COMPARES OPTIMAL MEDICAL THERAPY WITH INVASIVE THERAPY IN A PATIENT WITH STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA ON NON INVASIVE STRESS TESTING
DANISH is a major breakthrough trial published in NEJM on 29/09/2016 regarding Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure. All content of this slide is Copy right of NEJM.
COMPARES OPTIMAL MEDICAL THERAPY WITH INVASIVE THERAPY IN A PATIENT WITH STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA ON NON INVASIVE STRESS TESTING
DANISH is a major breakthrough trial published in NEJM on 29/09/2016 regarding Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure. All content of this slide is Copy right of NEJM.
This presentation is an Evidence-based review that aims to explain the importance of the 10-minute window from arrival with chest pain until obtaining an ECG. It also features a customized protocol that can be applied in the clinical setting to achieve the recommended 10-minute window to ECG.
Please note that you're welcome to use any slides as long as you reference my post when you do so to maintain the integrity of authorship. However, application of this protocol in the clinical setting requires prior permission.
If interested in detailed answers, please email: aamirdash@yahoo.com
Thanks, Ahmad.
Primary PCI with stenting immediately after coronary reperfusion salvage procedures jeopardizes myocardium, improves prognosis, and is the current standard of care for acute STEMI .
No-reflow is defined as an acute reduction in myocardial blood flow despite a patent epicardial coronary artery .
The pathophysiology of no-reflow involves microvascular obstruction secondary to distal embolization of clot, microvascular spasm, and thrombosis .
No-reflow occurs in ~10% of cases of primary PCI and is associated with patient characteristics such as advanced age and delayed presentation and coronary characteristics such as a completely occluded culprit artery and heavy thrombus burden .
This presentation is an Evidence-based review that aims to explain the importance of the 10-minute window from arrival with chest pain until obtaining an ECG. It also features a customized protocol that can be applied in the clinical setting to achieve the recommended 10-minute window to ECG.
Please note that you're welcome to use any slides as long as you reference my post when you do so to maintain the integrity of authorship. However, application of this protocol in the clinical setting requires prior permission.
If interested in detailed answers, please email: aamirdash@yahoo.com
Thanks, Ahmad.
Primary PCI with stenting immediately after coronary reperfusion salvage procedures jeopardizes myocardium, improves prognosis, and is the current standard of care for acute STEMI .
No-reflow is defined as an acute reduction in myocardial blood flow despite a patent epicardial coronary artery .
The pathophysiology of no-reflow involves microvascular obstruction secondary to distal embolization of clot, microvascular spasm, and thrombosis .
No-reflow occurs in ~10% of cases of primary PCI and is associated with patient characteristics such as advanced age and delayed presentation and coronary characteristics such as a completely occluded culprit artery and heavy thrombus burden .
Elevated Tissue Doppler E/E' on Index Admission Can Help Identify Patients at...crimsonpublishersOJCHD
Readmissions for congestive Heart Failure (CHF) are a major healthcare problem that contributes significantly to the overall healthcare expenditure. About 24% of patients are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. We investigated whether a non-invasive estimate of left atrial filling pressure, an elevated ratio of early trans mitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/E'), during the index admission for CHF could independently predict 30 day readmission.
Aim: To study the value of BNP as a screening tool to identify silent ischemia and diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type II
diabetic patients.
Objectives: The objective of the study is how far BNP value will be useful in early detection of LV dysfunction and ischemia without subjecting the patient to treadmill test and ECHO, as both are even though specific but not sensitive. Our effort is to identify a simple blood test which is highly sensitive in identifying them.
Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise on Ambulatory Blood P.docxrobert345678
Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients
Presented by
Chinyere Christiana Pamugo
1
DNP 965: Final Oral Presentation
December 13, 2022
A Direct Practice Improvement Project Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Nursing Practice
2
Investigator’s background
Registered Nurse for XXX years
3
Topic’s background
Many individuals are unaware of the symptoms for hypertension, which makes it a top priority to educate patients and their families.
In the United States, over 37 million individuals are affected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021; Krist et al., 2021).
The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association guidelines for hypertension management and definition of HTN defines it as having a blood pressure at or above 130/80 mmHg (The American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association, 2018). At the same time, stage 2 HTN is blood pressure at or above 140/90mmHg (CDC., 2021).
4
Topic’s background
Complications of the condition include myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic renal disease, and stroke (Ghatage et al., 2021).
American Heart Association Task Force (AHA) published new guidelines to help manage the increase of the disease (Wang et al., 2019).
Purpose statement
The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental project was to determine if or to what degree the translation of Saco-Ledo et al.’s research on aerobic exercise would impact ambulatory blood pressure when compared to current practice among adult hypertensive patients in a primary care clinic in southwest Texas over four weeks
6
problem statement
It was not known if or to what degree the translation of Saco-Ledo et al.’s research on aerobic exercise would impact ambulatory blood pressure when compared to current practice among adult hypertensive patients
7
Identified problem
At the clinical site, there were no standardized guidelines for clinicians to educate hypertensive patients regarding implementing daily physical activity as a blood pressure management mechanism.
Collaboration with the medical director and some of the nursing staff showed an increase of 37.1% in diagnosed HTN patients within the past six months. The clinic’s findings corresponded with the health statistics from the Texas Department of State Health Services (2022), as the county ranks 22 in the States with diagnosed hypertensive patients
8
Significance of the project
Implementing a recommended evidence-based strategy by the AHA guideline regarding aerobic exercise
Commodore-Mensah et al. (2018) state that the financial prices are significant, approximately $131-198 billion annually
This project could help decrease the financial costs associated with the disease
Hypertensive persons incu.
Identification of wave free period in the cardiac cycleRamachandra Barik
In the first part of this study, we identified the existence
of a diastolic interval in which intracoronary resistance at
rest is equivalent to time-averaged resistance during FFR
measurements. We hypothesize that pressure measurements
obtained selectively at this specific interval of the cardiac cycle
would allow a new pressure-derived index of stenosis severity
that does not require pharmacologic vasodilation; we term this
the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR). In the second part of
the study, this hypothesis was tested in a larger population by
comparing iFR and FFR measurements.
In the first part of this study, we identified the existence of a diastolic interval in which intracoronary resistance at rest is equivalent to time-averaged resistance during FFR measurements. We hypothesize that pressure measurements obtained selectively at this specific interval of the cardiac cycle would allow a new pressure-derived index of stenosis severity that does not require pharmacologic vasodilation; we term this the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR). In the second part of the study, this hypothesis was tested in a larger population by comparing iFR and FFR measurements.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. medication changes (6). This study is the first to examine
the long-term characteristics of ongoing hemodynamics
measured from a permanently implanted device in patients
with CHF and to correlate changes to clinical events. These
data help develop the hypothesis that incorporation of
long-term hemodynamic data in heart failure (HF) man-
agement has the potential to affect meaningful outcome
measures in patients with CHF.
METHODS
This clinical investigation was a multicenter, prospective,
nonrandomized study with three goals: 1) to examine the
long-term characteristics of cardiovascular parameters de-
rived from an implantable hemodynamic monitor (IHM) in
patients with CHF; 2) to determine changes in those
parameters that occur during meaningful clinical events; and
3) to investigate whether incorporating hemodynamic in-
formation in long-term management impacts hospitaliza-
tions in HF care. During the first nine months of the trial,
hemodynamic data were collected but not made available to
the investigators for clinical decision-making. When device
accuracy was demonstrated (5), hemodynamic information
was included in the clinical management, and the patients
were followed up for 17 months. The first two goals were
examined during the blinded phase. Information about
hospitalizations was analyzed using historical controls, com-
paring hospitalization rates from 12 months before implan-
tation, combined with the blinded phase of the trial (9
months), with the 17 months after hemodynamic informa-
tion began to be used.
Patient inclusion criteria. Patients between the ages of 21
and 75 years, with New York Heart Association class II/III
CHF, were enrolled in the trial if they were able to provide
informed consent. Subjects were excluded if they had an
existing indication for a pacemaker or an implantable
cardiac defibrillator (ICD). Additionally, patients with
known atrial or ventricular septal defects, tricuspid or
pulmonic stenosis, or mechanical right heart valves, as well
as those with a terminal illness unrelated to HF with a
life-expectancy of Ͻ12 months, were excluded. Institutional
review boards at each site approved the study design, and
patients gave informed consent to be involved in this
investigational protocol.
Device design and implantation. The Chronicle IHM
(Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a long-term
implanted device designed to record ongoing right ventric-
ular (RV) pressures, heart rate (HR), and pressure deriva-
tives. The implantation procedure was similar to a single-
lead permanent pacemaker system with a programmable
memory device (128-K random-access memory) placed in
the pectoral area and a transvenous electrode carrying a
pressure sensor in the RV outflow tract. The device contin-
uously measured RV systolic and diastolic pressures (RVSP
and RVDP), estimated pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
(ePADP), maximum change in pressure over time (dP/dt),
HR, activity, and temperature. The ePADP was derived
from RV pressures at the time of maximum dP/dt, the
moment of pulmonary valve opening. This concept was
validated in previous work (11,12).
Absolute pressure values were obtained directly from the
pressure sensor, and HR was determined from a unipolar
electrogram recorded at the tip of the lead. Long-term
performance of the IHM sensor was recently established
(5). The sensor provides a continuous pressure trace for
analysis by the IHM (Fig. 1) and is known to be stable over
time (5,7,8). A brief pre-insertion calibration procedure was
performed immediately before implantation. Once the sen-
sor was implanted, no additional or repeated calibration was
required. Previous validation of the sensor’s accuracy and
precision was performed by using serial right heart catheter-
izations and comparing IHM signals with simultaneously
acquired balloon-tipped catheter values at 3, 6, and 12
months after implantation (5). These studies revealed a
small baseline error at 12 months that was similar to the
error at the time of implantation (Ͻ1.0 mm Hg). This
indicated that no significant drift occurred in the sensor (5).
Although the sensor’s response is linear to Ͼ100 Hz, the
IHM signal was low-pass filtered at 60 Hz to minimize
noise. An external device that patients kept with them
recorded ambient barometric pressure once per minute.
When stored hemodynamic information was interrogated
from the monitor, the external pressure reference informa-
tion was subtracted from monitor data to provide relative
pressures in the RV.
Long-term information stored in the monitor was re-
trieved using a PC-based program with specialized software
that allowed users to verify proper device function by visual
inspection of real-time ventricular pressure waveforms. The
median value Ϯ 5% and 95% ranges were derived from the
data depending on the duration of recordings, which ranged
from 1 h to two months based on planned follow-up. To
address the possibility that IHM pressures may vary as a
function of body position, a previous study (5) demonstrated
that IHM pressures were not different from simultaneously
obtained balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter pressures
in the supine/rest, sitting/rest, and sitting/exercise positions
(5). Therefore, IHM pressures are accurate and precise over
a variety of physiologic conditions. Nevertheless, cardiac
filling pressures may vary as a function of body position,
Abbreviations and Acronyms
CHF ϭ chronic heart failure
ePADP ϭ estimated pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
HF ϭ heart failure
HR ϭ heart rate
ICD ϭ implantable cardiac defibrillator
IHM ϭ implantable hemodynamic monitor
RV ϭ right ventricle or ventricular
RVDP ϭ right ventricular diastolic pressure
RVSP ϭ right ventricular systolic pressure
566 Adamson et al. JACC Vol. 41, No. 4, 2003
Ongoing Hemodynamics in Heart Failure February 19, 2003:565–71
3. which may reflect differences in activity or body position
between individual patients. To decrease the potential effects of
differences in activity or body position on the results in this
study, pressures from nighttime rest values were collected
between midnight and 4 AM when there was zero activity
detected by the device.
Figure 1. Actual right ventricular pressure waveforms derived from an implantable hemodynamic monitor (IHM) system, with an illustration of how the
IHM determines the pressure values. dP/dt ϭ contractility as measured by change in pressure over change in time; EGM ϭ electrogram; ePAD ϭ estimated
pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; RVDP ϭ right ventricular diastolic pressure; RVSP ϭ right ventricular systolic pressure.
567JACC Vol. 41, No. 4, 2003 Adamson et al.
February 19, 2003:565–71 Ongoing Hemodynamics in Heart Failure
4. Long-term monitoring and clinical end points. The daily
maximum, minimum, median, and range of pressures were
analyzed, along with nighttime values between midnight
and 4 AM, when no activity was sensed. During the blinded
phase of the trial, HF physicians determined volume-
overload exacerbations on the basis of elevated jugular
venous pressure, rhonchi on lung auscultation, and
abdominal-jugular reflux. Volume-overload events were
considered major if hospitalization was required and minor if
outpatient adjustments in therapy treated the exacerbation.
Volume depletion was reported on the basis of an ortho-
static drop in systolic blood pressure and typical signs and
symptoms of dehydration that resulted in discontinuation of
diuretic therapy or volume infusion. Individual baseline
pressure parameters were determined at times when the
patient had optimal volume control. Percent changes in
pressures were calculated for each day during the week
before the event. A sustained change of Ͼ20% above
baseline for any pressure parameter before a clinical event
was considered meaningful.
The CHF hospitalization data (verified by ICD-9 and
DRG codes) collected from 12 months before IHM place-
ment, and during the 9-months blinded phase, were com-
pared with the 17-months of follow-up that began when
information was made available for management decisions.
Hospitalization incidence was expressed in patient-years to
reduce the statistical impact of patients who underwent
transplantation or died during follow-up.
Statistics. The two-tailed paired Student t test was used to
determine a difference between baseline values and peak
pressure values. Hospitalization rates were evaluated using
an unpaired t test comparing pre-hemodynamic manage-
ment rates to post-hemodynamic rates. An alpha level of p
Ͻ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data are
reported as the mean value Ϯ SD, unless otherwise noted in
the text.
RESULTS
The characteristics of the 32 patients enrolled are reported
in Table 1. Three patients required lead replacement due to
calibration or sensor problems. Two patients died during
follow-up due to causes unrelated to the device. One patient
withdrew consent for subsequent invasive hemodynamic
evaluations. One patient had the system explanted during
heart transplantation. One patient had a small pneumotho-
rax after implantation, and one patient developed complete
heart block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation.
Characteristics of ongoing pressures. Pressure values and
their variability had individual characteristics, as illustrated
in Figure 1. The RVSP and RVDP nighttime minimum
pressures with zero activity averaged 54 Ϯ 17 and 2.3 Ϯ 4
mm Hg, respectively, and ePADP averaged 28 Ϯ 8 mm Hg
during optimal volume conditions. The HR averaged 75 Ϯ
20 beats/min when optimal volume was maintained.
Volume-related exacerbations. Thirty-six volume-
overload events occurred in 14 patients, and 12 events
(major) were severe enough to require hospitalization.
Sustained increases (Ͼ20%) in at least one pressure param-
eter were observed in nine of the 12 events 4 Ϯ 2 days before
exacerbations, leading to hospitalizations (Fig. 2, left panel).
In contrast, early pressure increases occurred in only 9 of 24
events with minor exacerbations. In all exacerbations, pres-
sures increased 24 h before clinical intervention (Fig. 2).
The RVDP increased by 265 Ϯ 16% (2.3 Ϯ 4 to 8.4 Ϯ 4
mm Hg), whereas RVSP increased by 25 Ϯ 4% (54 Ϯ 17 to
67 Ϯ 10 mm Hg), and ePADP rose 26 Ϯ 4% (28 Ϯ 8 to 35
Ϯ 9 mm Hg), when comparing baseline values with peak
events (all p Ͻ 0.05). The HR increased by 11 Ϯ 2% during
the peak of exacerbations (p Ͻ 0.05).
Eight volume-depletion episodes occurred in seven pa-
tients, and all pressure measurements decreased. The RVSP
decreased by 17 Ϯ 4%, RVDP decreased by 63 Ϯ 4%, and
ePADP decreased by 23 Ϯ 8% (all p Ͻ 0.05). The HRs
were lowest at the peak of volume-depletion events (Ϫ14 Ϯ
2%) and highest at the peak of overload events (11 Ϯ 2%, p
Ͻ 0.05). All hemodynamic parameters measured returned
to baseline levels with successful treatment of clinical events.
Hospitalizations. Hospitalization data were examined in
28 patients, as one patient died, two underwent heart
transplantation, and one was lost to follow-up before
hemodynamic data were used for clinical management. A
total of 52 CHF-related hospitalizations occurred before
use of hemodynamic information for management had
begun. After hemodynamic data were available to help
manage patients, six patients received a transplant and five
died. There were 18 CHF-related hospitalizations in 14 of
the 28 patients in the 17 months of follow-up. When
expressed in patient-years, there were 1.08 admissions per
patient-year in the 21 months before hemodynamic infor-
mation was used and 0.47 hospitalizations per patient-year
in the 17 months after data were made available (57%
reduction, p Ͻ 0.01) (Fig. 3).
DISCUSSION
Findings from this study indicate that continuous hemody-
namic monitoring provides detailed information on CHF
patients’ status that may be helpful in day-to-day volume
Table 1. Patient Characteristics (n ϭ 32)
Age (yrs) 59 Ϯ 10
Gender (M/F) 12 (38%)/20 (62%)
LVEF 29 Ϯ 11%
Etiology
Ischemic 19 (59%)
Idiopathic 11 (34%)
Valvular 2 (7%)
NYHA class
I 1
II 14
III 17
Data are presented as the mean value ϮSD or number (%) of patients.
LVEF ϭ left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA ϭ New York Heart Associa-
tion.
568 Adamson et al. JACC Vol. 41, No. 4, 2003
Ongoing Hemodynamics in Heart Failure February 19, 2003:565–71
5. Figure 2. Right ventricular pressure values from a patient with variable pressure (left panel) and a patient with nonvariable pressure (right panel) characteristics. (See text for details.) Nighttime minimum
values are shown for heart rate (HR), RVSP, ePAD, and RVDP values. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.
569JACCVol.41,No.4,2003Adamsonetal.
February19,2003:565–71OngoingHemodynamicsinHeartFailure
6. management of the disease. Based on the current findings,
the hypothesis can be generated that long-term hemody-
namic monitoring may decrease CHF hospitalizations, but
this hypothesis must be tested in a prospective, randomized
trial designed to specifically address this question. Finally,
data from this study expand the concept that invasive RV
hemodynamic monitoring in patients with CHF provides
important information on left ventricular filling (13), with a
favorable impact on meaningful outcomes. Application of
this technology to other important diseases, such as pulmo-
nary hypertension and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction,
may describe important pathophysiologic features of those
diseases and improve therapeutic intervention.
Individual characteristics of ongoing pressures. The in-
dividual characteristics of ongoing pressures were unique,
which required using the patient’s values as their own
control. Many patients had large pressure variability,
whereas others had less variable measurements with a
similar clinical course (Fig. 1). This observation may be
important, as highly variable systemic arterial pressures
cause more end-organ damage than higher mean, but less
variable pressures (14). Whether RV pressure variability
carries the same risk remains to be determined. Further-
more, inherent pressure variability may increase the possi-
bility of inappropriate volume assessment, unless monitor-
ing algorithms account for individual changes. Other
markers of physiologic control systems, such as HR vari-
ability, which indirectly quantifies autonomic HR control,
may be important parameters to include in continuous
hemodynamic monitoring systems.
This study established that long-term pressures have
individual variability, but it was not designed to examine the
exact predictive value of continuous hemodynamic monitor-
ing, as there were no control subjects in the phase of the trial
in which hemodynamic information was used for manage-
ment. However, these observations will provide a means to
develop future monitoring algorithms that may facilitate
processing of continuously acquired data. This is important
because pressures changed beyond their normal variability
when volume-overload exacerbations were severe enough to
require hospitalization. Often the pressure changes occurred
several days before clinical intervention. Pressures further
increased in the 24 h before hospitalization. This pattern
suggests that the earlier changes possibly reduced the
patient’s “tolerable reserve” but did not produce severe
symptoms until pressures increased further. Therapy guided
by information from IHM systems could thus be useful by
providing early warning of an impending, severe exacerba-
tion or, in the case of minor volume overload, confirming
the patient’s status and guiding therapy. This may result in
a substantial reduction in the need for health care utiliza-
tion, especially with the advent of trans-telephone data
transmission. Furthermore, when hospitalization cannot be
avoided, the presence of an IHM may reduce the need for
invasive hemodynamic monitoring using traditional
balloon-tipped catheters. Prospective studies designed to
specifically evaluate how an IHM may reduce costs of CHF
care are still required.
Implications for future use. Device therapy to treat CHF
now includes biventricular pacemakers in patients with
significant conduction delays (15,16) and ICDs in those
with ischemic heart disease (17). Because biventricular
pacemakers reduce hospitalizations (16) and ICDs tend to
increase them (17), combination devices, such as biventricu-
lar pacemakers with ICDs, may provide therapy that has a
favorable impact on morbidity as well as mortality. Simi-
larly, combining IHM capability with ICDs or other devices
may have a favorable, meaningful impact clinical outcomes.
A device that combines IHM information with ICD capa-
bility will potentially result in more cost-effective, device-
based, disease management systems. Furthermore, value
may be added to other interventions such as ventricular
assist devices or artificial hearts and may offer a way to
reduce costs while enhancing therapeutic benefits.
The patients in this study already benefited from orga-
nized CHF treatment programs, which significantly reduce
hospitalizations (1). Although this study was not designed
to examine the effect of IHMs on health care utilization, the
results provide substantial background to more fully exam-
ine the hypothesis that IHMs use may have a broad range of
Figure 3. (A) Pressure changes occurred in 9 of 12 events 4 Ϯ 2 days before
hospitalization (major). (B) Pressure changes before minor exacerbations (n
ϭ 24) that did not require hospitalization. Percent changes in right
ventricular systolic pressure (black circles), estimated pulmonary artery
diastolic pressure (green diamonds), and heart rate (red triangles).
570 Adamson et al. JACC Vol. 41, No. 4, 2003
Ongoing Hemodynamics in Heart Failure February 19, 2003:565–71
7. applications and will likely have a significant impact on
disease morbidity, even beyond those benefits of an orga-
nized system. The device used in this study continuously
measures hemodynamic information. This is theoretically
superior to one-time “spot measurements,” typically used in
CHF management and diagnosis, such as body weight and
B-type natriuretic protein. Validation of this concept will
require prospective trials specifically designed to compare
other modalities with IHM information.
Conclusions. Continuous monitoring of ambulatory RV
pressures is feasible, accurate, and safe. Furthermore, RV
pressure changes reflect the patient’s volume status, which
provides meaningful information to guide day-to-day man-
agement of CHF. Long-term management of patients with
CHF, guided by ambulatory hemodynamic information,
promises to have an effective impact on the severe morbidity
associated with this syndrome.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Philip B. Adamson,
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Medicine/
Cardiology, P.O. Box 26901, WP3120, Oklahoma City, Okla-
homa 73190. E-mail: philip-adamson@ouhsc.edu.
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