This is my presentation at the Dissemination Seminar on the 2015 ASEAN Community held by Indonesia's Foreign Affairs Ministry in collaboration with State University of Makassar in Theater Room, Pinisi Building, State University of Makassar on Wednesday 15 October 2014.

1. MASYARAKAT ASEAN 2015:
Opsi, Implikasi dan Refleksi bagi Kebijakan
Bahasa Nasional/Asing di Indonesia*
Chairil Anwar Korompot
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Disampaikan dalam
Sosialisasi ASEAN Community
Teater Pinisi UNM
Rabu, 15 Oktober 2014
*Pendapat pribadi, bukan sikap institusi

2. Sejarah ASEAN
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Didirikan 8 Agustus 1967 di Bangkok, Thailand
• Penandatanganan ASEAN Declaration (Deklarasi Bangkok) oleh
Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura & Thailand.
• Brunei Darussalam bergabung 7 Jan. ‘84, Viet Nam 28 Juli ‘95, Laos &
Myanmar 23 Juli ‘97, & Kambodia 30 April ’99.
• Sekretariat Jenderal ASEAN berkedudukan di Jakarta, Indonesia.

3. Lambang & Bendera ASEAN

4. Motto ASEAN
One Vision, One Identity,
One Community

5. Maksud & Tujuan ASEAN
• Economic growth, social progress & cultural development; equality &
partnership; prosperous & peaceful community;
• Regional peace & stability; respect for justice & the rule of law; adherence to
the united nations charter;
• Collaboration & mutual assistance: economic, social, cultural, technical,
scientific & administrative fields;
• Assistance: training & research: educational, professional, technical &
administrative spheres;
• Utilisation of agriculture & industries, expansion of trade, incl. Study of
problems of international commodity trade, improvement of transportation
& communications facilities, & raising the living standards;
• Promote southeast asian studies;
• Cooperation with int’l & reg’l orgs. With similar aims & purposes,
& explore avenues for cooperation.

6. Prinsip Dasar ASEAN
• Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial
integrity, and national identity of all nations;
• The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external
interference, subversion or coercion;
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
• Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
• Renunciation of the threat or use of force;
• Effective cooperation among themselves.

7. Masyarakat ASEAN
• ASEAN Vision 2020 (on ASEAN’S 30th Anniversary, 8 Aug. 1997):
“A concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace,
stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic
development and in a community of caring societies.”
• At the 12th Summit in Jan. 2007, ASEAN leaders affirmed strong commitment
to accelerate ASEAN Community by 2015 and signed the Cebu Declaration.
• Three pillars: ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic
Community & ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.

8. Why ASEAN?
Why ASEAN Community?

10. Keniscayaan (1)
ASEAN Political-Security Community:
• Shared values & norms
• Cooperation
• Free flow of information
• Human rights
• Participation of entities in ASEAN
• Democracy, peace & stability
• Community building
• Enhanced ties with external parties

11. Keniscayaan (2)
ASEAN Economic Community:
1. Single market & production base:
Free flow of goods, services, investment, capital, skilled
labour, integration, food, agriculture & forestry.
2. Competitive Economic Region
3. Equitable Economic Development
4. Integration into the Global Economy

12. Keniscayaan (3)
ASEAN Socio-cultural Community:
• Advancing & prioritizing education
• Social welfare & protection
• Social justice & rights
• Ensuring environmental stability.

13. Implikasi
Mencakup, tapi tidak terbatas pada:
• Narrowed development gap
• Common identity
• People to people relationships
• Mobility
• Connectivity
• Migration
COMMUNICATION
= COMMON LANGUAGE?

14. Bahasa di ASEAN (1)
Brunei Darussalam: Melayu, Inggris
Kambodia: Khmer
Indonesia: Indonesia
Laos: Lao
Malaysia: Melayu, Inggris, Cina, Tamil
Myanmar: Myanmar
Filipina: Filipino (Tagalog), Inggris, Spanyol
Singapura: Inggris, Melayu, Mandarin, Tamil
Thailand: Thai
Viet Nam: Viet Nam

15. Bahasa di ASEAN (2)
The working language of ASEAN shall be English.
Pasal 34, ASEAN Charter (Piagam ASEAN), 2007
Fenomena baru karena…
“… the use of languages was not stipulated in the Bangkok
Declaration [1967]. English has always been the sole official
and working language of the group.” (Kirkpatrick, 2008: 27)

16. Bahasa Inggris sebagai
Bahasa Global
Inner Circle:
L1
Outer Circle:
ESL
Expanding
Circle:
EFL, EIL
Braj Kachru (1985)

17. Di mana Indonesia?
Dunia:
Inggris Raya, AS,
Kanada, Australia, NZ
ASEAN:
Brunei, Filipina
Malaysia, Myanmar,
Singapura
ASEAN:
Indonesia, Kambodia,
Laos, Thailand,
Viet Nam

18. Sink or swim?
Contoh-contoh kasus:
Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (1)
Unfortunately, many IMDWs cannot speak English well,
thus it leads to some misunderstanding between the
employers and IMDWs. This situation has irritated the
employers and it often ends up with scolding and verbal
abuse even physical abuses against IMDWs (interview
with respondents).
(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

19. Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (2)
Therefore, the non-Malay employers (Indian, Chinese,
Bangladeshi and others) prefer Filipino DWs because
they have been provided with adequate training
process and they can speak English and Chinese better
than Indonesian DWs. Therefore, Filipino DWs has
higher salary than Indonesian DWs.
(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

20. Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (3)
Non-Malay employers use English for their daily
activities, thus if IMDWs cannot follow their instruction,
they would get irritated and it might end up with physical
abuses. In addition, IMDWs are often called “pig”
because they cannot understand the instruction stated
by the employers.”
(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

21. Language and abuses in Singapore (1)
There is only small number of Singaporean who are Malays,
therefore 95% of employers use English or
Chinese....Singaporean uses English or Chinese in their
daily activities and public communication as the most bus
drivers use Chinese and several of them use English. It is
clear that the use English and Chinese in this country is
more crucial than in Malaysia.
(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 342)

22. Language and abuses in Singapore (1)
According to the investigation by the NGOs, IMDWs
cannot communicate in English while the employers
are using English. The employers get irritated due to
the misunderstanding and it ends up with scolding and
beating. The employers are angry because the IMDWs
do not have good skill in doing domestic work and
speak English well.
(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 342)

23. Sink or swim? Swim! (1)
Kebijakan Bahasa Nasional
Opsi #1: Bahasa Indonesia bahasa nasional, Bahasa Inggris bahasa asing
pertama.
Plus Minus
Integritas Bahasa
Indonesia (Pasal 25, UU
No. 24 Tahun 2009): a.l.
“jati diri bangsa,
kebanggaan nasional,
sarana pemersatu
berbagai suku bangsa,
sarana komunikasi
antardaerah dan
antarbudaya daerah.”
• Status quo;
• “Bahasa Inggris hanya ‘alat’ untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
pembangunan (Lauder, 2008: 13);
• Bertentangan dengan fakta bahwa “situasi sosiolinguistik
yang sesungguhnya memiliki dinamikanya sendiri dan
sering berlawanan dengan arah yang dikehendaki
pembuat kebijakan” (Lauder, 2008: 13)
• “Sekalipun berhasil mengukuhkan bahasa Indonesia
sebagai bahasa nasional, Indonesia belum mampu
memajukan [penggunaan] bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa
untuk komunikasi internasional” (Lauder, 2008: 17)

24. Sink or swim? Swim! (2)
Kebijakan Bahasa Nasional
Opsi #2: Bahasa Indonesia bahasa nasional; bahasa Inggris bahasa kedua
nasional.
Plus Minus
• Integritas Bahasa Indonesia (Pasal 25, UU No. 24 Tahun 2009);
• Indonesia menjadi bagian dari “outer circle” bukan lagi
“expanding circle” (Kachru, 1985) bangsa pengguna bahasa
Inggris sebagai bahasa global;
• mempercepat dan memperkuat posisi Indonesia dalam “integrasi
ekonomi ASEAN”;
• Mengakui penggunaan bahasa Inggris berpotensi besar
mencapai tujuan penting: komunikasi internasional, medium
akses IPTEK, sumber kosakata pembangunan & modernisasi
Indonesia, memahami penutur asli untuk perluasan cakrawala
(Lauder, 2008: 12-13)
Memberi “amnunisi” bagi
sikap/pendapat tentang:
• “language schizophrenia”
atau “exolinguaphobia”
(Kartono, 1976: 124
dalam Lauder, 2008: 14).
• “linguistic triumphalism,
linguistic power, linguistic
complacency, linguistic
death” (Crystal, 1997: 12-
20)

25. Sink or swim? Swim! (3)
Perlu direnungkan bersama:
1. Sebagai bangsa, kita berani mengadopsi lingua franca
Nusantara (bahasa Melayu) menjadi bahasa nasional.
Beranikah kita mengadopsi lingua franca dunia (bahasa Inggris)
menjadi bahasa kedua nasional kita?
2. Pendekatan sistemik melalui penetapan bahasa Inggris sebagai
bahasa kedua nasional di negara-negara “outer circle” berhasil
memicu dan memacu kompetensi penggunanya, yang
kemudian berdampak pada kemajuan dan daya saing negara-negara
itu. Akankah itu terjadi di Indonesia?

26. 3. Dapatkah ASEAN Community 2015 (tanpa politik bahasa
nasional tentang status bahasa Inggris) “memaksa” terciptanya
kondisi yang kondusif bagi peningkatan kemampuan bangsa
Indonesia dalam berbahasa Inggris?
4. Dalam Konferensi TEFLIN 2014 di Solo baru-baru ini, Presiden
TEFLIN Prof Fuad Abdul Hamied bergurau tentang peluang
munculnya istilah “TESLIN,” “TEILIN,” “TEGLIN,” atau
“TELFIN” di masa depan, menggantikan “TEFLIN.” Seberapa
besar kemungkinan ini akan terjadi?
Wallahu a’lam bishawwab.