Hurford, Heasle, and Smith, 2007). • is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. • can be thought of as the IDEAL string of words of words behind the realizations in utterances and inscriptions. • Neither a physical event nor a physical object. Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 17. Sentences A sentence… • isconceived abstractly a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language to convey meaning (Hurford, Heasle, and Smith, 2007). • is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. • can be thought of as the IDEAL string of words of words behind the realizations in utterances and inscriptions. • Neither a physical event nor a physical object. Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 18. Utterances The characteristics ofsentences are: 1. Grammatical 2. Written 3. Meaningful 4. Anything written in italicized represents a sentence. 5. Neither a physical event nor a physical object Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 19. Utterances Examples: 1. We arelearning semantics now. 2. It will be great. 3. What are you doing? Decide whether the following could represent sentence or not. 1. Pass me the pencil, please. 2. Where shall I…? 3. I would like a cup of coffee. S NS S Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 20. THE DIFFERENCES OFUTTERANCES & SENTENCES Utterances Sentences Spoken Spoken or written Can be grammatical or not Grammatical By specific person (accent) No particular accent specific time or particular occasi on - Physical events Neither a physical event nor a phys ical object. Can be a single phrase or even a singl e word or sentence) A complete string of words ( at least S + V) Quotation mark (‘__’) Italic
- 21. THE DIFFERENCES OFUTTERANCES & SENTENCES Decide whether the following belong to utterance or sentence. 1. ‘I like apples’ 2. I like apples. 3. ‘Is what it’ Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
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- 24. Propositions A propositionis an abstraction that can be grasped by the mind of an individual person. It is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarati ve sentence which describes some state of affairs. True propositions correspond to the facts but false propositions do not correspond to facts. The simplest type of proposition consists of an argument and a predicate (what Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 25. Propositions In the proposition‘Harry is tall’, ‘Harry’ is the argument and ‘(is) tall’ is the predicate. Some predicates need more than on e argument to form a complete proposition: ‘like’, for instance , requires two (‘Pete likes Liz’) and ‘give’ requires three (‘Pete gave Liz a present’). Predicates may be described as one-place, two-place or three -place according to the number of arguments they take. A pro position has a truth value, that is, it is either true or false. Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 26. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENUTTERANCES, SENTENCES & PROPOSITIONS Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
- 27. Propositions Indicate whether eachof the following sentence pairs express the same or different propositions a. Mary read the book/ The book was read by Mary. b. Fred took back the book/ Fred took the book back c. The cat chased the rat/ The cat was chased by the rat d. The chef cooked the meal/ The chef had the meal cooked e. Hondas are easy to fix/ It’s easy to fix Hondas Aspects of Semantics Knowledge Utterances Sentence Propositions Article
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