3. INTRODUCTION
•Invasive blood pressure monitoring is gold standard
in blood pressure monitoring.
•All the invasive pressure are usually expressed as
mm of mercury except CVP which may be expressed
as cm of water [1mm Hg = 1.36 cm of water].
4. Blood pressure commonly denotes the lateral pressure exerted
by circulating blood against walls of arteries.
Arterial BP sum of kinetic and
hydrostatic pressures.
Kinetic energy reflects energy
associated with motion (imparted by
contracting LV)
Hydrostatic pressure reflects the fluid
density and gravity contribution.
8. Sinusoid waves
• Decreasing amplitude and having increasing frequency.
• First 6-10 sinusoids contribute maximum to the final waveform.
• First sinusoid —aka fundamental frequency / first harmonic
• Equals to heart rate.
• HR of 60/min 1Hz (fundamental frequency)
• Arterial waveform can have as many as 30 harmonics.
• To accurately produce the original waveform it will require a
recording system whose frequency response remain undistorted
upto 30 Hz .
9. 2. The coupling system
It include catheter transducer system.
1. Catheter
Site of insertion:
Other option
Includes :
Dorsalis pedis &
Posterior tibial
artery
12. It is important to use a catheter of
appropriate size (i.e largest possible diameter
but with smallest length)
13. Catheter transducer system
Characterised by three mechanical parameters:
1. Elasticity: stiffness of the system. (Tubing/ pressure transducer
diaphragm)
2. Mass : weight of material moving through the system. (Blood /
fluid)
3. Friction: the resistance encountered as the mass oscillates.
(Resistance to fluid / viscosity)
27. ZEROING Ensure the transducer pressure tubing and flush solution are
correctly assembled and free of air bubbles
Place transducer at level of the right atrium/phlebostatic
axis.
‘off to patient, open to air (atmosphere)
press 'zero’ sets atmospheric pressure as zero
reference point
change in patient position —> transducer
height should be adjusted.
the use of atmospheric pressure as a reference
standard against which all other pressures are measured
30. Fast flush/Square Wave test
Determines the natural frequency and damping coefficient of a system
Natural frequency of the system is the frequency at which it will oscillate freely (in the absence of sustained
stimulus)
Damping coefficient:
An index of the tendency of the system to resist oscillations
Normal 0.7-1
>1.0 is overdamped, and <0.7 is underdamped.
Amplitude ratio
amplitude ratio indicates how quickly the system comes to rest
a low amplitude ratio (system comes to rest quickly) corresponds to a high damping-coefficient
a high amplitude ratio (system resonates) corresponds to a low damping coefficient
31. Fast
flush/Square
Wave test
• Rapidly flushing the catheter by
pulling the plunger and
releasing generates a square
wave.
• To check calibration of the
system.
32.
33. Overdamping
• Soft compliant tubing
• Blood clot
• Air bubbles
• Catheter kinks
• Numerous connections
Underdamping
• Long and stiff tubing
• Stiff catheter
• Transducer with stiff diaphragm
34. Resonance:
◦ Resonance is the amplification of signal when is its frequency is close to
the natural frequency of a system
◦ Relevance to invasive blood pressure measurement
◦ Arterial waveform composite of many waveforms of increasing
frequencies (harmonics).
◦ At least five harmonics to accurately represent the pulse pressure
◦ At least eight harmonics to represent the arterial pressure waveform
with sufficient resolution to see the dicrotic notch
◦ The transducer system must therefore have a natural frequency well
above the 8th harmonic frequency of a rapid pulse, i.e. higher than 24Hz
35. Damping:
◦Damping is the process of the system absorbing the
energy (amplitude) of oscillations
The effects of damping:
◦The transducer system must be adequately damped so
that amplitude change due to resonance should not
occur even when it is close to the system's natural
frequency
◦The natural frequency (and thus the frequency response)
of an arterial line transducer can be interrogated using
the fast flush test.
36.
37. Reflected wave phenomenon
Due to change in impedance
characteristics:
◦Branching
◦Athero-scleromatous plaque.
◦Variation in arterial geometry.
38.
39.
40. DYNAMIC
MEASURES
•IT INCLUDES:
•PPV, SPV, SVV
•PRE-REQUISITE:
•Sinus rhythm.
•Absence of spontaneous breath.
•Absence of heart failure.
•Tidal volume of 8ml/kg or more.
•Closed chest.
41. Stroke volume
variance
•Comparable to SPV
•Arterial line swing
• This phenomenon occurs during
respiration
• Variation of >10% is a sensitive
of fluid responsiveness.
•SPV is a direct reflection of the
stroke volume variation
• SPV = [SP max - SP min / SP mean
1x100]
• SPV >10mmHg is fluid responsive
42.
43. Pulse pressure
variation
•PPV = [Ppmax- Ppmin /
Ppmean ]x 100
•Indicator of the position on
the Frank-Starling curve.
•PPV ≥ 12% is suggestive of
fluid responsiveness.
