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Areas of specialization in social work

Child, family, and school social workers help children and families in a variety of settings and circumstances. They work with families where there has been abuse or illness to help parents find resources to keep children in or return to the home, or to find other placements if needed. Social workers also counsel children in school settings, assess those experiencing issues like stress or bullying, and make referrals to other services. Their work settings include schools, government agencies, residential facilities, and other social services organizations.

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Child, Family, and School Social Workers Child, family, and school social workers offer assistance to children and youth as well as to their parents and guardians. Many are in child welfare. They work with families where there has been abuse, or where there is serious mental or physical illness. They may help parents find resources they need so that the children can stay in the home or return to the home. Sometimes this is not feasible; then they have a hand in finding other placements. child family school social worker Social workers also work with children who are in stable home environments. They respond to crises in the classroom and assess and counsel school children who are experiencing stress, acting out, and/ or being targeted by bullies; some conduct groups targeted toward prevention. They also conduct trainings, make referrals, and serve on interdisciplinary teams. Social workers also provide support and therapy to children who have experienced traumas, losses, or extra-familial abuse. They work with youth who are experienced serious problems.
*Work settings are varied. Some social workers have offices in public elementary or secondary schools; they may be stationed at one school or have responsibilities at several. Other social workers work for governmental organizations, residential care facilities, adoption agencies or other social service agencies. Their job duties may take them out into the community. They may, for example, visit the homes of parents or prospective guardians. There are times they need to testify in court.
*Community Social Workers *Community social workers help communities function. Some work directly with individuals, conducting needs assessments and making referrals to resources in the community. Others assess needs on a larger scale. They may plan and administer programs. *community *One type of community social work practice is community organization. Social workers may be community builders or community organizers. They may be employed by various nonprofits and grassroots organizations to raise funds, write grants, drum up support, plan infrastructure. Dr. Mizrahi of the Hunter College School of Social Work (CUNY) has written that many people don’t realize they can work on these sorts of projects as a living (not just in their spare time). A social work degree is not a requirement for community organizing, but does provide a direct path into the field. Jane Addams, Mirzahi notes, could be considered a community organizer. *Service transcends borders. Social workers may work for international organizations and even travel to distant lands. There is a particular need for social workers when traditional support structures fail in the wake of war or natural disaster. Social workers not only help people with immediate needs, but set up systems that will endure after they leave. The situations they encounter can be heartbreaking: children who have become mute or otherwise regressed because of atrocities they have witnessed, adults who think they are seeing the results of witchcraft… or that there is simply no help to be offered.
*Hospice and palliative care *provide medical care, pain management services and treatments, as well as psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual support to patients across the age spectrum who are suffering from severely debilitating conditions or terminal diagnoses. Patients who require hospice care and their families can experience a number of severe hardships, such as depression, anger, and anxiety, intense physical pain or discomfort, financial strain, social isolation, and family conflict. *Hospice social workers help both patients and their families navigate the difficult process of end-of-life planning; manage the mental, emotional, familial, and monetary stressors of debilitating physical illness; understand their treatment plan and be vocal about their needs; overcome crisis situations; and connect to other support services in the area. Hospice workers are advocates for patients and their families, and possess a deep knowledge of what their clients need and what resources are available within and outside of hospice settings to help them.
*Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers Mental health and substance abuse social workers work with clients who have mental conditions and/or addictions. Often it is an “and” – in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, rates of substance abuse are well above the norm. Trauma disordered individuals also turn frequently to alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Social workers, with their knowledge of humans systems, can be especially effective at addressing co-occurring disorders. *substance abuse social worker *Master’s trained clinical social workers provide psychotherapy. They also act as case managers for individuals with complex needs. In hospital settings, they act as discharge planners: navigating systems so that people have the resources and support when they leave the hospital. In an age of ever more effective pharmacological interventions – and ever increasing medical costs – people are often stabilized quickly. There can be incentive to push them right on out the door. But without long-term intervention, relapse is unavoidable. Even with it, setbacks happen. *Social workers uncover hidden problems and implement solutions. Some provide outreach to aging parents who have spent a good portion of their lives caring for grown children with mental illnesses. Some implement – and advocate for – Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment. Integrated treatment models are important because services have often been denied to people who needed them because they had a concurrent diagnosis that the facility did not feel equipped to handle.
*Sometimes concurrent conditions have gone completely unrecognized. This is likely to happen when one of the conditions is mental disability. According to Social Work Today, mental illness often goes unrecognized in intellectually disabled populations. Again, social work can be part of the solution. *Mental health and substance abuse social workers can be found in hospitals, residential treatment centers, social service organizations, and health clinics. Some go into private practice providing psychotherapy and counseling. They must draw from a wide knowledge background.
*Military and Veterans Affairs Social Workers *The challenges of functioning in a military family… they’re nothing new. In All Those Secrets of the World, children’s author Jane Yolen told a story based on the day her father left for World War II and the day he returned. When the father was deployed, the younger child was a baby. When he returned, the child was old enough to shout at the apparent stranger to get away from his mama. *Military social workers support military families when men or women are deployed and also when they return. Young children frequently act out when a parent leaves. Family members of all ages fear that the person won’t come back. There are role adjustments to be made. When the person does return, there is another adjustment process. Teenagers may feel they don’t really know their parent. *Military social workers support military families when men or women are deployed and also when they return.
*Of course it’s often the case, when the serviceperson isn’t traveling to a war zone, that the whole family moves. This creates its own set of challenges: children who struggle to form lasting friendships, spouses who have little opportunity to develop their own careers. Social workers offer therapy and counseling to the whole family. *But then there’s war itself – one of life’s greatest traumas. Some social workers are stationed with troops, helping them process loss or trauma. There are also issues like substance abuse that must be addressed. Many people do abuse substances, even without the stresses of active duty, but in the military, it can be more difficult to ask for help.
*Psychiatric Social Workers and How to Become One *Psychiatric social workers provide mental health services to individuals with high needs. They may perform psychotherapy and even diagnose mental illness. *Duties vary according to work setting. Social workers in inpatient settings often have primary responsibility for putting together the discharge plan. This is not something that is filled out right before discharge – it’s an ongoing process during much of the time the person is hospitalized. The goal is ambitious: that the person will have the resources to function optimally within the community. Hospital stays are shorter than they were in the past, but patients sometimes need to transition to a residential care center or a day program. *child family school social worker *Social workers who are employed at psychiatric hospitals also do psychosocial assessments and provide therapy. They are in frequent contact with the family members of patients. They meet with other members of the mental health team (psychiatrists, nurse practitioners etc.) to discuss patient care. If the patient is involved in any legal procedures, the social worker may have a role in information gathering.
*Psychiatric social workers may also be employed in outpatient centers, working with juveniles and adults. They perform psychotherapy and assessments, educate the patient and his or her family, and make referrals as necessary. Mental health therapies include more than just talk. Social workers may, for example, employ Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing with young trauma survivors. *Master’s level social workers serve as case managers for individuals who have severe needs, those who may require periodic hospitalization as well as intensive use of community resources. Clients may include those with schizophrenia and those with complex sets of co-occurring conditions. *Governmental agencies and residential care facilities are among the other employment options for psychiatric social workers. Some eventually go into private practice as psychotherapists.
* Child Welfare *The Child Welfare Information Gateway is the congressionally- mandated and -funded information service of the United States Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, United States Department of Health and Human Services.[1] It was established in 2006 to replace the National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information and the National Adoption Information Clearinghouse.[2][3] The Child Welfare Information Gateway covers child-welfare topics, including family-centered practice, child abuse and neglect, abuse and neglect prevention, child protection, family preservation and support, foster care, achieving and maintaining permanency, adoption, management of child welfare agencies and related topics such as child and family assessment, laws and policies, statistics and coincident family issues (e.g., domestic violence and substance abuse).[4] Its website links to sources of print and electronic publications, websites, databases and online learning tools on these topics.[5] *
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* Adoption * in the Philippines is a process of granting social, emotional and legal family and kinship membership to an individual from the Philippines, usually a child.[2] It involves a transfer of parental rights and obligations and provides family membership. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) defines adoption as a "socio-legal process of giving a permanent family to a child whose parents have voluntarily or involuntarily given up their parental rights." * Philippine Republic Act 8552, also known as the Domestic Adoption Act of 1998, recognizes that children should grow up with their biological parents; however, should the efforts of biological parents to raise their child be insufficient, other members of the extended family may take on the responsibility of parenthood for the child. It is only when members of the extended family are not available that adoption by non-relatives is allowed to take place. * Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parent or parents. * Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption; where others have tried to achieve adoption through less formal means, notably via contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation. Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
*Legal And Guardianship *A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward.[1] Guardians are typically used in three situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults. *Legal guardianship is a court order that says someone who is not the child’s parent is in charge of taking care of the child. Legal guardians have a lot of the same rights and responsibilities as parents. They can decide where the child lives and goes to school, and they can make decisions about the child’s health care. Who are legal guardians? A guardian does not have to be a relative of the child. Guardians can be: -Grandparents, -Sisters and brothers, -Aunts and uncles, -Other relatives, -Foster parents, -Friends of the family, or -Someone else who knows the child.
*Guardians’ rights and responsibilities *Health care: As guardian, you can make medical decisions for the child. You can give permission for most medical and dental treatments, and for counseling or therapy. *But if there is no medical emergency, children over 14 can NOT have surgery unless they agree or you get permission from the court. Sometimes you also need permission from the court to give the child certain medicines.
*FOSTERCARE *Provides orphaned, abandoned and neglected children with a planned period of substitute family care by foster families, duly licensed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), when their biological parents are unable to care for them temporarily or permanently. Unlike adoption, foster care is temporary in nature. It can either be on a short-term (less than six months) or long-term basis (six months or more). It has a goal, which is either the return of the child to his/her biological family or his/her placement in an adoptive home. *If you're new to the world of foster care, the prospect of becoming a foster parent can be pretty intimidating. Foster parents are often called "parents plus" because in addition to providing the food, shelter, care, and love a good parent would provide for their own kids, they also have to deal with the special circumstances of a foster child. *Serving as a foster parent generally means working closely with a foster agency on a regular basis, and often means regular contact with a child's biological family as well. Foster children may also have special psychological needs. Many come from abusive environments, and all are in the stressful situation of being apart from their birth family. Additionally, foster parents generally take care of the children for a short time, which can be very difficult emotionally.
*Residential care *refers to long-term care given to adults or children who stay in a residential setting rather than in their own home or family home. *There are various residential care options available, depending on the needs of the individual. People with disabilities, mental health problems, learning difficulties, Alzheimers, dementia or who are frail aged are often cared for at home by paid or voluntary caregivers, such as family and friends, with additional support from home care agencies. However, if home-based care is not available or not appropriate for the individual, residential care may be required. *A residential treatment center (RTC), sometimes called a rehab, is a live-in health care facility providing therapy for substance abuse, mental illness, or other behavioral problems. Residential treatment may be considered the "last-ditch" approach to treating abnormal psychology or psychopathology.
*The Family Welfare Program *(FWP) seeks to introduce the concept of promoting the welfare of workers and their families as a key to workplace productivity and improved worker-management relations. It is an advocacy program that draws corporate support in promoting workers’ quality of life by adopting a family centered approach in the workplace. *The FWP advocates for the integration of the 10 dimensions which also serve as a guide in implementing the program: *Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood *Education/Gender Equality *Spirituality or Value Formation *Income Generation/Livelihood/Cooperative *Medical Health Care *Nutrition *Environment Protection, hygiene and Sanitation *Sports and Leisure *Housing *Transportation
*Program Objectives: *FWP aims to: *Promote plant-level initiatives to contribute to the goals of the Philippine Population Management Program (PPMP) *Instill family planning/family welfare consciousness among labor and management as a key in promoting workplace productivity and improved worker-management relations *Establish the family welfare component as a major issue of concern and action of the Family Welfare Committee
*Healthcare * social work is a specialty within the social work field. A healthcare social worker is someone who helps people access services and education related to health problems. Their goal is to have the client achieve and maintain a state of optimal health so they can function in their daily lives. The social worker acts as a client advocate, educator, advisor, coordinator of care, and strives to preserve the healthcare and dignity of the population they serve. *Healthcare social workers help patients navigate the world of healthcare. These social workers can help individuals do everything from find medical care to help pay for medical care to recover from an illness or injury. This might include offering advice, acting as a patient advocate, or referring a patient to facilities or programs. *Assessing the needs of a patient is usually the first step that a healthcare social worker will take. This might involve interviewing the patient, their family, and their doctors. A thorough patient assessment will help a healthcare social worker determine what a patient’s needs are, and how these needs can be met.
*A career in healthcare social work also often involves informing patients of their rights. In general, a patient’s rights typically include - but, aren’t limited to - such things as: *The right to be treated with respect and dignity *The right to make decisions regarding healthcare *The right to choose a doctor that can give adequate care *The right to ask questions and have them answered in easy to understand terms *The right to be free of abuse, neglect, or exploitation *The right to know how much medical treatment will cost before undergoing any procedures *The right to access one’s own medical information *The right to emergency medical treatment regardless of the ability to pay
*Correctional *Social workers have been involved with issues of delinquency, crime and corrections since the profession’s inception in the late 19th century. However, as crime rates have continued to soar and as prison populations have reached unprecedented levels, new approaches are needed. Focusing on the role of social workers within correctional facilities, this chapter discusses innovative social investment strategies that enhance the strengths and capabilities of those in prison and prepares them for successful reentry into society. Emphasis is given to human capital programs, employment preparation and placement, asset accounts and microenterprise programs that integrate offenders into the community and productive economy. The role of social workers in linking these activities to community resources, and the professional supports that facilitate reentry into the community are discussed. *
*Probation *Probation and welfare officers are social workers/court officers who supervise offenders before their trial, during a prison sentence and after their release. Probation officers work with a range of people from minor first time offenders to prolific, serious offenders. The purpose of their work is to turn offenders away from committing further offences through intervention, preventing reoffence by assessing and challenging their behaviour and changing their attitudes towards society. Their responsibility is both to the protection of the public and to the well-being and outlook of offenders, by facilitating as smoothly as possible, their reintergration into society. *Probation officers provide services to both adult and young offenders in local communities through the provision of probation supervision, community service, anti-offending behaviour programmes and specialist support services to assist them in becoming law abiding members of the community. *Officers work on a team basis. Services are also provided to prisons, places of detention and children detention schools.
*Parole * parole agencies share one particular and significant function: they provide supervision of offenders in the community. After an offender has been granted probation or parole, a probation or parole officer, hereafter referred to as "PO," is expected to supervise that offender in the community. The basic question remains: What is the purpose of supervision? To some, the function of supervision, drawn from the field of social work, is based upon the casework model. Based on this view, supervision forms the basis of a treatment program. The officer uses all the information available about the offender to make a diagnosis of that person's needs and designs a treatment plan. The treatment plan is an outline based on the needs of the offender (e.g., employment), and the PO's strategy for assisting the offenders in meeting their goal (e.g., enroll the offender in a job skills program).
*School *A school social worker provides counseling and psycho-social services to children and adolescents in schools at both micro and macro levels. Social workers work as mental health experts, leaders of social and emotional development within the school community, family-school liaisons, and program development experts. They aim to address student issues by working with an ecological, systems approach with parents, the school, and the community. They also work with crisis intervention, group treatment, child neglect and abuse identification and reporting, integrating services to culturally and economically diverse populations, and working on education policy issues. Most school social workers in the United States hold a Master of Social Work degree and have specialized training in helping students within the context of local schools.
Areas of specialization in social work