This document analyzes PCR duplicates and library diversity in RNA-seq. It finds that under normal assay conditions, different RNA-seq assays give different apparent numbers of duplicates on the same samples, due to differences in transcript complexity rather than PCR artifacts. Using molecular barcoding, there are lower levels of true PCR duplicates in standard RNA-seq preps. However, reducing input amounts below 10ng leads to dramatic increases in duplicates. Even with low input amounts that produce many duplicates, duplicate reads still accurately measure gene expression levels and are amplified uniformly rather than with bias.
Fusion Gene Detection and Gene Expression Analysis of Circulating RNA in Plas...Thermo Fisher Scientific
The presence of circulating (cell-free) nucleic acids in the bloodstream offers a potential non-invasive approach to monitor disease status and guide treatment options. In past years, increasing interest has been shown for circulating RNA; especially circulating small RNAs for their potential application as biomarkers that may lead toward more effective diagnosis and prognosis in the future. However, widespread inconsistencies have been observed among the studies due to biases generated during sample collection, handling, RNA extraction and analysis. We have developed a complete workflow that includes blood collection, plasma preparation, circulating RNA extraction, followed by expression analysis and gene fusion detection on Ion TorrentTM Next-Generation Sequencing platforms. Blood plasma research samples from normal research samples were utilized for circulating RNA isolation following a TRIzolTM LS Reagent and mirVanaTM miRNA Isolation Kit-based method to maximize circulating RNA recovery. Ion AmpliSeqTM library preparation was performed on purified circulating RNA using either Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome panel for expression profiling of 21K coding and non-coding genes, or an Ion AmpliSeq panel targeting fusion transcript detection from RNA. Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome data was analyzed using ampliSeqRNA plugin in Torrent Suite™ Software. ~3000 genes were detected in cfDNA from plasma research samples with high correlation (r>0.8) observed between normal research samples. Ion Reporter™ Software was used to analyze fusion transcript panel data. Detection of fusion gene transcripts was demonstrated by spiking trace amounts of RNA from a fusion positive cell line into circulating RNA from normal research samples, indicating high sensitivity of the detection system. In summary, this study demonstrated the feasibility of gene expression profiling and gene fusion detection from circulating RNA in plasma research samples on Ion Torrent NGS platforms.
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Recent advances in molecular medicine and cancer biology have changed the way research clinicians evaluate and consider treatment. Selected tumor biomarkers have been utilized as targets for drug therapy leading to better more effective treatment. Gene expression profiling has been used for identifying new biomarkers for tumor classification and driving decision making for better patient outcome in different tumor types. DNA microarrays have become a key method to acquire a comparative snapshot of the gene expression profile from test samples in a high throughput manner. Quantitative PCR and newer sequencing techniques are popular research alternatives offering highly accurate gene expression measurements, but with limitations due to cost, complex instrumentation and analysis needs. RNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) creates considerable additional challenges in acquiring accurate gene expression measurements due to the highly fragmented and compromised integrity of FFPE RNA due to the fixation process.
Single molecule real time (SMRT) full length RNA-sequencing reveals novel and distinct mRNA isoforms in human bone marrow cell subpopulations' for the 'EMBL Conference: From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology 2018'
Verification of an Ion AmpliSeq™ RNA Fusion Lung Cancer Research Panel, workf...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Fusion transcripts resulting from translocation events in the oncogenic driver
genes ALK, RET, ROS1, and NTRK1 play an important role in lung
adenocarcinoma. There is a need to detect these fusion transcripts with up to
date technologies as they may serve as viable therapeutic targets. We have
utilized a targeted sequencing approach and developed an Ion AmpliSeq™ RNA
Lung Fusion panel, a workflow, and an Ion Reporter™ analysis solution to detect
these known fusion events. The panel detects transcripts from 37 ALK, 9 RET, 15
ROS1, and 11 NTRK fusion variants along with 5 housekeeping genes to serve
as internal controls. The workflow is FFPE compatible requiring an input of only
10 ng of total RNA with the capacity to multiplex up to 16 libraries on a single Ion
318™ chip. The panel was initially validated using 10ng of total RNA from a
cocktail of 3 cell lines containing known lung cancer fusions (H2228 – EML4-ALK
variant 3a and 3b, HCC78 – SLC34A2-ROS1 and LC-2/ad – CCDC6-RET). The
library was sequenced using the Ion PGM™ system and analyzed with the
AmpliSeq™ RNA Lung Fusion workflow in Ion Reporter™. Analysis showed that
the positive control sample contained all expected fusions and control genes and
reported zero false positives fusions. This multiplexed fusion transcript targeted
sequencing solution is currently being validated by all members of the
OncoNetwork Consortium who will test lung cancer tissue samples that have
been well characterized by FISH, real-time PCR, IHC, and/or massarray. Initial
results from OncoNetwork Consortia members reveal 100% concordance
between the AmpliSeq™ RNA Lung Fusion panel and FISH in 25 lung tissue
samples.
Ion AmpliSeq™ sequencing is one of the most promising applications
of the Ion Torrent NGS platform. It involves multiplex PCR for target
enrichment. Thermo Fisher offers online Ion AmpliSeq Designer to
customers to assist assay designs. While more and more people are
adopting Ion AmpliSeq technologies, challenges for assay designs
started to emerge. Here we present bioinformatics approaches to
improve the following areas of assay design: 1) assay specificity; 2)
primer quality control; 3) SNP under primer; and 4) flexibility to adapt
to different applications of Ion AmpliSeq sequencing including variant
calling, copy number variation detection, RNA expression, gene fusion
detection, and metagenomics. Design algorithms are developed to
ensure high coverage with controlled risk of amplification efficiency,
off-target reads and SNP effects. With the optimized design algorithm,
numerous custom and community research panels have been
created, including the Ion AmpliSeq Exome Panel, TP53 Panel, and
CFTR Panel.
Fusion Gene Detection and Gene Expression Analysis of Circulating RNA in Plas...Thermo Fisher Scientific
The presence of circulating (cell-free) nucleic acids in the bloodstream offers a potential non-invasive approach to monitor disease status and guide treatment options. In past years, increasing interest has been shown for circulating RNA; especially circulating small RNAs for their potential application as biomarkers that may lead toward more effective diagnosis and prognosis in the future. However, widespread inconsistencies have been observed among the studies due to biases generated during sample collection, handling, RNA extraction and analysis. We have developed a complete workflow that includes blood collection, plasma preparation, circulating RNA extraction, followed by expression analysis and gene fusion detection on Ion TorrentTM Next-Generation Sequencing platforms. Blood plasma research samples from normal research samples were utilized for circulating RNA isolation following a TRIzolTM LS Reagent and mirVanaTM miRNA Isolation Kit-based method to maximize circulating RNA recovery. Ion AmpliSeqTM library preparation was performed on purified circulating RNA using either Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome panel for expression profiling of 21K coding and non-coding genes, or an Ion AmpliSeq panel targeting fusion transcript detection from RNA. Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome data was analyzed using ampliSeqRNA plugin in Torrent Suite™ Software. ~3000 genes were detected in cfDNA from plasma research samples with high correlation (r>0.8) observed between normal research samples. Ion Reporter™ Software was used to analyze fusion transcript panel data. Detection of fusion gene transcripts was demonstrated by spiking trace amounts of RNA from a fusion positive cell line into circulating RNA from normal research samples, indicating high sensitivity of the detection system. In summary, this study demonstrated the feasibility of gene expression profiling and gene fusion detection from circulating RNA in plasma research samples on Ion Torrent NGS platforms.
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Recent advances in molecular medicine and cancer biology have changed the way research clinicians evaluate and consider treatment. Selected tumor biomarkers have been utilized as targets for drug therapy leading to better more effective treatment. Gene expression profiling has been used for identifying new biomarkers for tumor classification and driving decision making for better patient outcome in different tumor types. DNA microarrays have become a key method to acquire a comparative snapshot of the gene expression profile from test samples in a high throughput manner. Quantitative PCR and newer sequencing techniques are popular research alternatives offering highly accurate gene expression measurements, but with limitations due to cost, complex instrumentation and analysis needs. RNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) creates considerable additional challenges in acquiring accurate gene expression measurements due to the highly fragmented and compromised integrity of FFPE RNA due to the fixation process.
Single molecule real time (SMRT) full length RNA-sequencing reveals novel and distinct mRNA isoforms in human bone marrow cell subpopulations' for the 'EMBL Conference: From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology 2018'
Verification of an Ion AmpliSeq™ RNA Fusion Lung Cancer Research Panel, workf...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Fusion transcripts resulting from translocation events in the oncogenic driver
genes ALK, RET, ROS1, and NTRK1 play an important role in lung
adenocarcinoma. There is a need to detect these fusion transcripts with up to
date technologies as they may serve as viable therapeutic targets. We have
utilized a targeted sequencing approach and developed an Ion AmpliSeq™ RNA
Lung Fusion panel, a workflow, and an Ion Reporter™ analysis solution to detect
these known fusion events. The panel detects transcripts from 37 ALK, 9 RET, 15
ROS1, and 11 NTRK fusion variants along with 5 housekeeping genes to serve
as internal controls. The workflow is FFPE compatible requiring an input of only
10 ng of total RNA with the capacity to multiplex up to 16 libraries on a single Ion
318™ chip. The panel was initially validated using 10ng of total RNA from a
cocktail of 3 cell lines containing known lung cancer fusions (H2228 – EML4-ALK
variant 3a and 3b, HCC78 – SLC34A2-ROS1 and LC-2/ad – CCDC6-RET). The
library was sequenced using the Ion PGM™ system and analyzed with the
AmpliSeq™ RNA Lung Fusion workflow in Ion Reporter™. Analysis showed that
the positive control sample contained all expected fusions and control genes and
reported zero false positives fusions. This multiplexed fusion transcript targeted
sequencing solution is currently being validated by all members of the
OncoNetwork Consortium who will test lung cancer tissue samples that have
been well characterized by FISH, real-time PCR, IHC, and/or massarray. Initial
results from OncoNetwork Consortia members reveal 100% concordance
between the AmpliSeq™ RNA Lung Fusion panel and FISH in 25 lung tissue
samples.
Ion AmpliSeq™ sequencing is one of the most promising applications
of the Ion Torrent NGS platform. It involves multiplex PCR for target
enrichment. Thermo Fisher offers online Ion AmpliSeq Designer to
customers to assist assay designs. While more and more people are
adopting Ion AmpliSeq technologies, challenges for assay designs
started to emerge. Here we present bioinformatics approaches to
improve the following areas of assay design: 1) assay specificity; 2)
primer quality control; 3) SNP under primer; and 4) flexibility to adapt
to different applications of Ion AmpliSeq sequencing including variant
calling, copy number variation detection, RNA expression, gene fusion
detection, and metagenomics. Design algorithms are developed to
ensure high coverage with controlled risk of amplification efficiency,
off-target reads and SNP effects. With the optimized design algorithm,
numerous custom and community research panels have been
created, including the Ion AmpliSeq Exome Panel, TP53 Panel, and
CFTR Panel.
Multicopy reference assay (MRef) — a superior normalizer of sample input in D...QIAGEN
Copy number variations (CNVs) and alterations (CNAs) are a source of genetic diversity in humans and are often pathogenic. Numerous CNVs and CNAs are being identified with various genome analysis platforms, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platforms, and next-generation sequencing. Independent verification of copy number changes is a critical step. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a classic method to verify microarray copy number findings. Traditional copy number assays that use qPCR typically rely on a putative single-copy gene reference assay (e.g., RNase P or TERT) to normalize the DNA input for downstream ΔΔCT-based copy number calculation for comparison to a reference genome. When applied to cancer samples, these single-copy reference assays may no longer be a reliable indicator of DNA input due to the presence of complex chromosome composition (both in chromosome number and structure). To meet the need for an accurate DNA input normalizer, especially for heterogeneous tumor samples, QIAGEN developed a multicopy reference (MRef) assay for real-time PCR copy number analysis. This assay, in conjunction with QIAGEN’s greater than 10 million genomewide copy number assays and pathway- and disease-focused copy number PCR arrays (Figure 1), provides a successful solution for copy number analysis. This article will address the assay design considerations, development, and performance of this multicopy reference (MRef) assay.
Noninvasive detection of rare mutations in blood could allow tumor monitoring for
research purposes. Research studies have suggested that cfDNA contains DNA from
tumor cells with somatic mutations that could inform on tumor progression and
therapeutic resistance. Here, we demonstrate a complete workflow from a single tube
of blood through data analysis for research samples down to a 0.1% allelic frequency.
The low abundance tumor mutations found in cfDNA requires sensitive and accurate
mutation detection. We have developed two panels that utilize an amplificationbased
assay that generates tagged DNA copies, which allows detection of low
abundance tumor mutations found in cfDNA. The two panels allow multiplex
interrogation of primary driver and resistance mutations specific to ctDNA from breast
and colon cancer. The Oncomine™ Colon cfDNA panel targets 236 hotspots within
14 genes while the Oncomine Breast cfDNA panel covers 157 hotspot mutations in
10 genes. This workflow was validated from matched single blood tubes, Streck and
K2EDTA. Additionally, the utility for cancer research was demonstrated with
concordance studies using matched FFPE and plasma from oncology samples.
How to do successful gene expression analysis - Siena 20100625Biogazelle
Despite its conceptual and practical simplicity, qPCR based expression analysis involves multiple steps, all of which need to be perfect in order to obtain reliable results in the end. This presentation describes points of attention, potential pitfalls and suggestions for improvements on every step along the workflow. By implementing these guidelines in your experiments you increase the chance of doing successful gene expression analysis.
Technical Guide to Qiagen PCR Arrays - Download the GuideQIAGEN
Total RNA discovery with RT2 and miScript PCR Arrays : Explore the RNA universe - Whatever your destination within the RNA universe, QIAGEN will help you get there. The miRNeasy kits deliver pure, high-quality total RNA from a broad range of samples. The RT2 and miScript PCR arrays are a complete solution both for focused analysis of gene and microRNA expression and for validation of microarray and RNA sequencing experiments. Together with the powerful analytics tools of GeneGlobe® and QIAGEN Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis, these products give you a smooth path from your sample to high-quality results.
Orthogonal Verification of Oncomine cfDNA Data with Digital PCR Using TaqMan ...Thermo Fisher Scientific
The discovery of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood, urine
and other bodily fluids has led to a new type of non-invasive
method of characterizing cancer-causing mutations, the liquid
biopsy. With NGS technologies becoming increasingly
sensitive, down to a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.1%, they are
rapidly gaining traction as a valid assay for cancer genotyping
and have potential to direct cancer treatment plans. The wideangle
view provided by NGS panels, combined with digital
PCR’s zoomed-in precision detection of DNA provide a
comprehensive picture of a cancer’s genetic makeup. By
applying these complementary techniques at the appropriate
time based on the disease type and stage, cancer treatment
becomes quicker, more precise and more cost-effective in the
future. NGS and digital PCR (dPCR) together provide a
complete picture of the cancer genome.
Extending miRQC’s dynamic range: amplifying the view of Limiting RNA samples ...QIAGEN
The original microRNA quality control (miRQC) study provided an in-depth analysis of commercially available microRNA (miRNA) quantification platforms. Specifically, twelve different
microarray, real-time PCR and small RNA sequencing platforms were assessed for reproducibility, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity and concordance of differential expression using a variety of sample types. Overall, each platform exhibited specific strengths and weaknesses, leading to the
final suggestion that a platform should be chosen on the basis of the experimental setting and the specific research questions. With this suggestion in mind, and the fact that liquid miRNA biopsies are an area of intense interest, we sought to expand the original miRQC study. For our “miRQC extension,” we benchmarked the QIAGEN miScript® PCR System with and without preamplification, and included a specific focus on routinely used biofluids. Concurrently, we benchmarked the miScript PCR System against another SYBR® Green miRNA detection platform. Overall, QIAGEN miScript demonstrated strong reproducibility and accuracy as well as superior detection rate and sensitivity in biofluids. Collectively, QIAGEN miScript provides the leading solution for novel miRNA discoveries.
Examining gene expression and methylation with next gen sequencingStephen Turner
Slides on RNA-seq and methylation studies using next-gen sequencing given at the University of Miami Hussman Institute for Human Genomics "Genetic Analysis of Complex Human Diseases" course in 2012 (http://hihg.med.miami.edu/educational-programs/analysis-of-complex-human-diseases/genetic-analysis-of-complex-human-diseases/)
A computational framework for large-scale analysis of TCRβ immune repertoire ...Thermo Fisher Scientific
TCRβ immune repertoire analysis by next-generation sequencing is emerging as a valuable tool for research studies of the tumor microenvironment and potential immune responses to cancer immunotherapy. Generation of insight from immune repertoire profiling often requires comparative analysis of immune repertoires across research sample cohorts representing immune responses to defined antigens or immunomodulatory agents. Here we describe the development of a computational framework enabling large-scale comparative analysis of immune repertoire data on cloud-based infrastructure.
Multicopy reference assay (MRef) — a superior normalizer of sample input in D...QIAGEN
Copy number variations (CNVs) and alterations (CNAs) are a source of genetic diversity in humans and are often pathogenic. Numerous CNVs and CNAs are being identified with various genome analysis platforms, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platforms, and next-generation sequencing. Independent verification of copy number changes is a critical step. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a classic method to verify microarray copy number findings. Traditional copy number assays that use qPCR typically rely on a putative single-copy gene reference assay (e.g., RNase P or TERT) to normalize the DNA input for downstream ΔΔCT-based copy number calculation for comparison to a reference genome. When applied to cancer samples, these single-copy reference assays may no longer be a reliable indicator of DNA input due to the presence of complex chromosome composition (both in chromosome number and structure). To meet the need for an accurate DNA input normalizer, especially for heterogeneous tumor samples, QIAGEN developed a multicopy reference (MRef) assay for real-time PCR copy number analysis. This assay, in conjunction with QIAGEN’s greater than 10 million genomewide copy number assays and pathway- and disease-focused copy number PCR arrays (Figure 1), provides a successful solution for copy number analysis. This article will address the assay design considerations, development, and performance of this multicopy reference (MRef) assay.
Noninvasive detection of rare mutations in blood could allow tumor monitoring for
research purposes. Research studies have suggested that cfDNA contains DNA from
tumor cells with somatic mutations that could inform on tumor progression and
therapeutic resistance. Here, we demonstrate a complete workflow from a single tube
of blood through data analysis for research samples down to a 0.1% allelic frequency.
The low abundance tumor mutations found in cfDNA requires sensitive and accurate
mutation detection. We have developed two panels that utilize an amplificationbased
assay that generates tagged DNA copies, which allows detection of low
abundance tumor mutations found in cfDNA. The two panels allow multiplex
interrogation of primary driver and resistance mutations specific to ctDNA from breast
and colon cancer. The Oncomine™ Colon cfDNA panel targets 236 hotspots within
14 genes while the Oncomine Breast cfDNA panel covers 157 hotspot mutations in
10 genes. This workflow was validated from matched single blood tubes, Streck and
K2EDTA. Additionally, the utility for cancer research was demonstrated with
concordance studies using matched FFPE and plasma from oncology samples.
How to do successful gene expression analysis - Siena 20100625Biogazelle
Despite its conceptual and practical simplicity, qPCR based expression analysis involves multiple steps, all of which need to be perfect in order to obtain reliable results in the end. This presentation describes points of attention, potential pitfalls and suggestions for improvements on every step along the workflow. By implementing these guidelines in your experiments you increase the chance of doing successful gene expression analysis.
Technical Guide to Qiagen PCR Arrays - Download the GuideQIAGEN
Total RNA discovery with RT2 and miScript PCR Arrays : Explore the RNA universe - Whatever your destination within the RNA universe, QIAGEN will help you get there. The miRNeasy kits deliver pure, high-quality total RNA from a broad range of samples. The RT2 and miScript PCR arrays are a complete solution both for focused analysis of gene and microRNA expression and for validation of microarray and RNA sequencing experiments. Together with the powerful analytics tools of GeneGlobe® and QIAGEN Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis, these products give you a smooth path from your sample to high-quality results.
Orthogonal Verification of Oncomine cfDNA Data with Digital PCR Using TaqMan ...Thermo Fisher Scientific
The discovery of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood, urine
and other bodily fluids has led to a new type of non-invasive
method of characterizing cancer-causing mutations, the liquid
biopsy. With NGS technologies becoming increasingly
sensitive, down to a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.1%, they are
rapidly gaining traction as a valid assay for cancer genotyping
and have potential to direct cancer treatment plans. The wideangle
view provided by NGS panels, combined with digital
PCR’s zoomed-in precision detection of DNA provide a
comprehensive picture of a cancer’s genetic makeup. By
applying these complementary techniques at the appropriate
time based on the disease type and stage, cancer treatment
becomes quicker, more precise and more cost-effective in the
future. NGS and digital PCR (dPCR) together provide a
complete picture of the cancer genome.
Extending miRQC’s dynamic range: amplifying the view of Limiting RNA samples ...QIAGEN
The original microRNA quality control (miRQC) study provided an in-depth analysis of commercially available microRNA (miRNA) quantification platforms. Specifically, twelve different
microarray, real-time PCR and small RNA sequencing platforms were assessed for reproducibility, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity and concordance of differential expression using a variety of sample types. Overall, each platform exhibited specific strengths and weaknesses, leading to the
final suggestion that a platform should be chosen on the basis of the experimental setting and the specific research questions. With this suggestion in mind, and the fact that liquid miRNA biopsies are an area of intense interest, we sought to expand the original miRQC study. For our “miRQC extension,” we benchmarked the QIAGEN miScript® PCR System with and without preamplification, and included a specific focus on routinely used biofluids. Concurrently, we benchmarked the miScript PCR System against another SYBR® Green miRNA detection platform. Overall, QIAGEN miScript demonstrated strong reproducibility and accuracy as well as superior detection rate and sensitivity in biofluids. Collectively, QIAGEN miScript provides the leading solution for novel miRNA discoveries.
Examining gene expression and methylation with next gen sequencingStephen Turner
Slides on RNA-seq and methylation studies using next-gen sequencing given at the University of Miami Hussman Institute for Human Genomics "Genetic Analysis of Complex Human Diseases" course in 2012 (http://hihg.med.miami.edu/educational-programs/analysis-of-complex-human-diseases/genetic-analysis-of-complex-human-diseases/)
A computational framework for large-scale analysis of TCRβ immune repertoire ...Thermo Fisher Scientific
TCRβ immune repertoire analysis by next-generation sequencing is emerging as a valuable tool for research studies of the tumor microenvironment and potential immune responses to cancer immunotherapy. Generation of insight from immune repertoire profiling often requires comparative analysis of immune repertoires across research sample cohorts representing immune responses to defined antigens or immunomodulatory agents. Here we describe the development of a computational framework enabling large-scale comparative analysis of immune repertoire data on cloud-based infrastructure.
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
Next generation sequencing of the whole transcriptome enables high resolution measurement of gene expression activity in different tissue and cell types. This methodology provides an in depth study of known transcripts and depending on the data analysis, allows identification of additional transcript types such as transcript variants, fusion transcripts, and small and long ncRNAs.
In this study we performed RNA-Seq using the Ion Torrent™ sequencing platform to compare the expression profile of testicular germ cell cancers (seminoma type, n=3) and normal testis (n=3). Using Partek Flow® 3.0 and TopHat/BowTie or Star aligners, we aligned the reads to the human genome and mapped sequences to the RefSeq database. Differentially expressed genes were identified and screened with additional germ cell tumors.
PCA analysis showed clear separation of the two sample types indicating biological differences. List of differentially expressed genes generated from TopHat/Bowtie and Star were similar. We identified a large number of genes that were up and down regulated with high degree of significance (p<0.01,>2X FC (fold change)). These included genes related to testicular tissue type, stem cell pluripotency (NANOG; POU5F1) and proliferation (KRAS, CCND2).
In addition, a number of differentially expressed noncoding RNAs were identified (SNORD12B, XIST). The method was validated on a small set of genes (n=20) using qPCR (TaqMan® Assays) and were found to be correlated. We used the OpenArray® platform to quickly and quantitatively screen 102 differentially expressed genes and 10 endogenous control genes across a number of different testicular germ cell cancer types.
We used a complete work flow solution from sample prep to NGS to qPCR to compare the expression profile of normal testis and seminoma type germ cell tumors. From the NGS experiments we identified a large number of differentially expressed genes for qPCR screening with samples from different types of germ cell tumors. Results from these screening studies will be presented.
Lab meeting presentation on the early ciRNA papers, with details on what they found and how they did it.
Mostly discussing:
WHITE SLIDES
Memczak,S. et al. (2013) Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency. Nature.
ORANGE SLIDES
Jeck,W.R. et al. (2012) Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats. RNA.
All figures taken from respective papers.
Hotspot mutation and fusion transcript detection from the same non-small cell...Thermo Fisher Scientific
The presence of certain chromosomal Header
rearrangements and the subsequent fusion
gene derived from translocations has been
implicated in a number of cancers. Hundreds of
translocations have been described in the
literature recently but the need to efficiently
detect and further characterize these
chromosomal translocations is growing
exponentially. The two main methods to identify
and monitor translocations, fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic
hybridization (CGH) are challenging, labor
intensive, the information obtained is limited,
and sensitivity is rather low. Common sample
types for these analyses are biopsies or small
tumors, which are very limited in material
making the downstream measurement of more
than one analyte rather difficult; obtaining
another biopsy, using a different section or
splitting the sample can raise issues of tumor
heterogeneity. The ability to study mutation
status as well as measuring fusion transcript
expression from the same sample is powerful
because you’re maximizing the information
obtained from a single precious sample and
eliminating any sample to sample variation.
Here we describe the efficient isolation of two
valuable analytes, RNA and DNA, from the
same starting sample without splitting, followed
by versatile and informative downstream
analysis. This methodology has been applied to
FFPE and degraded samples as well as fresh
tissues, cells and blood. DNA and RNA were
recovered from the same non-small cell lung
adenocarcinoma sample and both mutation
analysis, as well as fusion transcript detection
was performed using the Ion Torrent PGM™
platform on the same Ion 318™ chip. Using
10ng of DNA and 10ng of RNA input, we
applied the Ion AmpliSeq™ Colon and Lung
Cancer panel to analyze over 500 COSMIC
mutations in 22 genes and the Ion AmpliSeq™
RNA Lung Fusion panel to detect 40 different
fusion transcripts.
Aneuploidy in embryos is the leading cause of failure for in vitro fertilization (IVF)
procedures.1 Pre-implantation Genetic Screening (PGS) is used to identify euploid
embryos for implantation to increase successful pregnancies and decrease the number
of cycles required to obtain them. PGS using fluorescence in situ hybridization has
fallen out of favor and been replaced by comparative genome hybridization on
microarrays.1 More recently, high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have been
employed for cost-effective PGS on multiple samples.1
We report results using a streamlined Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) and library
generation method followed by HTS and data analysis to detect aneuploidies in single
cells in under 12hr. Using DNA barcodes, we multiplex libraries to reduce the per
sample cost. Our analysis platform compares reads per chromosomal region to an
informatics control built from a baseline of normal cell samples. Using this method, we
show that trisomy of the smallest chromosome (21) can be detected with high sensitivity
and specificity.
PCR is a revolutionary molecular biology technique used for enzymatically replicating DNA . This technique allows a small amount of DNA molecule to be amplified many times in an exponential manner . It is commonly used in medical and biological research labs for variety of tasks such as detection of hereditary disease , identification of genetic fingerprints diagnosis of infectious disease , cloning of genes and paternity testing .
Each reaction cycle doubles the amount of DNA – a standard PCR sequence of 30 cycles creates over 1 billion copies . The thermostability of DNA polymerases is defined by how long they remain active at the extreme range of temperatures used in PCR.
There have been various thermostable polymerases identified to date, each with its optimal temperature for activity and a unique half-life profile at temperatures greater than 95°C. For example, the half-life of Taq polymerase at 95°C is 40 minutes, whereas the half-life of the hyperthermophilic Deep Vent DNA polymerase extracted from the Pyrococcus species GB-D is several hours at 98–100°C. Polymerase processivity is defined as the number of consecutive nucleotides a single enzyme can incorporate before being dislodged from the DNA template.
At 75°C, native Taq polymerases can typically amplify DNA at a rate of 10–45 nucleotides per second - that’s approximately 2 kilobases per minute!
Some DNA polymerases have been engineered to improve their binding domain, thus making them more stable than conventional Taq. For example, KAPA2G polymerase has a speed of ~150 nucleotides per second - 3-fold higher than Taq. Direct PCR cloning methods include TA and GC cloning, as well as TOPO® Cloning, and enable direct cloning of PCR fragments. For example, the TA cloning approach takes advantage of the 3’ A overhang naturally added to products by Taq polymerase following PCR. The resulting sticky ends then enable recombination with DNA fragments containing 3’ T overhangs, such as linearized vectors.
During indirect PCR cloning, the PCR products are modified prior to recombination with other DNA sequences. For example, in restriction cloning, restriction sites are frequently introduced via PCR to enable restriction digestion and ligation with linearized vectors. PCR mutagenesis is a technique used to generate site-directed sequence changes such as base substitutions, inserts and deletions.
To insert a single point mutation via mutagenesis, for example, PCR primers are designed that contain the desired base change, usually in the middle of the primer sequence. PCR is then performed with the mutagenic primers and a high-fidelity DNA polymerase, which results in the incorporation of the desired mutation into the original sequence.Allele-specific PCR is used to detect sequence variations and ultimately determine the genotype of an organism.
For allele-specific PCR, primers are designed to flank the region of interest. The most common application of PCR is gene expression analysis
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.