This paper presents the designed of varians array in curved microstripline antenna for radar communication. The antenna geometry comprises of three varians in matrics 2x2, 2x4 and 4x4 dimensions. The several array operates in C-Band frequencies (4GHz – 8GHz) and X-Band frequencies (8GHz-12GHz) with a 1.82 VSWR, -18.72dB Return loss, 0.29 reflection coefficient, and 5.8dB gain for 2x2 array, 1.64 VSWR, -16.17dB Return loss, 0.24 reflection coefficient, and 5.4dB gain for 2x4 array, 1.04 VSWR, - 37.70dB Return loss, 0.19 reflection coefficient, and 7.6dB gain for 4x4 array. All of the varians in array elements are feed using a direct feeding technique. This array antenna is suitable developed for use in radar communication systems.
WIDTH FEEDING STRIPLINE OPTIMISE OF CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY VARIANS ANTEN...ijwmn
This study proposed to design of curved microstripline array antenna with more optimal characteristics
parametric through optimise in width feeding stripline and its application for radar communications.
Numeric analysis with an empirical formula in curved microstripline array antenna supports the counting in
relation to the characteristics antenna that is optimally applied in communications. The simulations was
created by using CST software. The result of simulation is to indicate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR),
Reflection coefficient, Return Loss and Gain with Vertical Linear Polarization. The optimise of curved
microstripline array varians with the varians array and optimise varians in width of the feeding stripline.
Based on this simulated result, curved microstripline array varians antenna is potential to developed antenna
in radar communication in multiband frequency.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP SHORT BACKFIRE ANTENNA WITH ...IAEME Publication
A circularly polarized microstrip short back fire antenna (CPMSBA) with two ringcorrugated rim using aperture coupling feed method is proposed in this paper. Theantenna is designed to operate in KU-band. The simulation results verify the circular
polarization. The axial ratio bandwidth bwAR is 3.74%, gain is 10.43 dBi andradiation efficiency is 89.7%. The antenna has a compact structure and high electricaland mechanical characteristics.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
This document discusses approaches for improving nonuniformity correction (NUC) for resistive array infrared scene projectors. Current NUC schemes treat each pixel independently, but scene-based effects like power drops and thermal crosstalk across the array are important to consider. The document examines potential problems with scene-based correction and discusses algorithms that could be used, such as accounting for far-field diffraction effects between pixels. It also describes the current sparse array approach used to measure each pixel's response and derive nonuniformity correction curves.
Self affine rectangular fractal antenna with uc-ebg structure-2IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design and simulation of a self-affine rectangular fractal antenna with electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The antenna is designed on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. The basic rectangular patch antenna is modified through two iterations of fractal geometry to produce a multiband antenna. EBG structures are added surrounding the antenna. Simulation results show the antenna resonating at multiple frequencies with increased iteration, providing bandwidth enhancement and size reduction compared to the basic patch antenna. Good agreement is achieved between simulated and experimentally measured results.
Multi Photonic Band Gap Silica Gallium Nonlinear Omnideirectional 1 D Photoni...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the theoretical design of a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of alternating layers of silica and gallium. It investigates a 10-layer structure where silica has a low refractive index and gallium has a high refractive index. Both materials have refractive indices that vary nonlinearly with wavelength, making them nonlinear optical materials. Transfer matrix calculations show that by varying the controlling wavelength, the structure can exhibit multiple omnidirectional photonic band gaps over the visible spectrum. This allows a single device to function as a multi-band gap photonic crystal for applications requiring omnidirectional reflection such as optical communications.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
The document summarizes the design and simulation of a T-shaped fractal microstrip patch antenna for microwave band applications. The antenna was designed using a fractal technique with a scaling factor of 1/3 at each iteration to achieve multiband operation. Simulation results showed resonances at 2.4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz and 15.4 GHz with bandwidths ranging from 230 MHz to 2 GHz. The antenna exhibited VSWR less than 2 and gain higher than other resonant frequencies at 2.4 GHz, 8 GHz and 15.4 GHz. The fractal antenna design achieved size reduction and multiband performance making it suitable for applications such as wireless communications.
WIDTH FEEDING STRIPLINE OPTIMISE OF CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY VARIANS ANTEN...ijwmn
This study proposed to design of curved microstripline array antenna with more optimal characteristics
parametric through optimise in width feeding stripline and its application for radar communications.
Numeric analysis with an empirical formula in curved microstripline array antenna supports the counting in
relation to the characteristics antenna that is optimally applied in communications. The simulations was
created by using CST software. The result of simulation is to indicate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR),
Reflection coefficient, Return Loss and Gain with Vertical Linear Polarization. The optimise of curved
microstripline array varians with the varians array and optimise varians in width of the feeding stripline.
Based on this simulated result, curved microstripline array varians antenna is potential to developed antenna
in radar communication in multiband frequency.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP SHORT BACKFIRE ANTENNA WITH ...IAEME Publication
A circularly polarized microstrip short back fire antenna (CPMSBA) with two ringcorrugated rim using aperture coupling feed method is proposed in this paper. Theantenna is designed to operate in KU-band. The simulation results verify the circular
polarization. The axial ratio bandwidth bwAR is 3.74%, gain is 10.43 dBi andradiation efficiency is 89.7%. The antenna has a compact structure and high electricaland mechanical characteristics.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
This document discusses approaches for improving nonuniformity correction (NUC) for resistive array infrared scene projectors. Current NUC schemes treat each pixel independently, but scene-based effects like power drops and thermal crosstalk across the array are important to consider. The document examines potential problems with scene-based correction and discusses algorithms that could be used, such as accounting for far-field diffraction effects between pixels. It also describes the current sparse array approach used to measure each pixel's response and derive nonuniformity correction curves.
Self affine rectangular fractal antenna with uc-ebg structure-2IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design and simulation of a self-affine rectangular fractal antenna with electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The antenna is designed on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. The basic rectangular patch antenna is modified through two iterations of fractal geometry to produce a multiband antenna. EBG structures are added surrounding the antenna. Simulation results show the antenna resonating at multiple frequencies with increased iteration, providing bandwidth enhancement and size reduction compared to the basic patch antenna. Good agreement is achieved between simulated and experimentally measured results.
Multi Photonic Band Gap Silica Gallium Nonlinear Omnideirectional 1 D Photoni...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the theoretical design of a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of alternating layers of silica and gallium. It investigates a 10-layer structure where silica has a low refractive index and gallium has a high refractive index. Both materials have refractive indices that vary nonlinearly with wavelength, making them nonlinear optical materials. Transfer matrix calculations show that by varying the controlling wavelength, the structure can exhibit multiple omnidirectional photonic band gaps over the visible spectrum. This allows a single device to function as a multi-band gap photonic crystal for applications requiring omnidirectional reflection such as optical communications.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
The document summarizes the design and simulation of a T-shaped fractal microstrip patch antenna for microwave band applications. The antenna was designed using a fractal technique with a scaling factor of 1/3 at each iteration to achieve multiband operation. Simulation results showed resonances at 2.4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz and 15.4 GHz with bandwidths ranging from 230 MHz to 2 GHz. The antenna exhibited VSWR less than 2 and gain higher than other resonant frequencies at 2.4 GHz, 8 GHz and 15.4 GHz. The fractal antenna design achieved size reduction and multiband performance making it suitable for applications such as wireless communications.
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
3 d single gaas co axial nanowire solar cell for nanopillar-array photovoltai...ijcsa
Nanopillar array photovoltaics give unique advantages over today’s planar thin films in the areas of
optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their 3D geometry. The choice of the material
system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated
with nanopillars. Therefore, a well known Si and GaAs material are used in the design and studied in this
nanowire application. This work calculates and analyses the performance of the coaxial GaAs nanowire
and compared with that of Si nanowire using a semi-classical method. The current-voltage characteristics
are investigated for both under dark and AM1.5G illumination. It is found that GaAs nanowire gives almost
double efficiency with its counterpart Si nanowire. Their TCAD simulations can be validated reasonably
with that of published experimental result.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
Numerical ray tracing through a modified cladding fiber optic segment sensorsRadhi Chyad
1) The document investigates light transmission through an optical fiber with a modified cladding segment using 3D geometric optics modeling.
2) It analyzes how the intensity of transmitted light is affected by the refractive index and length of the modified cladding segment.
3) The modeling shows that if the modified cladding has a higher refractive index than the core, light transmission is very low due to partial reflection and losses. But if the modified cladding has a lower refractive index, transmission reaches saturation after a short segment length, making it suitable for sensor applications.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
This paper presents a technique for denoising digital radiographic images using a wavelet-based hidden Markov model. The method first applies the Anscombe transformation to adjust for Poisson noise, then uses the dual-tree complex wavelet transform for decomposition. A hidden Markov tree model is used to capture correlations between wavelet coefficients across scales. Two correction functions are applied to shrink coefficients before inverse transformation. Evaluation on phantom and clinical images showed the method outperforms Gaussian filtering in terms of noise reduction, detail quality and bone sharpness, though some edges had artifacts.
Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higherorder modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.
The document describes the design and simulation of a novel star-shaped fractal slot antenna. The antenna was modified from a triangular microstrip antenna into a star-shaped patch with fractal geometry. This increased the antenna's impedance bandwidth. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a wide bandwidth of 56.67% from 4.8 GHz to 7.1 GHz, covering WLAN and X-band applications. Within this band, the antenna maintained stable radiation patterns and a gain ranging from 6.33 dBi to 10.02 dBi. Introducing a fractal iteration further improved the bandwidth and gain.
An Analytical Approach for Design of Microstrip Patch (MsP) IJECEIAES
A reliable configuration of electromagnetic interactions for antenna design can yield an effective Microstrip patch (MsP) antenna. During its design, the antenna arrays involve issues with parameters (i.e., space, dimension, shape) adjustment. This problem can be tackled with an analytical approach which can help to bring better idea to design the antenna aaray. However, the realistic designs of antenna array are quite expensive while extracting computational accuracy. Thus, to have low cost computational accuracy various meta-heuristic (generic algorithm, partical swarm optimizarion) approaches are used and are considered as effective one in handling the pattern synthesis problems. Howeever, the use of meta-heuristic approaches demands thousands of functions to analyze the antenna design. This manuscript introduces an analytical approach for MsP antenna desing using MATLAB that brings optimization in handling the side lobes and optimizing the reflection as well as radiation responses. The outcomes of the design were analyzed with respect to reflection, radiation coefficients, side lobes and found effective at 10GHz as per computational cost is concern.
Photonic band gap (PBG) materials are artificially created materials that prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves within a forbidden bandgap. PBG materials find various applications including EMI shielding, miniaturization of photonic devices, and magnetic field sensing. Photonic crystal fibers use the bandgap effect to guide light and have uses in telecommunications, sensing, and medicine.
Study of Linear and Non-Linear Optical Parameters of Zinc Selenide Thin FilmIJERA Editor
Thin film of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) was deposited onto transparent glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. ZnSe thin film was characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 310 nm-1080 nm. The Linear optical parameters (linear optical absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant) of ZnSe thin film were analyzed from absorption spectra. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were obtained by Tauc’s equation. The volume and surface energy loss function of ZnSe thin film were obtained by complex dielectric constant. The Dispersion parameters (dispersion energy, oscillation energy, moment of optical dispersion spectra, static dielectric constant and static refractive index) were calculated using theoretical Wemple-DiDomenico model. The oscillation strength, oscillator wavelength, high frequency dielectric constant and high frequency refractive index were calculated by single Sellmeier oscillator model. Also, Lattice dielectric constant, N/m* and plasma resonance frequency were obtained. The electronic polarizibility of ZnSe thin film was estimated by Clausius-Mossotti local field polarizibility. The non-linear optical parameters (non-linear susceptibility and non-linear refractive index) were estimated.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
This document summarizes the design of a novel fractal antenna with an electromagnetic bandgap ground plane (EBG-GP). [1] A fractal patch was designed using a scaling factor to reduce the size of a rectangular microstrip antenna. [2] An EBG-GP was added to further increase the bandwidth without changing performance. [3] Simulation and measurement showed the fractal EBG-GP antenna achieved resonant frequencies of 1.62GHz and 2GHz, with a size reduction of 33.9% compared to a typical rectangular patch antenna.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Contrastive Parametric Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch ...RSIS International
The comparative analysis of the rectangular and
circular patch antenna parameters is presented in this paper. To
make it acceptable for various wireless applications the selected
bandwidth is 10 GHz. HFSS is a software development tool
which is used for design and the study of the performance of the
presented antennas. The study gives the idea that the rectangular
patch antenna exhibits higher return loss than the return loss of
circular patch antenna whereas the rectangular patch antenna
has an improved VSWR value of 1.18 than that of the circular
patch with VSWR 1.27. Also the circular patch antenna offers
about 8% higher radio bandwidth and nearly 2.0dB less side
lobe power than that of the rectangular patch antenna. With rise
in the dielectric constant of the substrate material there is a
diminish structure of the patch antenna which leads to an
accommodation in bandwidth, impedance and efficiency of the
antenna. The simulated antennas are used in the field of 3G
communications due to the resonance frequency. The delineate
study about the dimensions such as width, length, feed point
location, ground dimension for each patch antenna of different
dielectric material are calculated and compared and the result
shows about the contrastive analysis of different patch antenna
performance parameter like VSWR, Reflection coefficient,
Bandwidth, Impedance, Mismatch loss, Directivity, Gain and
Field are analysed and compared. The paper includes the
detailed analysis of various tables, graphs.
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates slots of different sizes and a defected ground structure to achieve the dual-band functionality. Simulation results using IE3D software show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz. The fabricated antenna prototype shows good agreement with the simulated results, with a measured return loss of -12.71 dB. The proposed antenna design achieves the goal of operating at two frequency bands for applications requiring body-centric wireless communication.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna with circular and step-shaped slots for S-band applications. A rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and step slots on four sides and a circular slot in the center is proposed. The antenna is simulated in HFSS and achieves a return loss of -38.42 dB at 3.73 GHz. The antenna has a 2D gain of 7.59 dB, elliptical polarization, and radiation patterns that make it suitable for weather radar applications in the S-band frequency range.
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
3 d single gaas co axial nanowire solar cell for nanopillar-array photovoltai...ijcsa
Nanopillar array photovoltaics give unique advantages over today’s planar thin films in the areas of
optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their 3D geometry. The choice of the material
system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated
with nanopillars. Therefore, a well known Si and GaAs material are used in the design and studied in this
nanowire application. This work calculates and analyses the performance of the coaxial GaAs nanowire
and compared with that of Si nanowire using a semi-classical method. The current-voltage characteristics
are investigated for both under dark and AM1.5G illumination. It is found that GaAs nanowire gives almost
double efficiency with its counterpart Si nanowire. Their TCAD simulations can be validated reasonably
with that of published experimental result.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
Numerical ray tracing through a modified cladding fiber optic segment sensorsRadhi Chyad
1) The document investigates light transmission through an optical fiber with a modified cladding segment using 3D geometric optics modeling.
2) It analyzes how the intensity of transmitted light is affected by the refractive index and length of the modified cladding segment.
3) The modeling shows that if the modified cladding has a higher refractive index than the core, light transmission is very low due to partial reflection and losses. But if the modified cladding has a lower refractive index, transmission reaches saturation after a short segment length, making it suitable for sensor applications.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
This paper presents a technique for denoising digital radiographic images using a wavelet-based hidden Markov model. The method first applies the Anscombe transformation to adjust for Poisson noise, then uses the dual-tree complex wavelet transform for decomposition. A hidden Markov tree model is used to capture correlations between wavelet coefficients across scales. Two correction functions are applied to shrink coefficients before inverse transformation. Evaluation on phantom and clinical images showed the method outperforms Gaussian filtering in terms of noise reduction, detail quality and bone sharpness, though some edges had artifacts.
Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higherorder modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.
The document describes the design and simulation of a novel star-shaped fractal slot antenna. The antenna was modified from a triangular microstrip antenna into a star-shaped patch with fractal geometry. This increased the antenna's impedance bandwidth. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a wide bandwidth of 56.67% from 4.8 GHz to 7.1 GHz, covering WLAN and X-band applications. Within this band, the antenna maintained stable radiation patterns and a gain ranging from 6.33 dBi to 10.02 dBi. Introducing a fractal iteration further improved the bandwidth and gain.
An Analytical Approach for Design of Microstrip Patch (MsP) IJECEIAES
A reliable configuration of electromagnetic interactions for antenna design can yield an effective Microstrip patch (MsP) antenna. During its design, the antenna arrays involve issues with parameters (i.e., space, dimension, shape) adjustment. This problem can be tackled with an analytical approach which can help to bring better idea to design the antenna aaray. However, the realistic designs of antenna array are quite expensive while extracting computational accuracy. Thus, to have low cost computational accuracy various meta-heuristic (generic algorithm, partical swarm optimizarion) approaches are used and are considered as effective one in handling the pattern synthesis problems. Howeever, the use of meta-heuristic approaches demands thousands of functions to analyze the antenna design. This manuscript introduces an analytical approach for MsP antenna desing using MATLAB that brings optimization in handling the side lobes and optimizing the reflection as well as radiation responses. The outcomes of the design were analyzed with respect to reflection, radiation coefficients, side lobes and found effective at 10GHz as per computational cost is concern.
Photonic band gap (PBG) materials are artificially created materials that prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves within a forbidden bandgap. PBG materials find various applications including EMI shielding, miniaturization of photonic devices, and magnetic field sensing. Photonic crystal fibers use the bandgap effect to guide light and have uses in telecommunications, sensing, and medicine.
Study of Linear and Non-Linear Optical Parameters of Zinc Selenide Thin FilmIJERA Editor
Thin film of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) was deposited onto transparent glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. ZnSe thin film was characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 310 nm-1080 nm. The Linear optical parameters (linear optical absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant) of ZnSe thin film were analyzed from absorption spectra. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were obtained by Tauc’s equation. The volume and surface energy loss function of ZnSe thin film were obtained by complex dielectric constant. The Dispersion parameters (dispersion energy, oscillation energy, moment of optical dispersion spectra, static dielectric constant and static refractive index) were calculated using theoretical Wemple-DiDomenico model. The oscillation strength, oscillator wavelength, high frequency dielectric constant and high frequency refractive index were calculated by single Sellmeier oscillator model. Also, Lattice dielectric constant, N/m* and plasma resonance frequency were obtained. The electronic polarizibility of ZnSe thin film was estimated by Clausius-Mossotti local field polarizibility. The non-linear optical parameters (non-linear susceptibility and non-linear refractive index) were estimated.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
This document summarizes the design of a novel fractal antenna with an electromagnetic bandgap ground plane (EBG-GP). [1] A fractal patch was designed using a scaling factor to reduce the size of a rectangular microstrip antenna. [2] An EBG-GP was added to further increase the bandwidth without changing performance. [3] Simulation and measurement showed the fractal EBG-GP antenna achieved resonant frequencies of 1.62GHz and 2GHz, with a size reduction of 33.9% compared to a typical rectangular patch antenna.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Contrastive Parametric Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch ...RSIS International
The comparative analysis of the rectangular and
circular patch antenna parameters is presented in this paper. To
make it acceptable for various wireless applications the selected
bandwidth is 10 GHz. HFSS is a software development tool
which is used for design and the study of the performance of the
presented antennas. The study gives the idea that the rectangular
patch antenna exhibits higher return loss than the return loss of
circular patch antenna whereas the rectangular patch antenna
has an improved VSWR value of 1.18 than that of the circular
patch with VSWR 1.27. Also the circular patch antenna offers
about 8% higher radio bandwidth and nearly 2.0dB less side
lobe power than that of the rectangular patch antenna. With rise
in the dielectric constant of the substrate material there is a
diminish structure of the patch antenna which leads to an
accommodation in bandwidth, impedance and efficiency of the
antenna. The simulated antennas are used in the field of 3G
communications due to the resonance frequency. The delineate
study about the dimensions such as width, length, feed point
location, ground dimension for each patch antenna of different
dielectric material are calculated and compared and the result
shows about the contrastive analysis of different patch antenna
performance parameter like VSWR, Reflection coefficient,
Bandwidth, Impedance, Mismatch loss, Directivity, Gain and
Field are analysed and compared. The paper includes the
detailed analysis of various tables, graphs.
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates slots of different sizes and a defected ground structure to achieve the dual-band functionality. Simulation results using IE3D software show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz. The fabricated antenna prototype shows good agreement with the simulated results, with a measured return loss of -12.71 dB. The proposed antenna design achieves the goal of operating at two frequency bands for applications requiring body-centric wireless communication.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna with circular and step-shaped slots for S-band applications. A rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and step slots on four sides and a circular slot in the center is proposed. The antenna is simulated in HFSS and achieves a return loss of -38.42 dB at 3.73 GHz. The antenna has a 2D gain of 7.59 dB, elliptical polarization, and radiation patterns that make it suitable for weather radar applications in the S-band frequency range.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates defected ground structures and slots cut into the patch and ground planes. Simulation results show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz, meeting the design goals. The antenna was fabricated and measured results matched well with simulations, validating the proposed antenna design for body-centric wireless applications.
A Broadband Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communicationswww.nbtc.go.th
In this paper, a simple design of wideband
rectangular patch antenna is presented by using asymmetrical
feed and a reduction in ground plane with proper gap distance.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance included in
the proposed procedure is addressed to eliminate possible
errors in the high-frequency broadband applications. The
antenna proposed in this research provides 2.3GHz bandwidth
(frequency range: 0.9GHz - 3.2GHz) which can be utilized in
various broadband applications such as remote sensing,
biomedical and mobile radio. The proposed procedure in this
research is compatible with CAD applications and is valuable
contribution as it permits quick and easy design for RF
engineers.
Reference : International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2014
http://www.ijmo.org/papers/373-A0002.pdf
Thanks for reading.
Noppadol Tiamnara
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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ARRAY FACTOR IN CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY ANTENNA FOR RADAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
DOI: 10.5121/jant.2021.7101 1
ARRAY FACTOR IN CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE
ARRAY ANTENNA FOR RADAR
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Putu Artawan1, 2
, Yono Hadi Pramono2
, Mashuri2
and Josaphat T. Sri Sumantyo3
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ganesha University
of Education (Undiksha), Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Josaphat Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Environmental Remote
Sensing (CEReS) Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522-Japan
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the designed of varians array in curved microstripline antenna for radar
communication. The antenna geometry comprises of three varians in matrics 2x2, 2x4 and 4x4 dimensions.
The several array operates in C-Band frequencies (4GHz – 8GHz) and X-Band frequencies (8GHz-12GHz)
with a 1.82 VSWR, -18.72dB Return loss, 0.29 reflection coefficient, and 5.8dB gain for 2x2 array, 1.64
VSWR, -16.17dB Return loss, 0.24 reflection coefficient, and 5.4dB gain for 2x4 array, 1.04 VSWR, -
37.70dB Return loss, 0.19 reflection coefficient, and 7.6dB gain for 4x4 array. All of the varians in array
elements are feed using a direct feeding technique. This array antenna is suitable developed for use in
radar communication systems.
KEYWORDS
Array, Curved microstripline, Radar communication, C-Band, X-Band
1. INTRODUCTION
Researches on Design of Antenna had conducted previously. The variation of design, the
analysis, and the result obtained were not be optimal to be conducted in its application especially
in radar communication systems. In this research, 2x2, 2x4, and 4x4 varian arrays in curved
microstripline antenna was designed. In radar communications, there is a emphasizing need to
minimize the size, weight and power requirments of antenna in array varians. The concept of
array antennas with widely separated frequencies bands. Thus, in this research multiband
frequencies antenna elements have been designed and fabricated that can potentially to develope
radar communication systems. A novel design in microstrip antenna is one type of antenna that is
designed using a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Microstrip antennas are physically components
that are designed to emit and or receive electromagnetic waves. In this antenna design also
considerated the size of feeding stripline to reach the maximum results in antenna indicator
parametric. As a goal of this research is to find the optimum indicator parametric results in S11,
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient and gain that can be
develope in radar application communications.
2. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
2
2. THEORIES
2.1. Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip antennas are electrically thin, lightweight, comformable, low cost, easily fabricated
and can be connected to Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs) at various frequencies [1]. There
are various types of microstrip antenna designs on the taper section. There is a rectangular,
circular, triangle shape according to the empirical analysis of antenna design. The design of the
antennas varies with the single side and the double side. This study designed novel curved
microstripline antenna with 2x2, 2x4 and 4x4 array, to produce greater gain so that it could be
more optimally applied to radar communication systems.
2.2. Array Factor
Microstrip antennas arranged in Array are not only useful for widening bandwidth but also have
an impact on the radiation pattern produced. The radiation pattern in the Antenna is generally
written with the equation:
𝑅 (𝜃, ∅) with i element in the position of 𝑟𝑖 = (𝑥𝑖, 𝑦𝑖,𝑍𝑖)
The relationship with the wave emitted from the antenna array (Y) with the multiplier of complex
numbers (wi) in the function (θ, ∅), is obtained:
𝑌 = 𝑅 (𝜃, ∅)𝑤1𝑒−𝑗 𝑘 . 𝑟1 + 𝑅 (𝜃, ∅)𝑤2𝑒−𝑗 𝑘.𝑟2 + ⋯ 𝑅(𝜃, ∅)𝑤𝑁𝑒−𝑗 𝑘 𝑟𝑁
With k is the wave vector in the incoming wave.
Next can be written:
𝑌 = 𝑅 (𝜃, ∅) ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑒−𝑗 𝑘 .𝑟𝑖
𝑁
𝑖=1
𝑌 = (𝜃, ∅) 𝐴𝐹
; 𝐴𝐹 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑒−𝑗 𝑘 .𝑟𝑖
𝑁
𝑖=1
AF = Array Factor (as an Antenna position function).
2.3. Design Overview
Calculation of Antenna Dimensions uses the following steps:
The first calculating is to find the total electricity permittivity (εrtot) using the capacitor equation:
2
1
tot c
1
c
1
c
1
3. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
3
2
2
1
1 /
1
/
1
/
1
2
1
d
A
d
A
tot
d
A r
o
r
o
tot
r
o
where εr1 is εr for air (εr1 = 1), εr2 is εr for substrate (εr FR4 = 4.3), 1
d thick of substrate and 2
d
distance of substrate to the reflector, with dtot is d1+d2.
And then using the following equation:
555
,
0
w
h
10
1
2
1
2
1
r
r
eff
To calculate the effective permittivity electricity ( eff
). Where εr is the same with εrtot, h is dtot
and w is the various wide for patch and stripline side.
The following equation is to know the maximum dimension in the patch side (w1):
f =
2c
3w√𝜀𝑟
𝑤1 =
2c
3√𝜀𝑟 f
where c is lightspeed in air, εr is electricity permittivity and f is frequency.
And to calculate the effective width stripline side (w2,3), using the following figure:
1
2
.
f
2
1
W
0
2,3
r
o
Z
Where f is frequency, o is permeability constant and Zo is characteristic impedance.
The calculation wavelength of the substrate ( g
), using the following equation:
𝜆𝑔 =
𝜆
√𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓
From the analysis above we find to fix the parameter of antenna fabrication.
The following figure is the Curved Microstripline Antenna Design in array variant.
4. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
4
Figure 1. (a) Curved Microstripline 2x2 Array Antenna Design (b) Dimension of Curved
Microstripline 2x2 Array Antenna Design.
Figure 2. Curved Microstripline 2x4 Array Antenna Design.
Figure 3. Curved Microstripline 4x4 Array Antenna Design.
3. FABRICATION, SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENTS RESULT
The following figure is the result of fabrication in curved microstripline array varians antenna.
(a) 2x2 Array Varians.
l
g
w
g
g
W
1
W
2
W
3
l1
l2
l3
5. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
5
(b) 2x4 Array Varians.
(c) 4x4 Array Varians.
Figure 4. Curved microstripline array varians antenna prototype. (a). 2x2 Array Varians. (b) 2x4
Array Varians. (c) 4x4 Array Varians.
Curved microstripline array varians antenna prototype was fabricated by UV photoresist
laminate. In our work, the antenna prototypes are fabricated on Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) material
with 4.3 dielectric constant. The first step in the fabrication process is to generate the photo mask
artwork by printing on stabline or rubylith negative film of the desired geometry on butter sheet.
Using the precision cutting blade of a manually operated co-ordino graph the opaque layer of the
stabiline or rubylith film is cut to the proper geometry and can be removed to produce either a
positive or negative film representation of the antenna sketches. The design dimensions and
tolerances are verified on a cordax measuring instrument using optical scanning. Enlarged
artwork should be photo reduced using a high precession camera to produce high resolution
negative, which is later used for exposing the photo resist. The photographic negative must be
now held in very close contact with the polyethylene cover sheet of the applied photo resist using
a vacuum frame copy board or other technique, to assure the fine line resolution required. With
exposure to proper wavelength of light, polymerization of the exposed photo resist occurs making
it insoluble in the developer solution. Now, it is then coated with a negative photo resist and
exposed to UV-radiation and it is immersed in developer solution up to two minutes through the
mask. The exposed photo resist hardens and those in the unexposed areas are washed off using a
developer. The unwanted copper portions are now removed using Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)
solution. FeCl3 dissolves the copper coating on the laminate except which is underneath the
6. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
6
hardened photo resist layer after few minutes. Finally, the laminate is then washed with water and
cleaned in acetone solution to remove the hardened negative photo resist. The fabrication process
has shown in the following figure.
Figure 5. Fabrication Process.
The curved microstripline array varians antenna shown in Figure 6 has been modeled in CST
programme to determine S11 parameter, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Return Loss,
Reflection Coefficient and Radiation Pattern.
12. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.7, No.1, January 2021
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(c)
(a) S11 Parameter. (b) VSWR. (c) Radiation Pattern.
Figure 11. Curved microstripline 4x4 array varians antenna measurements. (a) S11 Parameter Measurement.
(b) VSWR Measurement. (c) Radiation Pattern Measurement.
In general, base on the simulation and the measurement results, curved microstripline array
varians antenna has the optimal parametric characteristic as a good requirements antenna that can
be develop in radar communication applications. The characteristics of Curved microstripline
array varians antenna can be described in the following table.
Table 1. Curved microstripline array varians antenna characteristics.
Indicator Value Standard Parametric
VSWR Array 2 x 2
1.82
Array 2 x 4
1 < VSWR < 2
1.64
Array 4 x4
1.04
Return Loss Array 2 x 2
-18.72
Array 2 x 4
< - 10 dB
-16.17
Array 4 x4
-37.70
Reflection Coefficient Array 2 x 2
0.29
Array 2 x 4
Close to 0
0.24
Array 4 x4
0.19
Gain Array 2 x 2
5.8
Array 2 x 4
> 4dB
5.4
Array 4 x 4
7.6
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4. CONCLUSION
Adding Arrays to the Curved Microstripline Antenna gives more optimal results especially in the
range of working frequencies (bandwidth) and also the resulting gain. The results indicate that the
antenna is able to apply in multiband frequency. The radiation pattern produced in this design is
Omnidirectional in linear polarization. The band frequencies array in this design is capable to
develope in radar application communication systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
Education through LPDP and PKPI (Sandwich-like) scholarships, Center for Environmental
Remote Sensing (CEReS), Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo (JMRSL Chiba University), Promotor
Yono Hadi Pramono and Mashuri (Physics Department, ITS Surabaya), and Ganesha University
of Education (Undiksha), Singaraja Bali.
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