The VSNU represents the shared interests of the 14 research universities in the Netherlands. It advocates for these universities with politicians and other organizations. The VSNU is governed by the presidents of the 14 universities and has an office of 41 employees focused on collective strategies. The document then provides details on the 14 research universities, including statistics on students, staffing, revenues, programs offered, and an international code of conduct developed by the universities.
The Executive Branch is led by the President and Vice President. The President's main duties are to enforce laws, represent the country, appoint cabinet members and judges, negotiate treaties, and propose budgets. The President is supported by various cabinet departments and agencies that provide expertise in areas like defense, justice, and foreign affairs. The order of presidential succession is outlined, going from the Vice President to Speaker of the House to others.
The Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, was adopted in 1781 but proved too weak as it gave states too much power. This led to economic troubles and Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts in 1786, showing the need for a stronger central government. In response, delegates met in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up drafting an entirely new constitution, which was then ratified in 1789, establishing the government of the United States.
The document summarizes key points about Articles III through VII of the US Constitution. Article III establishes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts to interpret laws and ensure they comply with the Constitution. Justices are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate, serving lifetime appointments. Article IV requires states to uphold the Constitution and extradite criminals to other states. It also outlines how new states can join the union. Article V describes how amendments can be proposed and ratified. Article VI establishes that old debts are still valid and that the Constitution is the supreme law, requiring all officers to uphold it without religious tests. Article VII specifies that nine of the 13 original states needed to ratify for the Constitution to take effect.
1) Native Americans first arrived in North America around 12,000 years ago via the Bering Strait land bridge between Asia and Alaska.
2) European powers colonized different regions - Spain colonized the Southwest US and Mexico, France explored the Mississippi River region, and Britain established 13 colonies along the East Coast.
3) Through the American Revolution, Louisiana Purchase from France, Mexican Revolution, and negotiations, the borders of the US expanded to the West while Native Americans were pushed onto reservations.
The document summarizes the social and political climate in Mississippi from the Great Depression through the 1950s that set the stage for the civil rights movement. It discusses how the Depression devastated the state's economy and disproportionately impacted African Americans. World War II and related industries provided economic opportunities. President Truman supported civil rights, alienating Southern Democrats who formed the Dixiecrats. The 1954 Brown v. Board decision found segregated schools unconstitutional, sparking massive resistance from whites in Mississippi. The brutal 1955 murder of Emmett Till drew national attention to racial violence in the state. Lynchings were also common. African American leaders emerged to advocate for civil rights amid this deeply entrenched racism.
The VSNU represents the shared interests of the 14 research universities in the Netherlands. It advocates for these universities with politicians and other organizations. The VSNU is governed by the presidents of the 14 universities and has an office of 41 employees focused on collective strategies. The document then provides details on the 14 research universities, including statistics on students, staffing, revenues, programs offered, and an international code of conduct developed by the universities.
The Executive Branch is led by the President and Vice President. The President's main duties are to enforce laws, represent the country, appoint cabinet members and judges, negotiate treaties, and propose budgets. The President is supported by various cabinet departments and agencies that provide expertise in areas like defense, justice, and foreign affairs. The order of presidential succession is outlined, going from the Vice President to Speaker of the House to others.
The Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, was adopted in 1781 but proved too weak as it gave states too much power. This led to economic troubles and Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts in 1786, showing the need for a stronger central government. In response, delegates met in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up drafting an entirely new constitution, which was then ratified in 1789, establishing the government of the United States.
The document summarizes key points about Articles III through VII of the US Constitution. Article III establishes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts to interpret laws and ensure they comply with the Constitution. Justices are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate, serving lifetime appointments. Article IV requires states to uphold the Constitution and extradite criminals to other states. It also outlines how new states can join the union. Article V describes how amendments can be proposed and ratified. Article VI establishes that old debts are still valid and that the Constitution is the supreme law, requiring all officers to uphold it without religious tests. Article VII specifies that nine of the 13 original states needed to ratify for the Constitution to take effect.
1) Native Americans first arrived in North America around 12,000 years ago via the Bering Strait land bridge between Asia and Alaska.
2) European powers colonized different regions - Spain colonized the Southwest US and Mexico, France explored the Mississippi River region, and Britain established 13 colonies along the East Coast.
3) Through the American Revolution, Louisiana Purchase from France, Mexican Revolution, and negotiations, the borders of the US expanded to the West while Native Americans were pushed onto reservations.
The document summarizes the social and political climate in Mississippi from the Great Depression through the 1950s that set the stage for the civil rights movement. It discusses how the Depression devastated the state's economy and disproportionately impacted African Americans. World War II and related industries provided economic opportunities. President Truman supported civil rights, alienating Southern Democrats who formed the Dixiecrats. The 1954 Brown v. Board decision found segregated schools unconstitutional, sparking massive resistance from whites in Mississippi. The brutal 1955 murder of Emmett Till drew national attention to racial violence in the state. Lynchings were also common. African American leaders emerged to advocate for civil rights amid this deeply entrenched racism.
The document summarizes key events of the Civil War in Mississippi, including the formation of the Confederate States, battles at Corinth and Shiloh in 1862, multiple campaigns to take Vicksburg led by Grant and Sherman from 1862-1863, the siege and surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, and the end of the war in 1865. It also discusses the roles of African American troops from Mississippi in the Union army.
During the antebellum period between 1812-1860, sectionalism developed between the North and South as their ways of life diverged. The South's economy was based on cotton and slavery, while the North's relied on manufacturing. Issues like the tariff and the expansion of slavery divided the regions. Mississippi became the heart of the cotton kingdom due to innovations like the cotton gin. By 1860, slavery was an entrenched institution in Mississippi, defended on economic, religious, and racial grounds. When Lincoln was elected as an anti-slavery candidate, Mississippi seceded, believing states had the right to leave the Union.
The document summarizes key events and policies during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. It outlines Lincoln's 10% Plan for Reconstruction, the more radical Wade-Davis Bill, and Johnson's plans as Lincoln's successor. Congress passed the 14th Amendment and implemented Radical Reconstruction. The rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan opposed African American civil rights. Reconstruction ended in 1877 as federal troops withdrew from the South. Segregation and disenfranchisement policies replaced the civil rights gains of Reconstruction.
The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the North and South leading up to the Civil War, including westward expansion, debates over the spread of slavery to new territories, the passage of fugitive slave laws, the Dred Scott decision, the emergence of the Republican Party, and John Brown's raid. Ultimately, Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 prompted several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America, marking the start of hostilities when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861.
This document provides a summary of Thomas Jefferson's presidency and key events during that time period including:
- Jefferson reduced the size of government and got rid of the Sedition Act as part of his "Revolution of 1800"
- The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the western territories of North America with Sacagawea as an important guide
- The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed in response to British and French interference with American shipping
The XYZ Affair involved failed negotiations between the U.S. and France, where French diplomats demanded a bribe and loan before negotiating. This angered the American public against France. In response, President Adams avoided war but increased military spending. He also signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, allowing deportation of immigrants and imprisonment of government critics. Republicans like Jefferson and Madison opposed these laws as unconstitutional, laying the foundation for states' rights debates.
The document summarizes conflicts in the Northwest territory and between France and Britain in the late 18th century, and the American response under President Washington. British forces occupied forts in the Ohio Valley and armed Native American tribes, who attacked settlers north of the Ohio River. General Anthony Wayne defeated the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, leading to the Treaty of Greenville that opened Ohio to settlers. The French Revolution began with popular revolt but descended into the bloody Reign of Terror. Though Jefferson supported the revolution, Washington declared American neutrality as France and Britain went to war, though both sides interfered with American shipping. The Jay Treaty resolved some issues with Britain but not others. Washington warned against partisan divisions and permanent
1) After the American Revolution, political factions formed between Alexander Hamilton's Federalists and Thomas Jefferson's Republicans over how to interpret the new Constitution and economic policies.
2) The Federalists supported a strong federal government, protective tariffs, and a national bank while the Republicans favored states' rights, farming, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
3) In the 1796 election, John Adams and the Federalists won the presidency while Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans won the vice presidency due to the electoral process at the time before the 12th Amendment.
This document discusses key aspects of Alexander Hamilton's plan to establish the national bank and financial system of the early United States. It describes Hamilton's proposals to have the federal government assume states' Revolutionary War debts, create the first Bank of the United States, and impose taxes on imports. It also discusses disagreements between Hamilton and Madison over state debts and between Hamilton and Jefferson over the constitutionality of the national bank.
Britain gained control of lands east of the Mississippi River except for New Orleans after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. A series of laws imposed by Britain and acts of colonial protest in the 1760s and early 1770s increased tensions between Britain and its American colonies and moved the colonies toward revolution.
The document summarizes a 1766 satirical print by Benjamin Wilson depicting a funeral for the Stamp Act. The print shows the remains of the Act in a coffin being carried by mourners including Lord Grenville, who introduced the Act. Ships in the background are named after Parliamentary figures who led the campaign for its repeal and are ready to transport embargoed goods to the American colonies now that the Act has been repealed.
1. Captain Knox describes differences in fighting styles between the French and British during the French and Indian War.
2. The French troops would make loud shouts and noises when engaging the enemy, which Knox saw as absurd, while the British troops remained silent and disciplined, reserving their fire until the optimal time.
3. Knox asserts that the British approach, being steady, silent, and attentive, allowed them to gain superiority over opponents in battle.
This document discusses the history of education in colonial America. It describes how Massachusetts was the first colony to have public schools, which were funded both publicly and privately. It also discusses how education differed between the northern and southern colonies, with the north having higher levels of literacy. Colonial schools taught subjects like religion, reading, writing and arithmetic using primers and hornbooks. The first colleges, like Harvard, were formed initially to educate ministers. The document also summarizes the impacts and key figures of the Great Awakening religious revival and the Enlightenment period of philosophy.
The document summarizes the history of slavery in the colonies from the Atlantic slave trade through its establishment and resistance. It discusses how approximately 10 million slaves were brought to the Americas over 300 years through the triangular trade route. Slavery took root in the colonies as the plantation system profited from slave labor and indentured servants were temporary. Laws were passed in the colonies in the 1600s that established slavery as a lifelong condition and restricted slaves' rights. Several slave revolts occurred, leading colonies to enact slave codes with harsher punishments and restrictions to control the enslaved population. African cultural influences persisted more on large plantations where slaves had less interaction with whites.
Colonial families had different structures depending on whether they lived on farms or in cities. On farms, extended families worked together and everyone had responsibilities. In cities, it was easier to live alone as a single person in a boarding house or as a servant. Men had authority over the household and women were expected to marry for economic and religious reasons rather than love, taking on domestic duties. Children also had household responsibilities from a young age. Colonial society was stratified, with social class determined mainly by land ownership. The upper class included wealthy landowners while the middle class comprised farmers and artisans. Indentured servants contracted their labor temporarily in exchange for passage to America.
The document summarizes the Southern Colonies, which included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia was the largest colony and grew tobacco, but conflicts arose with Native Americans as settlers needed more land. Nathaniel Bacon led raids on the Native Americans and then burned down Jamestown. Maryland was set up for Catholics but welcomed other religions. North Carolina had small tobacco farms while South Carolina developed plantations for rice. Georgia was originally set aside for debtors and banned slavery, focusing on small farms.
The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They were located between the New England and Southern colonies. The climate and soil of the Middle Colonies supported diverse farming of crops like wheat, grains, fruits, and vegetables, earning the region the name "America's breadbasket." The Dutch originally settled New York, while Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers seeking religious freedom to establish their "Holy Experiment" under William Penn's leadership. Delaware was previously controlled by the Swedes and Dutch before becoming part of Pennsylvania and later separating as its own colony.
The New England colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were originally settled by Puritans in the 1630s seeking religious freedom from the Church of England. The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay colony led by John Winthrop, making Boston its largest town. They established a General Court and elected governor but were not tolerant of dissenting religious views. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island in 1636 as a refuge for religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson who was expelled from Massachusetts. Thomas Hooker also led settlers from Massachusetts in founding the Connecticut colony in 1636 with a written constitution establishing self-government. By the 1670s a new generation was less strictly Puritan as the cities and economy grew.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
The document summarizes key events of the Civil War in Mississippi, including the formation of the Confederate States, battles at Corinth and Shiloh in 1862, multiple campaigns to take Vicksburg led by Grant and Sherman from 1862-1863, the siege and surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, and the end of the war in 1865. It also discusses the roles of African American troops from Mississippi in the Union army.
During the antebellum period between 1812-1860, sectionalism developed between the North and South as their ways of life diverged. The South's economy was based on cotton and slavery, while the North's relied on manufacturing. Issues like the tariff and the expansion of slavery divided the regions. Mississippi became the heart of the cotton kingdom due to innovations like the cotton gin. By 1860, slavery was an entrenched institution in Mississippi, defended on economic, religious, and racial grounds. When Lincoln was elected as an anti-slavery candidate, Mississippi seceded, believing states had the right to leave the Union.
The document summarizes key events and policies during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. It outlines Lincoln's 10% Plan for Reconstruction, the more radical Wade-Davis Bill, and Johnson's plans as Lincoln's successor. Congress passed the 14th Amendment and implemented Radical Reconstruction. The rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan opposed African American civil rights. Reconstruction ended in 1877 as federal troops withdrew from the South. Segregation and disenfranchisement policies replaced the civil rights gains of Reconstruction.
The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the North and South leading up to the Civil War, including westward expansion, debates over the spread of slavery to new territories, the passage of fugitive slave laws, the Dred Scott decision, the emergence of the Republican Party, and John Brown's raid. Ultimately, Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 prompted several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America, marking the start of hostilities when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861.
This document provides a summary of Thomas Jefferson's presidency and key events during that time period including:
- Jefferson reduced the size of government and got rid of the Sedition Act as part of his "Revolution of 1800"
- The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the western territories of North America with Sacagawea as an important guide
- The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed in response to British and French interference with American shipping
The XYZ Affair involved failed negotiations between the U.S. and France, where French diplomats demanded a bribe and loan before negotiating. This angered the American public against France. In response, President Adams avoided war but increased military spending. He also signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, allowing deportation of immigrants and imprisonment of government critics. Republicans like Jefferson and Madison opposed these laws as unconstitutional, laying the foundation for states' rights debates.
The document summarizes conflicts in the Northwest territory and between France and Britain in the late 18th century, and the American response under President Washington. British forces occupied forts in the Ohio Valley and armed Native American tribes, who attacked settlers north of the Ohio River. General Anthony Wayne defeated the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, leading to the Treaty of Greenville that opened Ohio to settlers. The French Revolution began with popular revolt but descended into the bloody Reign of Terror. Though Jefferson supported the revolution, Washington declared American neutrality as France and Britain went to war, though both sides interfered with American shipping. The Jay Treaty resolved some issues with Britain but not others. Washington warned against partisan divisions and permanent
1) After the American Revolution, political factions formed between Alexander Hamilton's Federalists and Thomas Jefferson's Republicans over how to interpret the new Constitution and economic policies.
2) The Federalists supported a strong federal government, protective tariffs, and a national bank while the Republicans favored states' rights, farming, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
3) In the 1796 election, John Adams and the Federalists won the presidency while Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans won the vice presidency due to the electoral process at the time before the 12th Amendment.
This document discusses key aspects of Alexander Hamilton's plan to establish the national bank and financial system of the early United States. It describes Hamilton's proposals to have the federal government assume states' Revolutionary War debts, create the first Bank of the United States, and impose taxes on imports. It also discusses disagreements between Hamilton and Madison over state debts and between Hamilton and Jefferson over the constitutionality of the national bank.
Britain gained control of lands east of the Mississippi River except for New Orleans after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. A series of laws imposed by Britain and acts of colonial protest in the 1760s and early 1770s increased tensions between Britain and its American colonies and moved the colonies toward revolution.
The document summarizes a 1766 satirical print by Benjamin Wilson depicting a funeral for the Stamp Act. The print shows the remains of the Act in a coffin being carried by mourners including Lord Grenville, who introduced the Act. Ships in the background are named after Parliamentary figures who led the campaign for its repeal and are ready to transport embargoed goods to the American colonies now that the Act has been repealed.
1. Captain Knox describes differences in fighting styles between the French and British during the French and Indian War.
2. The French troops would make loud shouts and noises when engaging the enemy, which Knox saw as absurd, while the British troops remained silent and disciplined, reserving their fire until the optimal time.
3. Knox asserts that the British approach, being steady, silent, and attentive, allowed them to gain superiority over opponents in battle.
This document discusses the history of education in colonial America. It describes how Massachusetts was the first colony to have public schools, which were funded both publicly and privately. It also discusses how education differed between the northern and southern colonies, with the north having higher levels of literacy. Colonial schools taught subjects like religion, reading, writing and arithmetic using primers and hornbooks. The first colleges, like Harvard, were formed initially to educate ministers. The document also summarizes the impacts and key figures of the Great Awakening religious revival and the Enlightenment period of philosophy.
The document summarizes the history of slavery in the colonies from the Atlantic slave trade through its establishment and resistance. It discusses how approximately 10 million slaves were brought to the Americas over 300 years through the triangular trade route. Slavery took root in the colonies as the plantation system profited from slave labor and indentured servants were temporary. Laws were passed in the colonies in the 1600s that established slavery as a lifelong condition and restricted slaves' rights. Several slave revolts occurred, leading colonies to enact slave codes with harsher punishments and restrictions to control the enslaved population. African cultural influences persisted more on large plantations where slaves had less interaction with whites.
Colonial families had different structures depending on whether they lived on farms or in cities. On farms, extended families worked together and everyone had responsibilities. In cities, it was easier to live alone as a single person in a boarding house or as a servant. Men had authority over the household and women were expected to marry for economic and religious reasons rather than love, taking on domestic duties. Children also had household responsibilities from a young age. Colonial society was stratified, with social class determined mainly by land ownership. The upper class included wealthy landowners while the middle class comprised farmers and artisans. Indentured servants contracted their labor temporarily in exchange for passage to America.
The document summarizes the Southern Colonies, which included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia was the largest colony and grew tobacco, but conflicts arose with Native Americans as settlers needed more land. Nathaniel Bacon led raids on the Native Americans and then burned down Jamestown. Maryland was set up for Catholics but welcomed other religions. North Carolina had small tobacco farms while South Carolina developed plantations for rice. Georgia was originally set aside for debtors and banned slavery, focusing on small farms.
The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They were located between the New England and Southern colonies. The climate and soil of the Middle Colonies supported diverse farming of crops like wheat, grains, fruits, and vegetables, earning the region the name "America's breadbasket." The Dutch originally settled New York, while Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers seeking religious freedom to establish their "Holy Experiment" under William Penn's leadership. Delaware was previously controlled by the Swedes and Dutch before becoming part of Pennsylvania and later separating as its own colony.
The New England colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were originally settled by Puritans in the 1630s seeking religious freedom from the Church of England. The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay colony led by John Winthrop, making Boston its largest town. They established a General Court and elected governor but were not tolerant of dissenting religious views. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island in 1636 as a refuge for religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson who was expelled from Massachusetts. Thomas Hooker also led settlers from Massachusetts in founding the Connecticut colony in 1636 with a written constitution establishing self-government. By the 1670s a new generation was less strictly Puritan as the cities and economy grew.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.