The document summarizes key information about organic molecules and cell membranes. It states that organic molecules contain carbon and are made up of polymers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are composed of monomers. The cell membrane forms the boundary between intra- and extracellular fluids using a phospholipid bilayer. It contains integral and peripheral proteins and transports molecules through channel and carrier proteins.
dish and heat gently. NH4Cl will sublime leaving behind NaCl.
Filter the remaining NaCl through the funnel. The filtrate will
contain the sublimed NH4Cl.
This separates the mixture using the technique of sublimation
based on the fact that NH4Cl sublimes but NaCl does not.
Experiment 1 demonstrates sublimation as a method of separating mixtures where one component sublimes and the other does not.
Syllabus requirement met: describe the separating methods of simple distillation , fractional distillation , filtration , layer separation and identify sublimation as a method of separating mixtures based on their composition.
This document discusses various topics related to nutrition including:
1. It defines nutrition as the study of how organisms obtain and use nutrients for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Autotrophs can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis while heterotrophs obtain nutrients from other organisms.
2. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
3. Respiration in plants and animals involves the use of oxygen to convert fuel into energy. Both rely on different sources of oxygen - plants obtain it from photosynthesis or the environment while animals obtain it from the atmosphere or aquatic environment.
The document summarizes the rational design of microbial chemical factories to produce useful compounds. It discusses using metabolic engineering techniques to improve natural producers of compounds like antibiotics and organic acids. Novel pathway design is described using retro-biosynthetic approaches and enzyme selection. Glucaric acid is presented as a model compound produced via a novel 3 step pathway from cloned enzymes. Further optimization using scaffolding to co-localize enzymes increased titer. 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone is also discussed as a target compound currently produced chemically that could potentially be made through a biological pathway.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for an honors biology midterm exam, including:
1. Enzymes are proteins that link amino acids together. Two types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation) are listed. Three organic biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. Organelles like the chloroplast, mitochondria, ER, lysosome, and cell membrane are compared to structures like solar panels, assembly lines, power plants, trash cans, and bouncers.
3. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are compared, noting they use each other's products and occur in chloroplasts and mitochondria respectively. Chemosynthesis is defined.
The document summarizes the first lecture of CHE 214 Biochemistry. It introduces the course topics of carbohydrates and lipids. The lecture covered carbohydrate structure including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides formed through condensation reactions, and complex polysaccharides that make up structures like cell walls. It also provided an overview of the course outline, exams, and contact information for the lecturer, Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh.
This document introduces a companion website for a biochemistry textbook. It provides the following key information:
1. The website accompanies the third edition of a biochemistry textbook by Mathews, van Holde, and Ahern.
2. The website contains outlines, concepts, terminology, and quizzing for each textbook chapter to help students learn biochemistry.
3. The same material on the website is also available on a CD-ROM included with the textbook for offline use.
4. The website provides links between concepts covered and related external websites for expanded information.
7th International Conference ORBIT, 2010Anne Menert
The document discusses sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in wastewater from a baker's yeast factory. It suggests that anammox bacteria can use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor to oxidize ammonium to nitrite, followed by the standard anammox reaction of oxidizing ammonium and nitrite to nitrogen gas. This two-step anammox process was observed in a methanogenic reactor treating high-sulfate, high-nitrogen wastewater. The document also examines how the organic compound betaine, present in yeast wastewater, may influence sulfate reduction and methanogenesis during anaerobic treatment.
This PPt deals about bacterial photosynthesis, different types of photosynthetic bacteria, types of photosynthesis-OXygenic and anoxygenic , photosynthetic structures, photosynthetic pigments and also explain the light reactions and dark reactions.in dark reactions, in addition to Calvin cycle, bacteria has one more carbon dioxide fixation (Pyruvate reductase pathway)
dish and heat gently. NH4Cl will sublime leaving behind NaCl.
Filter the remaining NaCl through the funnel. The filtrate will
contain the sublimed NH4Cl.
This separates the mixture using the technique of sublimation
based on the fact that NH4Cl sublimes but NaCl does not.
Experiment 1 demonstrates sublimation as a method of separating mixtures where one component sublimes and the other does not.
Syllabus requirement met: describe the separating methods of simple distillation , fractional distillation , filtration , layer separation and identify sublimation as a method of separating mixtures based on their composition.
This document discusses various topics related to nutrition including:
1. It defines nutrition as the study of how organisms obtain and use nutrients for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Autotrophs can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis while heterotrophs obtain nutrients from other organisms.
2. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
3. Respiration in plants and animals involves the use of oxygen to convert fuel into energy. Both rely on different sources of oxygen - plants obtain it from photosynthesis or the environment while animals obtain it from the atmosphere or aquatic environment.
The document summarizes the rational design of microbial chemical factories to produce useful compounds. It discusses using metabolic engineering techniques to improve natural producers of compounds like antibiotics and organic acids. Novel pathway design is described using retro-biosynthetic approaches and enzyme selection. Glucaric acid is presented as a model compound produced via a novel 3 step pathway from cloned enzymes. Further optimization using scaffolding to co-localize enzymes increased titer. 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone is also discussed as a target compound currently produced chemically that could potentially be made through a biological pathway.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for an honors biology midterm exam, including:
1. Enzymes are proteins that link amino acids together. Two types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation) are listed. Three organic biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. Organelles like the chloroplast, mitochondria, ER, lysosome, and cell membrane are compared to structures like solar panels, assembly lines, power plants, trash cans, and bouncers.
3. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are compared, noting they use each other's products and occur in chloroplasts and mitochondria respectively. Chemosynthesis is defined.
The document summarizes the first lecture of CHE 214 Biochemistry. It introduces the course topics of carbohydrates and lipids. The lecture covered carbohydrate structure including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides formed through condensation reactions, and complex polysaccharides that make up structures like cell walls. It also provided an overview of the course outline, exams, and contact information for the lecturer, Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh.
This document introduces a companion website for a biochemistry textbook. It provides the following key information:
1. The website accompanies the third edition of a biochemistry textbook by Mathews, van Holde, and Ahern.
2. The website contains outlines, concepts, terminology, and quizzing for each textbook chapter to help students learn biochemistry.
3. The same material on the website is also available on a CD-ROM included with the textbook for offline use.
4. The website provides links between concepts covered and related external websites for expanded information.
7th International Conference ORBIT, 2010Anne Menert
The document discusses sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in wastewater from a baker's yeast factory. It suggests that anammox bacteria can use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor to oxidize ammonium to nitrite, followed by the standard anammox reaction of oxidizing ammonium and nitrite to nitrogen gas. This two-step anammox process was observed in a methanogenic reactor treating high-sulfate, high-nitrogen wastewater. The document also examines how the organic compound betaine, present in yeast wastewater, may influence sulfate reduction and methanogenesis during anaerobic treatment.
This PPt deals about bacterial photosynthesis, different types of photosynthetic bacteria, types of photosynthesis-OXygenic and anoxygenic , photosynthetic structures, photosynthetic pigments and also explain the light reactions and dark reactions.in dark reactions, in addition to Calvin cycle, bacteria has one more carbon dioxide fixation (Pyruvate reductase pathway)
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of the oxomolybdenum mono-ene-1,2-dithiolate complex (Tp*)MoO(bdtCl2) (3). X-ray crystallography showed compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the Mo atom. IR, EPR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy indicate the chlorine substituents do not significantly perturb the electronic structure of the Mo(V) center, but solution redox potentials and gas-phase ionization energies are sensitive to remote substituent effects. The coordination environment of 3 is similar to the related complex (Tp*)MoO(
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed and used to convert water to oxygen and energy carriers like ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, the energy from the light reactions drives the reduction of carbon dioxide and production of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs light and drives these reactions. Plants are green because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green light.
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic BacteriaGayatri R. Kachh
- The document discusses autotrophs and how they obtain energy and fix carbon. It focuses on two types of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and phototrophs.
- Chemoautotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron. This generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via electron transport chains. One example is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
- Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP through photophosphorylation. They contain light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll and convert light to chemical energy. There are two types of light reactions: oxygenic and anoxygenic.
Water is essential for life due to its unique properties arising from hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules. Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and ions, acting as a universal solvent and transport medium in organisms. Water's high specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable important thermal regulation processes. In blood, glucose, amino acids, and ions are carried in the plasma due to their polarity, while fats and cholesterol require transport in lipoprotein complexes due to their nonpolar nature. Oxygen is only slightly soluble in water alone, and is mainly transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The document discusses these topics through examples and comparisons to methane.
The document summarizes key biological molecules and their importance. It discusses how water makes up 60% of the human body and its roles as a solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant. It also describes the structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and their monomers. Acids, bases, and buffers are explained in relation to biological systems. Overall, the document provides an overview of major macromolecules and how they contribute to life.
This document discusses fluorinated amino acids, their properties, and potential applications. It begins by providing background on amino acids and fluorine chemistry. It then discusses several potential applications of fluorinated amino acids, including as probes to study protein structure and dynamics, as enzyme inhibitors, and for protein engineering to develop novel or improved properties. Specific examples discussed include using fluorinated amino acids to study protein complexes using NMR, incorporating them into peptides to provide immunological and kinetic data, and designing hyperstable protein folds using fluorinated building blocks. In summary, the document reviews promising applications of fluorinated amino acids in life sciences by exploiting their unique properties.
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
1. The document summarizes how photosynthesis works through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It describes the process of capturing energy from sunlight to make ATP and NADPH, and then using these products to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars.
2. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells, which contain thylakoid membranes where the light-dependent reactions occur. These reactions use light energy to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH.
3. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. This provides the sugars and starches that plants need for growth and energy storage.
1. The study analyzed levels of minerals and trace elements in seeds, pulp, and skin of pumpkins from three regions in Guyana. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of elements in the samples.
2. Higher quantities of important minerals like iron, copper, zinc, and phosphorus were found in the seeds compared to the pulp and skin. The seed samples provided over 20% of the daily value for some of these minerals.
3. Concentrations of elements varied between the different pumpkin parts and growing regions, likely due to differences in soil composition and environmental conditions. However, the seeds were consistently shown to be a good source of several essential nutrients.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of Campbell Biology. It discusses that photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy through two stages - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, and involve the photosystems PS I and PS II located in chloroplast thylakoids. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into sugars.
Nitrogen is an essential element of many biomolecules, the most important being nucleic acids and amino acids. Although nitrogen is the most abundant gas (about 80%) in the atmosphere, neither animals nor plants can use this nitrogen to synthesize biological compounds. However, there are certain microorganisms on which the living plants (and animals) are dependent to bring nitrogen into their biological systems.The phenomenon of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms is known as diazotrophy and these organisms are collectively referred to as diazotrophs. Diazotrophs are biological nitrogen fixers, and are prokaryotic in nature.
This document discusses various types of anaerobic respiration. It describes how anaerobic respiration works using electron acceptors other than oxygen, such as nitrates, sulfates, or carbon dioxide. It then examines different forms of anaerobic respiration in more detail, including denitrification, sulfate reduction, and sulfur disproportionation. Key enzymes and pathways involved in nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and other processes are outlined.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Este documento é um DARF (Documento de Arrecadação de Receitas Federais) para pagamento de tributos à Receita Federal. Informa que valores inferiores a R$10,00 não podem ser pagos e devem ser acumulados a tributos do mesmo código de períodos subsequentes até alcançar o valor mínimo. Também contém instruções sobre preenchimento do documento e campos para identificação do pagante, código do tributo, valor e data de vencimento.
Triangular Trade: “Tea Party” Activity provides sentences describing the triangular trade between Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. Students were instructed to infer how each sentence relates to the triangular trade and then write a collective statement. The sentences describe: how trade flourished between West Africa and Europe around 1500 CE; how European nations established colonies on the west coast of Africa; how Europeans introduced sugar cane to the Caribbean and needed slave labor to work large sugar cane farms.
Nineveh became the capital city of the Assyrian's land in 705 BC. The Assyrian's named Nineveh as their new capital city, moving the center of power for their empire. Nineveh would serve as the Assyrian capital for many years.
Mary Bishop has been awarded the Advanced Diploma in Accounting and Business by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) in December 2014. Her ACCA registration number is 2176252. The certificate remains the property of ACCA and cannot be altered or defaced, and ACCA can demand its return at any time.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of the oxomolybdenum mono-ene-1,2-dithiolate complex (Tp*)MoO(bdtCl2) (3). X-ray crystallography showed compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the Mo atom. IR, EPR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy indicate the chlorine substituents do not significantly perturb the electronic structure of the Mo(V) center, but solution redox potentials and gas-phase ionization energies are sensitive to remote substituent effects. The coordination environment of 3 is similar to the related complex (Tp*)MoO(
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed and used to convert water to oxygen and energy carriers like ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, the energy from the light reactions drives the reduction of carbon dioxide and production of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs light and drives these reactions. Plants are green because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green light.
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic BacteriaGayatri R. Kachh
- The document discusses autotrophs and how they obtain energy and fix carbon. It focuses on two types of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and phototrophs.
- Chemoautotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron. This generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via electron transport chains. One example is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
- Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP through photophosphorylation. They contain light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll and convert light to chemical energy. There are two types of light reactions: oxygenic and anoxygenic.
Water is essential for life due to its unique properties arising from hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules. Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and ions, acting as a universal solvent and transport medium in organisms. Water's high specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable important thermal regulation processes. In blood, glucose, amino acids, and ions are carried in the plasma due to their polarity, while fats and cholesterol require transport in lipoprotein complexes due to their nonpolar nature. Oxygen is only slightly soluble in water alone, and is mainly transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The document discusses these topics through examples and comparisons to methane.
The document summarizes key biological molecules and their importance. It discusses how water makes up 60% of the human body and its roles as a solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant. It also describes the structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and their monomers. Acids, bases, and buffers are explained in relation to biological systems. Overall, the document provides an overview of major macromolecules and how they contribute to life.
This document discusses fluorinated amino acids, their properties, and potential applications. It begins by providing background on amino acids and fluorine chemistry. It then discusses several potential applications of fluorinated amino acids, including as probes to study protein structure and dynamics, as enzyme inhibitors, and for protein engineering to develop novel or improved properties. Specific examples discussed include using fluorinated amino acids to study protein complexes using NMR, incorporating them into peptides to provide immunological and kinetic data, and designing hyperstable protein folds using fluorinated building blocks. In summary, the document reviews promising applications of fluorinated amino acids in life sciences by exploiting their unique properties.
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
1. The document summarizes how photosynthesis works through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It describes the process of capturing energy from sunlight to make ATP and NADPH, and then using these products to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars.
2. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells, which contain thylakoid membranes where the light-dependent reactions occur. These reactions use light energy to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH.
3. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. This provides the sugars and starches that plants need for growth and energy storage.
1. The study analyzed levels of minerals and trace elements in seeds, pulp, and skin of pumpkins from three regions in Guyana. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of elements in the samples.
2. Higher quantities of important minerals like iron, copper, zinc, and phosphorus were found in the seeds compared to the pulp and skin. The seed samples provided over 20% of the daily value for some of these minerals.
3. Concentrations of elements varied between the different pumpkin parts and growing regions, likely due to differences in soil composition and environmental conditions. However, the seeds were consistently shown to be a good source of several essential nutrients.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of Campbell Biology. It discusses that photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy through two stages - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, and involve the photosystems PS I and PS II located in chloroplast thylakoids. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into sugars.
Nitrogen is an essential element of many biomolecules, the most important being nucleic acids and amino acids. Although nitrogen is the most abundant gas (about 80%) in the atmosphere, neither animals nor plants can use this nitrogen to synthesize biological compounds. However, there are certain microorganisms on which the living plants (and animals) are dependent to bring nitrogen into their biological systems.The phenomenon of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms is known as diazotrophy and these organisms are collectively referred to as diazotrophs. Diazotrophs are biological nitrogen fixers, and are prokaryotic in nature.
This document discusses various types of anaerobic respiration. It describes how anaerobic respiration works using electron acceptors other than oxygen, such as nitrates, sulfates, or carbon dioxide. It then examines different forms of anaerobic respiration in more detail, including denitrification, sulfate reduction, and sulfur disproportionation. Key enzymes and pathways involved in nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and other processes are outlined.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Este documento é um DARF (Documento de Arrecadação de Receitas Federais) para pagamento de tributos à Receita Federal. Informa que valores inferiores a R$10,00 não podem ser pagos e devem ser acumulados a tributos do mesmo código de períodos subsequentes até alcançar o valor mínimo. Também contém instruções sobre preenchimento do documento e campos para identificação do pagante, código do tributo, valor e data de vencimento.
Triangular Trade: “Tea Party” Activity provides sentences describing the triangular trade between Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. Students were instructed to infer how each sentence relates to the triangular trade and then write a collective statement. The sentences describe: how trade flourished between West Africa and Europe around 1500 CE; how European nations established colonies on the west coast of Africa; how Europeans introduced sugar cane to the Caribbean and needed slave labor to work large sugar cane farms.
Nineveh became the capital city of the Assyrian's land in 705 BC. The Assyrian's named Nineveh as their new capital city, moving the center of power for their empire. Nineveh would serve as the Assyrian capital for many years.
Mary Bishop has been awarded the Advanced Diploma in Accounting and Business by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) in December 2014. Her ACCA registration number is 2176252. The certificate remains the property of ACCA and cannot be altered or defaced, and ACCA can demand its return at any time.
Corso Zacademy is a training course divided into modules. Module 1 appears to be the introductory module that lays the foundation for subsequent modules in the course. The document provides a high-level indication that Module 1 is part of a larger training program called Corso Zacademy but does not include any other details.
Este documento presenta un decálogo de 10 consejos para la escritura elaborado por Daniel Cassany. Los consejos incluyen tomarse tiempo para planificar antes de escribir, usar borradores y notas para desarrollar ideas, escribir para la audiencia prevista, revisar la prosa y ortografía al final, y dejar reposar el escrito antes de la revisión final. El objetivo es producir textos claros y comprensibles mediante un proceso de composición planificado y revisiones iterativas.
Este documento critica el estado actual del sistema educativo español en 3 oraciones:
1) Se reducen las plazas de profesores interinos y no se aumentan las fijas, lo que obliga a los profesores a tener más horas lectivas y una jornada laboral estresante.
2) Parte de los alumnos tienen problemas para leer y escribir con soltura, y abundan los problemas de mal comportamiento, posiblemente debido a la mala educación que reciben de la sociedad.
3) Tanto los recortes de recursos a la escuela
Soumen Pachal is seeking to combine mathematics and computer science. He has an M.Tech in Computer Science from the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata with a percentage of 77.8% in his first semester. He received his Master of Science in Mathematics from the University of Calcutta with a percentage of 76.5% and Bachelor of Science in Mathematics (Hons) from Amta Ramsaday College under the University of Calcutta with a percentage of 76.87%. His areas of interest include cryptology, theoretical algorithms, and data mining.
El documento describe las principales características geográficas de Europa, incluyendo sus costas, penínsulas, golfos, cabos, rías, islas, montañas como los Pirineos, Alpes, Cárpatos, Balcanes y montes escandinavos y Urales, así como sus grandes llanuras como la Gran Llanura Europea, la llanura de Europa oriental y el Macizo central, y otras formaciones como la Cordillera de los Vosgos y la Selva Negra.
El Banco Mundial otorgó Mención Honorífica a la Superintendencia de Competencia en el Concurso de Abogacía de la Competencia 2013 (“Competition Advocacy Contest 2013”) por un proyecto desarrollado por la Unidad de Opiniones de la Intendencia Económica. Mediante esta distinción, el organismo multilateral reconoce el trabajo de promoción de la competencia que realiza la entidad salvadoreña entre otras agencias de defensa de este tema a escala internacional.
El documento habla sobre la creatividad y el proceso creativo. Define la creatividad como la producción de una nueva idea, concepto o descubrimiento que es original y útil para su creador u otros. Explica que todos nacemos con capacidad creativa y enumera diez pasos del proceso creativo: percibir, pensar, plasmación gráfica, diseñar, modificar, solucionar, planear, construir, acto creativo y exponer.
Evaluation of topsoil iron oxide from visible spectroscopyeSAT Journals
Abstract Conventional methods of soil iron oxide estimation are laborious and costly. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a good alternative that may be used to replace conventional methods of soil analysis. Most of the studies are concentrated on near infrared region of the spectrum. But in developing countries like India affording for wider range spectroscopy is a costly affair. Hence this study was conducted to establish relationship between topsoil iron oxide and their visible reflectance spectra in lateritic type of soils. Visible reflectance spectra of the soil samples were measured by a spectroradiometer in the range of 325 to 1100nm with a 1nm increment. Multivariate PLSR method was used to predict iron oxide from reflectance which resulted in moderate prediction of R2 0.71 and 0.62 for calibration and validation respectively. It can be inferred that visible spectroscopy can be effectively used for topsoil iron oxide prediction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Keywords: Topsoil, iron oxide, visible spectrum, Partial Least Square Regression.
The document discusses several types of organelles found in cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. It also describes the structure and function of the cell membrane, noting that it is made of phospholipids and proteins that give it a fluid mosaic structure and allow it to perform various functions. Finally, it differentiates between organic molecules, which contain carbon, and inorganic molecules, which do not contain carbon and are not of biological origin.
The document lists and describes the main organelles found in cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. It also explains that the cell membrane is made of lipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that can self-repair, and contains integral membrane proteins that function in roles like cell signaling, enzymes, and transport. Additionally, it defines organic molecules as chemicals containing carbon and hydrogen while inorganic molecules do not contain carbon and are not of biological origin, providing examples such as ammonia and carbon dioxide.
The document provides information about an upcoming chemistry lab class including required dress and that there are no assignments due the first week. It then summarizes the key topics to be covered in Chapter 2 including the four major classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Carbohydrates are discussed in detail, noting that they are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can exist as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Examples such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose are provided.
The document discusses several key organelles found in cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. It also mentions several other organelles found in plant and animal cells like vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes. The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that can self-repair. Membrane proteins have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions to anchor in the membrane and carry out functions like transport and signaling. Organic molecules contain carbon and are involved in metabolism, ranging from small molecules to large macromolecules made of building blocks like amino acids and glucose. Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon and
The document lists and describes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and cell wall. It then provides more detail on the cell membrane, describing its lipid bilayer structure and various membrane-associated proteins that serve functions like cell surface receptors, enzymes, and transporters. Next, it defines organic molecules as chemicals containing carbon and hydrogen while macromolecules are large organic molecules composed of building blocks like glucose or amino acids. Finally, it defines inorganic molecules as any molecule not containing carbon that are not of biological origin, providing examples like ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sulphuric acid.
The document lists and describes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and cell wall. It then provides more detail on the cell membrane, describing its lipid bilayer structure and various protein components that span or are embedded within the membrane to carry out important functions. The document also defines organic molecules as chemicals containing carbon and hydrogen while inorganic molecules do not contain carbon and are not of biological origin, providing examples of each.
The document discusses the components of the cell membrane. The cell membrane is made up of lipid molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that can self-repair when torn. Embedded proteins have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions and are used for functions like receptors, enzymes, antigens, and transporters. Some proteins span the membrane while others cross it multiple times.
This document provides information about biochemical processes and molecules involved in living organisms. It discusses how molecular biology explains living processes in terms of chemical substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the roles of anabolism in building complex molecules from simpler ones through condensation reactions, and catabolism in breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones through hydrolysis reactions. Key molecules involved in these processes like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are illustrated through molecular diagrams.
1) The document provides guidance and questions for a student on the topics of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It includes command terms to highlight, questions to answer, diagrams to draw and label, and reactions to outline.
2) Carbohydrates are made of sugars and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids provide energy storage and insulation and are made when fatty acids and glycerol undergo condensation. Proteins have diverse structures and functions due to combinations of 20 amino acids.
3) The student is directed to define, draw, compare, and outline the structures, reactions and functions of organic molecules that make up living things.
The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to biology:
1) The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, with acids below 7 and bases above 7. Many biological processes require a specific pH level.
2) Compounds are either inorganic, containing no carbon, or organic, containing carbon. Water is a polar, inorganic molecule important for biological functions. Organic compounds include polymers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3) Chemical reactions change substances and are facilitated by enzymes, which speed reactions without being used up. Enzymes have an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the study of biomolecules and their reactions in living organisms at the molecular and cellular level. It then discusses the levels of organization in living things from subatomic particles to multicellular organisms. Key biomolecules for life like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids are introduced. The main elements that make up living organisms like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are listed. The document concludes by discussing some necessary properties of life like organization, use of energy, interaction with the environment and metabolism.
D. carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase.
Carboxypeptidase breaks down the carboxyl end of peptides to amino acids, and aminopeptidase breaks down the amino end to amino acids. The other choices do not involve enzymes that act on terminal residues.
1) Living things are made up of carbon-containing molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are made through metabolic pathways that involve breaking down (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) smaller molecules.
2) Water is essential for life due to its unique properties. It is polar and can form hydrogen bonds between molecules. It also has a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, allowing it to absorb and release large amounts of heat without major temperature changes.
3) Metabolism involves both anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolism uses energy to synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones through condensation reactions. Catabolism breaks down larger
IB Biology 2.1 Slides: Molecules to MetabolismJacob Cedarbaum
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1. Introduction to structure of biomolecules lecture Lecture 2-1.pptxStanleyOdira
The document discusses the hierarchy of biological organization from the molecular to cellular level. It begins by defining biomolecules as organic compounds formed from key elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These biomolecules include micromolecules like amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids that combine to form macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules further assemble into supramolecular complexes and organelles, with the basic unit of organization being the cell. The hierarchical organization and precise integration of biochemical reactions in cells allows living organisms to maintain a high level of internal order despite being inherently unstable systems.
This document provides an introduction to cell structure and function and biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. The key components of cells are described, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The major classes of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are introduced along with their functions. Common biochemical reactions like oxidation-reduction are also summarized. Maintaining the high internal order of cells requires processes like biosynthesis, transport across membranes, cell movement, and waste removal.
This document provides an introduction to cell structure and function and biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. The key components of cells are described as are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The major classes of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are introduced along with some of their functions. Common biochemical reactions like oxidation-reduction are also outlined. Maintaining the highly organized structure of cells requires energy from biochemical reactions, transport across membranes, organized cell movement, and waste removal.
The document provides an overview of a biochemistry course for 3rd year biology majors. It includes information about the course title, code, credit hours, evaluation criteria, and course outline. The course outline covers topics such as the introduction to biochemistry, chemistry of amino acids and proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids. The document also defines biochemistry and discusses the scope and importance of studying biochemistry. It explains key cellular components and organelles, including their structures and functions. Additionally, it summarizes important concepts around water properties, chemical bonds, and biological buffer systems.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry as taught in a 3/5 ECTS credit course at Dambi Dollo University. It introduces biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms, covering topics such as the four main biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), enzyme catalysis, and the hierarchical structures of proteins. The document also discusses how biochemistry relates to other disciplines like genetics, physiology and pathology. Key areas of biochemistry covered include metabolism, molecular genetics, and the structure and function of biological molecules.
1. ORGANIC MOLECULES
Most of the molecules in living things are organic mole-
cules, meaning that they contain carbon. The fact that car-
WORK CITED bon has four electrons in its outermost shell means that it is
capable of covalently bonding with other atoms to fill its Artifact 2:
Inorganic molecules include water, oxygen and car- outermost shell. Organic molecules typically involve carbon
bon dioxide, as well as acids, bases and salts bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon
atoms. (source 1)
Levels of
(electrolytes). These molecules are just as vital to life
as organic molecules because for example every
living being needs water to survive. While organic
Polymer: Monomer: Organization
compounds require carbon covalent bonds, inorganic Polysaccharide Monosaccharide
compounds do not. (source 1) Lipid Glycerol/Fatty Acid
Protein Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
There are four major kinds of organic molecules: carbohy-
drates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these
exists as a polymer, composed of monomers. (Source 1)
1. Thibodeau, Gary. Anthon'ys Textbook of
Monomers are joined together by dehydration synthesis
(condensation), which forms water molecules in the pro- Anatomy and Physiology. Seventeenth. St. Lou-
cess.
is, Missouri 63146: Mosby, 2003. Print.
Polymers can also be broken into monomers by hydrolysis
2. N.d. Photograph. n.p. Web. 17 Sep 2012.
reactions, which use water molecules in the process (source
1) <http://www.glogster.com/
heyheyhey12345678/organelles-of-cells/g-
6nhse2jnscand9i2bv7m0vt?
old_view=True>.
3. N.d. Photograph. n.p. Web. 18 Sep 2012.
<http://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/
uploads/2010/02/c-atom_e.gif>.
(Sourrce 4. N.d. Photograph. n.p. Web. 18 Sep 2012.
3)
<http://www.lenntech.com/water-chemistry-
faq.htm >.
2. Cell membrane
Cont. ALL ORGANELLES ON PAGE 69
Its function is to be the boundary between the extracel-
lular fluid and the intracellular fluid. There are also carrier proteins (not shown). Carriers Golgi Complex: modifies, packs, and distributes
are integral proteins that bind to specific molecules proteins.
It is made up of phospholipids; it is arranged into two and transport them to the other side of the membrane.
Mitochondria: Extracts Energy
layers called the phospholipid bi-layer. The hydropho- Membrane proteins are also important in activating
bic fatty acid tails are facing towards the inside of the second messenger systems. A messenger such as a Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes.
membrane, while its hydrophilic polar heads are toward hormone or neurotransmitter binds to its receptor site.
Centrioles: Important in Mitosis
the exterior of the membrane. The receptor releases a G protein, which may bind to a
membrane-bound enzyme such as adenylatecyclase. Plasma Membrane: separates the fluids
There are two types of proteins that are important to the Adenylatecyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
Nucleus: Contains DNA
membrane: integral proteins and peripheral proteins. (cAMP). cAMP is the second messenger. cAMP acti-
vates a kinase, an enzyme that adds phosphate groups Ribosomes: Assemble Amino Acids (protein)
Carbohydrates, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and choles- to other cytosolic enzymes, thus activating some and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Stores calcium
terol are found in the membrane. deactivating others. This leads to an alteration in vari- in the bones.
A phospholipid consists of a polar portion, called the ous metabolic activities. (source 1)
Vesicles: carries lipids and proteins to cell sur-
head, and two longer fatty acids, called the tail. Thus a
face
phospholipid molecule is represented as a sphere with
two long projections. When mixed with water, the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: studded with
heads are attracted to the polar water molecules. The ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis.
nonpolar tails move as far from water as possible, and a
Centrosomes: breaking of microtubules in the
double layer of phospholipids with tails to the interior
cell.
results.
Cytoplasm: internal substance that contains tiny
Functions: 1) They can provide receptor sites for chem- suspended structures
ical messengers such as hormones and neurotransmit-
Peroxisomes: Contains enzymes the detoxify
ters. 2) Enzymes catalyze reactions near the membrane.
harmful substances (source 1)
3) Channel proteins are constantly open to allow pas-
sage of various solutes all the time. 4) Gated channels
open and close to regulate the passage of various so-
lutes. 5) Motor molecules are proteins that pull mem-
brane proteins and cause cellular movement. They tend (source 2)
to be peripheral proteins. 6) Glycoproteins function in
cellular identification. 7) Cell adhesion molecules
(CAMs) bind one cell to another.