The document discusses definite and indefinite articles, including the uses of "the", "a", and "an". It also covers quantifiers used with countable and uncountable nouns. 1. "The" is used to refer to something already mentioned, identify a particular object, refer to unique objects, and with proper nouns. "A" and "an" are used with countable nouns starting with consonants and vowels respectively. 2. Quantifiers like "a few", "few", "a little", and "little" describe quantity positively or negatively. "Some" is used in positive statements while "any" is used in questions or negatives.

1. Definite and
Indefinite Articles
THE, A, AN

2. Definite Article
‘The’ is used:
1. To refer to something which has already
been mentioned.
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
The mouse loved the elephant’s trunk, and the
elephant loved the mouse’s tiny nose.

3. 2. In sentences or clauses where we define or
identify a particular person or object.
The man who wrote this book is famous.
‘Which car did you scratch?’ The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.

4. 3. To refer to objects we regard as unique.
the sun
the moon
the world

5. 4. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers.
the highest building,
the first page,
the last chapter

6. 5. With adjectives to refer to a whole group
of people.
the Japanese
the old

7. 6. With names of geographical areas and
oceans.
the Caribbean
the Sahara
the Atlantic

8. 7. With decades or groups of years.
she grew up in the seventies

9. Indefinite Article
‘A’ ‘An’
Use ‘a’ with nouns Use ‘an’ with nouns
starting with a starting with a
consonant vowel
(b,c,d,f,g) (a,e,i,o,u)
Ex. Ex.
a boy an apple
a car an orange
a house an opera

10.  Note:
1. ‘An’ before an h mute
(an hour, an honour)
2. ‘A’ before u and eu when they
sound like ‘you’
(a European, a university, a unit)

11. The indefinite article is used:
 to refer to something for the first time
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
 to refer to a particular member of a
group or class

12. Quantifiers
-CARDINALS AND ORDINAL NUMBERS
-QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
-A FEW AND FEW, A LITTLE AND
LITTLE
-SOME AND ANY

13. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal numbers
(one, two, three, etc.) (first, second, third, etc.)
-refer to quantity -refer to distribution
Ex. Ex.
1. There are twenty- 1. He was the
five people in the fourteenth person
room. to win the award
2. Six hundred since 1934.
thousand people 2. I must have asked
were left homeless you twenty times to
after the earthquake. be quiet.

14. Quantifiers with countable and
uncountable nouns
Only with With uncountable Only with countable
uncountable nouns and countable nouns nouns
How much? How much? or How many?
How many?
A little no/none A few
A bit (of) Not any A number (of)
- Some (any) several
A great deal of A lot of A large number of
A large amount of Plenty of A great number of
- Lots of -
+ noun

15. A few and few, a little and little
A few and a little Few and little
describe the quantity in describe the quantity in
a positive way. a negative way.
Ex. Ex.
1. I’ve got a few 1. Few people visited
friends(=maybe not him in the hospital(=he
many, but enough) almost had no visitors)
2. I’ve got a little 2. He had little
money(=I’ve got money(=almost no
enough to live on) money)

16. Some and Any
Some Any
is used in positive is used in question and
statements with not in negative
Ex. statements.
1. I had some rice for Ex.
lunch. 1. Have you got any tea.
2. He’s got some books 2. He didn’t give me
from the library. any tea.