A Comparative Analysis of Latvians At Home and Abroad by Dr. sc. soc. Inta Mieriņa (Fulbright fellow; researcher at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia)
Ziņojumā ir apkopoti padziļināto interviju rezultāti ar Norvēģijā dzīvojošajiem Latvijas emigrantiem. To veido sešas saturiskās nodaļas, kas aptver šādas galvenās tēmas — migrācijas pieredze un aizbraukšanas no Latvijas iemesli, piederības sajūta Latvijai un Norvēģijai, pilsonības izvēle, izglītības pieredze Norvēģijā, nodarbinātības pieredze Norvēģijā, saiknes ar Latviju un sociālo tīklu veidošana Norvēģijā, kā arī informētība par Latvijas reemigrācijas jeb atpakaļ migrācijas atbalsta politiku.
Šī raksta mērķis ir izprast Latvijas valstspiederīgo ģimeņu bērnu nacionālās piederības izjūtas veidošanos, padziļināti analizējot vienas no lielākajām Latvijas emigrantu mērķa valstīm — Lielbritānijas — piemēru.
Migrācijas procesu izpētē Latvijā kopumā līdz šim trūkst pētījumu par Latvijas valstspiederīgajiem, kas, padzīvojot kādu laiku ārzemēs, tomēr nolemj atgriezties Latvijā. Kas ir tie, kas atgriežas Latvijā? Kad un kāpēc viņi atgriežas? Šī raksta mērķis ir sniegt pārskatu par intervijās iegūtajiem rezultātiem, galveno uzmanību pievēršot re-emigrantu stāstiem par atgriešanās Latvijā iemesliem un to, kāda ir atgriešanās Latvijā pieredze viņu stāstījumā.
Šī ziņojuma mērķis ir novērtēt Reemigrācijas plānu no šīs rīcībpolitikas tiešās mērķa grupas — Latvijas emigrantu un reemigrantu — perspektīvas, kā arī novērtēt esošo situāciju attiecībā uz plānā paredzēto pasākumu izpildi. Galvenie jautājumi, uz kuriem meklētas atbildes, ir, pirmkārt, kāda ir bijusi Reemigrācijas plāna loma atgriešanās lēmuma pieņemšanā, otrkārt, cik lielā mērā valsts plānā paredzētie pasākumi atbilst mērķa grupas gaidām un vajadzībām, treškārt, kā veidojas mērķa grupas priekšstats par reemigrācijas politiku un cik lielā mērā tas atbilst politikas veidotāju definētajam uzstādījumam.
Rakstā analizētas galvenās sociālo tīklu portālu funkcijas Latvijas emigrantu komunikācijā — gan uzturot attiecības ar jau pazīstamajiem cilvēkiem, gan veidojot jaunus kontaktus ar tautiešiem, gan saglabājot saikni ar Latviju.
Annual Report on the State of Philanthropy - Croatia 2013Catalyst Balkans
The 2013 Annual Report on Philanthropy in Croatia was the result of media monitoring (print, broadcast and electronic) of keywords related to domestic philanthropy during the period from May to December 2013.
This document summarizes a research project examining the relationship between membership in civic groups and political participation. The study finds that membership in civic groups, higher levels of education and income, and older age are all associated with higher levels of political participation. Specifically, regression analysis shows that involvement in civic groups, volunteering for charities, and membership in nonpartisan groups are most strongly correlated with political participation. The results support the hypothesis that social connections through civic involvement can increase individuals' likelihood of political involvement.
This document discusses different forms of citizenship and participation among young adult immigrants in Europe. It begins by introducing the concept of global citizenship and how citizenship rights have expanded beyond traditional civic, political, and social rights to include economic, cultural, digital, and transnational aspects. It then examines formal participation through political parties and civic associations, noting barriers some immigrants face. The document also explores informal participation through social networks, friends, and communities. Several case studies are presented to illustrate different experiences with citizenship and participation.
Ziņojumā ir apkopoti padziļināto interviju rezultāti ar Norvēģijā dzīvojošajiem Latvijas emigrantiem. To veido sešas saturiskās nodaļas, kas aptver šādas galvenās tēmas — migrācijas pieredze un aizbraukšanas no Latvijas iemesli, piederības sajūta Latvijai un Norvēģijai, pilsonības izvēle, izglītības pieredze Norvēģijā, nodarbinātības pieredze Norvēģijā, saiknes ar Latviju un sociālo tīklu veidošana Norvēģijā, kā arī informētība par Latvijas reemigrācijas jeb atpakaļ migrācijas atbalsta politiku.
Šī raksta mērķis ir izprast Latvijas valstspiederīgo ģimeņu bērnu nacionālās piederības izjūtas veidošanos, padziļināti analizējot vienas no lielākajām Latvijas emigrantu mērķa valstīm — Lielbritānijas — piemēru.
Migrācijas procesu izpētē Latvijā kopumā līdz šim trūkst pētījumu par Latvijas valstspiederīgajiem, kas, padzīvojot kādu laiku ārzemēs, tomēr nolemj atgriezties Latvijā. Kas ir tie, kas atgriežas Latvijā? Kad un kāpēc viņi atgriežas? Šī raksta mērķis ir sniegt pārskatu par intervijās iegūtajiem rezultātiem, galveno uzmanību pievēršot re-emigrantu stāstiem par atgriešanās Latvijā iemesliem un to, kāda ir atgriešanās Latvijā pieredze viņu stāstījumā.
Šī ziņojuma mērķis ir novērtēt Reemigrācijas plānu no šīs rīcībpolitikas tiešās mērķa grupas — Latvijas emigrantu un reemigrantu — perspektīvas, kā arī novērtēt esošo situāciju attiecībā uz plānā paredzēto pasākumu izpildi. Galvenie jautājumi, uz kuriem meklētas atbildes, ir, pirmkārt, kāda ir bijusi Reemigrācijas plāna loma atgriešanās lēmuma pieņemšanā, otrkārt, cik lielā mērā valsts plānā paredzētie pasākumi atbilst mērķa grupas gaidām un vajadzībām, treškārt, kā veidojas mērķa grupas priekšstats par reemigrācijas politiku un cik lielā mērā tas atbilst politikas veidotāju definētajam uzstādījumam.
Rakstā analizētas galvenās sociālo tīklu portālu funkcijas Latvijas emigrantu komunikācijā — gan uzturot attiecības ar jau pazīstamajiem cilvēkiem, gan veidojot jaunus kontaktus ar tautiešiem, gan saglabājot saikni ar Latviju.
Annual Report on the State of Philanthropy - Croatia 2013Catalyst Balkans
The 2013 Annual Report on Philanthropy in Croatia was the result of media monitoring (print, broadcast and electronic) of keywords related to domestic philanthropy during the period from May to December 2013.
This document summarizes a research project examining the relationship between membership in civic groups and political participation. The study finds that membership in civic groups, higher levels of education and income, and older age are all associated with higher levels of political participation. Specifically, regression analysis shows that involvement in civic groups, volunteering for charities, and membership in nonpartisan groups are most strongly correlated with political participation. The results support the hypothesis that social connections through civic involvement can increase individuals' likelihood of political involvement.
This document discusses different forms of citizenship and participation among young adult immigrants in Europe. It begins by introducing the concept of global citizenship and how citizenship rights have expanded beyond traditional civic, political, and social rights to include economic, cultural, digital, and transnational aspects. It then examines formal participation through political parties and civic associations, noting barriers some immigrants face. The document also explores informal participation through social networks, friends, and communities. Several case studies are presented to illustrate different experiences with citizenship and participation.
This dissertation examines whether refugee influxes into fragile democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa increase levels of xenophobia. It analyzes South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda as case studies. The literature review discusses research on the economic and social impacts of refugees on host communities and links between refugee presence and xenophobic behavior. The methodology section outlines a qualitative comparative case study approach. The structure previews chapters on refugee terms/trends in SSA, links between xenophobia/fragile states, economic impacts of refugees, roles of regional economic unions, and responses in the three case study countries.
Running head SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS .docxtodd521
Running head: SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 1
SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 2Social Wellbeing in the Netherlands
Introduction
Social wellbeing is an end state in which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement (USIP, 2013). This is showcased by access to basic needs and services including water, food, shelter and health services (USIP, 2013). The basic needs must be met but belonging is also important. In general, humans are social individuals who want a basic set of standards to create a sense of social wellbeing. There is a strive for connection and this connection including value systems, traditions and even beliefs. When a population is content and feels as though their needs are met they become more sustainable in their social development. Social wellbeing plays a crucial role in sustainability. This paper will analyze the social wellbeing of the Netherlands, identify opportunities for policy enactment, and consider the environmental aspects of social wellbeing and social quality in the country.
The Netherlands and Social Wellbeing
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research is a government agency which conducts research into the social aspects of all areas of government policy. The Netherlands Institute of Social Research was founded in 1973 after politicians began taking an increased interest in the population and their welfare (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). The main fields studied are health, welfare, social security, the labor market and education, with a particular focus on the interfaces between these fields (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Further, the organization itself was designed to create a picture of the social and cultural wellbeing of the Netherlands. Goals of the organization include the ability to contribute to policy changes and evaluation of how one can achieve a desired solution- for the good of the people (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020).
The reports created by this organization are used by the government, academics and civil servants. Advice is provided on legal obligations and civil duties of the government. The goal is doing what is best for the wellbeing of the people. Members of the Netherlands Institute of Social Research are scientists, social geographers, legal specialists, and those who specialize in the economy (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Feedback of all kinds is provided by the people of the Netherlands and used in the development of policy and bettering the wellbeing of the population. Books are published yearly that offer the people of the Netherlands, as well as other countries, the opportunity to better understand the social wellbeing of the population. Further, the survey and study results are used to better understand policy, changes, and how to further improve the wellbeing of the peop.
Running head SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS .docxjeanettehully
Running head: SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 1
SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 2Social Wellbeing in the Netherlands
Introduction
Social wellbeing is an end state in which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement (USIP, 2013). This is showcased by access to basic needs and services including water, food, shelter and health services (USIP, 2013). The basic needs must be met but belonging is also important. In general, humans are social individuals who want a basic set of standards to create a sense of social wellbeing. There is a strive for connection and this connection including value systems, traditions and even beliefs. When a population is content and feels as though their needs are met they become more sustainable in their social development. Social wellbeing plays a crucial role in sustainability. This paper will analyze the social wellbeing of the Netherlands, identify opportunities for policy enactment, and consider the environmental aspects of social wellbeing and social quality in the country.
The Netherlands and Social Wellbeing
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research is a government agency which conducts research into the social aspects of all areas of government policy. The Netherlands Institute of Social Research was founded in 1973 after politicians began taking an increased interest in the population and their welfare (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). The main fields studied are health, welfare, social security, the labor market and education, with a particular focus on the interfaces between these fields (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Further, the organization itself was designed to create a picture of the social and cultural wellbeing of the Netherlands. Goals of the organization include the ability to contribute to policy changes and evaluation of how one can achieve a desired solution- for the good of the people (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020).
The reports created by this organization are used by the government, academics and civil servants. Advice is provided on legal obligations and civil duties of the government. The goal is doing what is best for the wellbeing of the people. Members of the Netherlands Institute of Social Research are scientists, social geographers, legal specialists, and those who specialize in the economy (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Feedback of all kinds is provided by the people of the Netherlands and used in the development of policy and bettering the wellbeing of the population. Books are published yearly that offer the people of the Netherlands, as well as other countries, the opportunity to better understand the social wellbeing of the population. Further, the survey and study results are used to better understand policy, changes, and how to further improve the wellbeing of the people. Appr ...
Geert Driessen & Frederik Smit (2007) AS Effects of immigrant parents’ partic...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., & Smit, F. (2007). Effects of immigrant parents’ participation in society on their children’s school performance. Acta Sociologica, 50(1), 39-56.
ISSN 0001-6993
DOI 10.1177/0001699307074882
Abstract + Introduction, Publication in Acta Politica - 23 December 2011JobvandenBerg
This document summarizes a study that compares the effects of socioeconomic factors like education, income, and social class on voting behavior in Flanders and Wallonia, two regions of Belgium. The study uses data from the 2008 European Social Survey and multinomial logistic regression analyses to examine how these factors influence preferences for different political parties in each region, while also accounting for economic and cultural attitudes. The key findings were that education plays a more important role in party choice in Flanders, while income and social class were only relevant in Wallonia. These effects remained even after controlling for attitudes. The results highlight regional differences and the need to study all parties simultaneously in multiparty systems.
This document summarizes a student paper that explored the determinants of immigration opinion in the United States. The paper reviewed existing literature on factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, including income, education, religion, age, gender, and race. It hypothesized relationships between religious practices, income, and education with opinions on illegal immigrants and immigration. The student analyzed data from the 2008 American National Election Survey to test these relationships, finding some statistically significant but weak correlations between the determinant variables and measures of immigration opinion.
PROPOSAL 7
Proposal
March 16, 2020
Proposal
In this paper, the area of interest is the deportation of parents and the effect it has on children. As such, the research topic is; the effects of parents’ deportation on children. Children do not easily express their emotions and disappointment concerning particular issues. As such, a parent could easily assume that everything is fine, which could not be the case. Children that have experienced the deportation of their parents often experience a rollercoaster of emotions. If left unresolved, it could mark the starting point of major psychological and developmental challenges. Children often display challenges that they could be facing through incidents of violence against other challenges or even utterances that portray their pain and frustrations.
This topic is of great importance to me. First, children are very innocent, and in most situations, they end up suffering due to the choices made by the adults in their lives. On the other hand, deportation is not an appealing experience as it rips off a person’s dignity leaving them to deal with the harsh judgment of the world and the harsh reality of being an illegal immigrant. Also, deported individuals receive harsh treatment from government officials overseeing the process. Most immigrants have valid reasons for illegally moving into countries they perceive as safer. Some of these reasons are a need to run away from natural calamities such as drought and floods, or even running away from political instabilities. While some of the immigrants may be moving to the safer havens motivated by the wrong reasons, most of them have valid reasons that warrant them a better stay that would accord them physical and emotional tranquility. Changes n immigration laws always result in huge numbers of people being deported to their countries of origin. On such occasions, children suffer the most.
In exploring the research topic, the methodology to employ would be mixed-methods research. This method enables the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. When using qualitative and quantitative methods, there are advantages and disadvantages. However, when using the two combined through the mixed-methods research, it is possible to maximize the benefits accrued while minimizing the associated disadvantages. The mixed-methods would entail the use of questionnaires while supplementing the same with interviews. As such, it is possible to collect both numerical and qualitative data such as facial expression, tone, and body movements. While available research materials provide greater insight on the topic under study, getting first-hand experience from parents who have faced deportation who help provide a deeper understanding of the effects it has on children. While undertaking the methodology part, there would be a need for method ...
This study examined the relationship between perceived economic threats, cultural threats, and attitudes toward EU immigration among 24 undergraduate psychology students. A correlational analysis found a moderate positive relationship between both perceived economic threats and cultural threats with negative attitudes toward EU immigration. Specifically, perceived economic threats had a stronger relationship with negative immigration attitudes than perceived cultural threats. The results provide support that opposition to immigration can arise from perceptions of both economic competition and cultural differences with immigrants.
This document discusses factors that influence youth voter turnout in the United States. It notes that while the youth vote could influence elections, youth voter turnout has declined significantly over time. Three main theories are discussed to explain voter participation: rational choice theory, which cites factors like competitiveness; socialization theory, which emphasizes the role of family and community in developing political behaviors; and psychological theories, which focus on individual attitudes and perceptions. However, the document notes that none of these theories fully explain the inconsistent and generally low levels of youth voter turnout seen in the U.S. The relationship between politicians and young voters is described as one of "mutual neglect," with lack of outreach to youth seen as an important factor.
Research Proposal : Political Representation of Different types of voters on ...Joshua Wong
This document proposes research on political representation of different voter types on Facebook. It will examine which voter types (defined by gender and ethnicity) are more politically engaged on Facebook by analyzing interactions with UK politicians' Facebook pages around the Brexit referendum. The literature review discusses research on factors influencing political engagement by gender and ethnicity both online and offline. The proposed data collection will categorize Facebook users and count their likes, comments and replies to politician posts to measure political representation. The research aims to provide insight into how well Facebook captures diverse political preferences.
This document provides an introduction and background to a book about the impact of social media on political parties and power balances. It discusses debates around social media's revolutionary potential in politics and notes most studies have focused on exceptional cases or US politics. The book aims to examine social media's impact on "normal politics" and power relations between parties using the Netherlands as a comparative case study.
Migrating Towards Participation: Immigrants and Their Descendants in the P...thinkingeurope2011
This document analyzes the political participation of immigrants and their descendants in four EU member states: France, Germany, Spain, and Lithuania. It focuses on their participation as voters for center-right political parties and as elected officials. While immigrants make up a growing portion of the population in Europe, political parties have struggled to incorporate them as members, candidates, and elected representatives. The document examines methodology and provides country-by-country analyses of voter participation and numbers of elected immigrants holding office. It concludes with recommendations for political parties to better engage immigrant communities.
The motivations of Romanian migrants from the qualitative research carried out by the Romanian project team under the Work Package 4 of the international research project “Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration & Markets” (GEMM), founded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 program.
Professor Dr. David Laitin: Multidimensional Measure of Immigrant Integrationintegratsioonisihtasutus
International conference "My home, our home: what unites us in a multicultural community" 15th and 16th November in Tallinn, Estonia. Conference webpage: www.integrationconference.com
In the Netherlands we need a better balance between the participation society and the welfare and health state. Participation is done by the extended family and in the health and welfare state the government acts as our mother and father. Both in health (somatic) and psychiatric patients are neglected. That leads to visible confused people in the streets of the Netherlands. Unfortunately helping these people became a task of the police (13% of their time is lost because of these efforts). The number of visible confused people might increase if this unbalance between participation state and welfare and health state remains. My advise for the Taiwanese delegation of Taipei is rely on the extended family and her collectivist competencies if one likes to prevent neglect.
PrepareWrite a rough draft of your paper (5 pages.docxarleanemlerpj
Prepare:
Write a rough draft of your paper (5 pages
).
This was the Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography and now I need the rough draft at the bottom of the page was the first ideas and 2 cites.
A refugee is an individual that seeks shelter in a different country other than their own from a political, environmental or economic reason that directly threatens their lives (Sharma, 2015). The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) oversees the protection and livelihood of refugees under the international law, a practice that spans more than 100 years. The current statistics show refugees exceed 20 million individuals across the world (Sharma, 2015). This is a large population and represents a lot of displaced productivity. There are advantages and disadvantages related to refugees that fall on both the home and the hosting countries. The focus is ensuring the disadvantages are minimizing to the benefit of both countries to provide an environment that would minimize the suffering experienced by the refugees. This consideration promotes the chances of resolving the refugee crisis. Reversing the situation would ensure an aggregate increase in economic, social and political progress at a global level.
Increasing the global GDP and establishing effective income distribution plans should be able to satisfy the needs of the refugees as well as those of citizens in their own countries. Most of the conflicts leading to conflicts in particular countries arise from greed that allows a few powerful people to take a substantial part of the resources (Taylor, Filipski, Alloush, Gupta, Valdes, & Gonzalez-Estrada, 2016). Therefore, the conflicts ensure such countries lose their productive power in terms of labor and end up not maximizing the use of the resources. Meanwhile, the host country is showered by an influx of the workforce yet lack in a proper way to utilize their expertise. Furthermore, there never is a standard provision for refugees in policy nor resource wise. Therefore, development of proper absorption and utilization of the manpower for maximum production would not only stabilize the lives of the refugees but also allow them to reorganize their personal economic status in readiness for the trip back to their home country (Taylor, Filipski, Alloush, Gupta, Valdes, & Gonzalez-Estrada, 2016). Empowering refugees and providing stability makes it easy for them to transfer the effects to their home countries. Unfortunately, most of the refugee plans are never designed alongside this pattern. Most refugee plans hold onto the hosting section while awaiting the calm in the home country so as to start sending the refugees back. Unfortunately most of the feuding home countries have conflicts that persist indefinitely.
There are contentious issues that hinder potential reversal plans and allow the reality of refugee absolute empowerment to remain a pipe dream. The global refugee system in terms of protecting refu.
Using individual data on voting and political parties manifestos in European coun- tries, we empirically characterize the drivers of voting for populist parties (the demand side) as well as the presence of populist parties (the supply side). We show that the economic insecurity drivers of the demand of populism are significant, especially when considering the key interactions with turnout incentives, neglected in previous studies. Once turnout effects are taken into account, economic insecurity drives consensus to populist policies directly and through indirect negative effects on trust and attitudes towards immigrants. On the supply side, populist parties are more likely to emerge when countries are faced with a systemic crisis of economic security. The orientation choice of populist parties, i.e., whether they arise on left or right of the political spec- trum, is determined by the availability of political space. The typical mainstream parties response is to reduce the distance of their platform from that of successful populist entrants, amplifying the aggregate supply of populist policies.
2009 (with A. Bailey) Introduction Bringing health research to practical use...Emma Burke
This document discusses challenges in translating health research findings into practical applications. It emphasizes that research must involve all relevant stakeholders to create a sense of ownership over the findings in order to facilitate real-world changes. Four papers in the issue describe different approaches to sharing research results with stakeholders, such as developing educational materials with the target population. Overall, the document argues that applying research requires cultural and social brokering between parties to overcome conflicting views and establish shared understanding.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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This dissertation examines whether refugee influxes into fragile democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa increase levels of xenophobia. It analyzes South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda as case studies. The literature review discusses research on the economic and social impacts of refugees on host communities and links between refugee presence and xenophobic behavior. The methodology section outlines a qualitative comparative case study approach. The structure previews chapters on refugee terms/trends in SSA, links between xenophobia/fragile states, economic impacts of refugees, roles of regional economic unions, and responses in the three case study countries.
Running head SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS .docxtodd521
Running head: SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 1
SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 2Social Wellbeing in the Netherlands
Introduction
Social wellbeing is an end state in which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement (USIP, 2013). This is showcased by access to basic needs and services including water, food, shelter and health services (USIP, 2013). The basic needs must be met but belonging is also important. In general, humans are social individuals who want a basic set of standards to create a sense of social wellbeing. There is a strive for connection and this connection including value systems, traditions and even beliefs. When a population is content and feels as though their needs are met they become more sustainable in their social development. Social wellbeing plays a crucial role in sustainability. This paper will analyze the social wellbeing of the Netherlands, identify opportunities for policy enactment, and consider the environmental aspects of social wellbeing and social quality in the country.
The Netherlands and Social Wellbeing
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research is a government agency which conducts research into the social aspects of all areas of government policy. The Netherlands Institute of Social Research was founded in 1973 after politicians began taking an increased interest in the population and their welfare (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). The main fields studied are health, welfare, social security, the labor market and education, with a particular focus on the interfaces between these fields (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Further, the organization itself was designed to create a picture of the social and cultural wellbeing of the Netherlands. Goals of the organization include the ability to contribute to policy changes and evaluation of how one can achieve a desired solution- for the good of the people (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020).
The reports created by this organization are used by the government, academics and civil servants. Advice is provided on legal obligations and civil duties of the government. The goal is doing what is best for the wellbeing of the people. Members of the Netherlands Institute of Social Research are scientists, social geographers, legal specialists, and those who specialize in the economy (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Feedback of all kinds is provided by the people of the Netherlands and used in the development of policy and bettering the wellbeing of the population. Books are published yearly that offer the people of the Netherlands, as well as other countries, the opportunity to better understand the social wellbeing of the population. Further, the survey and study results are used to better understand policy, changes, and how to further improve the wellbeing of the peop.
Running head SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS .docxjeanettehully
Running head: SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 1
SOCIAL WELLBEING IN THE NETHERLANDS 2Social Wellbeing in the Netherlands
Introduction
Social wellbeing is an end state in which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement (USIP, 2013). This is showcased by access to basic needs and services including water, food, shelter and health services (USIP, 2013). The basic needs must be met but belonging is also important. In general, humans are social individuals who want a basic set of standards to create a sense of social wellbeing. There is a strive for connection and this connection including value systems, traditions and even beliefs. When a population is content and feels as though their needs are met they become more sustainable in their social development. Social wellbeing plays a crucial role in sustainability. This paper will analyze the social wellbeing of the Netherlands, identify opportunities for policy enactment, and consider the environmental aspects of social wellbeing and social quality in the country.
The Netherlands and Social Wellbeing
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research is a government agency which conducts research into the social aspects of all areas of government policy. The Netherlands Institute of Social Research was founded in 1973 after politicians began taking an increased interest in the population and their welfare (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). The main fields studied are health, welfare, social security, the labor market and education, with a particular focus on the interfaces between these fields (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Further, the organization itself was designed to create a picture of the social and cultural wellbeing of the Netherlands. Goals of the organization include the ability to contribute to policy changes and evaluation of how one can achieve a desired solution- for the good of the people (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020).
The reports created by this organization are used by the government, academics and civil servants. Advice is provided on legal obligations and civil duties of the government. The goal is doing what is best for the wellbeing of the people. Members of the Netherlands Institute of Social Research are scientists, social geographers, legal specialists, and those who specialize in the economy (Netherlands Institute of Social Research, 2020). Feedback of all kinds is provided by the people of the Netherlands and used in the development of policy and bettering the wellbeing of the population. Books are published yearly that offer the people of the Netherlands, as well as other countries, the opportunity to better understand the social wellbeing of the population. Further, the survey and study results are used to better understand policy, changes, and how to further improve the wellbeing of the people. Appr ...
Geert Driessen & Frederik Smit (2007) AS Effects of immigrant parents’ partic...Driessen Research
Driessen, G., & Smit, F. (2007). Effects of immigrant parents’ participation in society on their children’s school performance. Acta Sociologica, 50(1), 39-56.
ISSN 0001-6993
DOI 10.1177/0001699307074882
Abstract + Introduction, Publication in Acta Politica - 23 December 2011JobvandenBerg
This document summarizes a study that compares the effects of socioeconomic factors like education, income, and social class on voting behavior in Flanders and Wallonia, two regions of Belgium. The study uses data from the 2008 European Social Survey and multinomial logistic regression analyses to examine how these factors influence preferences for different political parties in each region, while also accounting for economic and cultural attitudes. The key findings were that education plays a more important role in party choice in Flanders, while income and social class were only relevant in Wallonia. These effects remained even after controlling for attitudes. The results highlight regional differences and the need to study all parties simultaneously in multiparty systems.
This document summarizes a student paper that explored the determinants of immigration opinion in the United States. The paper reviewed existing literature on factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, including income, education, religion, age, gender, and race. It hypothesized relationships between religious practices, income, and education with opinions on illegal immigrants and immigration. The student analyzed data from the 2008 American National Election Survey to test these relationships, finding some statistically significant but weak correlations between the determinant variables and measures of immigration opinion.
PROPOSAL 7
Proposal
March 16, 2020
Proposal
In this paper, the area of interest is the deportation of parents and the effect it has on children. As such, the research topic is; the effects of parents’ deportation on children. Children do not easily express their emotions and disappointment concerning particular issues. As such, a parent could easily assume that everything is fine, which could not be the case. Children that have experienced the deportation of their parents often experience a rollercoaster of emotions. If left unresolved, it could mark the starting point of major psychological and developmental challenges. Children often display challenges that they could be facing through incidents of violence against other challenges or even utterances that portray their pain and frustrations.
This topic is of great importance to me. First, children are very innocent, and in most situations, they end up suffering due to the choices made by the adults in their lives. On the other hand, deportation is not an appealing experience as it rips off a person’s dignity leaving them to deal with the harsh judgment of the world and the harsh reality of being an illegal immigrant. Also, deported individuals receive harsh treatment from government officials overseeing the process. Most immigrants have valid reasons for illegally moving into countries they perceive as safer. Some of these reasons are a need to run away from natural calamities such as drought and floods, or even running away from political instabilities. While some of the immigrants may be moving to the safer havens motivated by the wrong reasons, most of them have valid reasons that warrant them a better stay that would accord them physical and emotional tranquility. Changes n immigration laws always result in huge numbers of people being deported to their countries of origin. On such occasions, children suffer the most.
In exploring the research topic, the methodology to employ would be mixed-methods research. This method enables the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. When using qualitative and quantitative methods, there are advantages and disadvantages. However, when using the two combined through the mixed-methods research, it is possible to maximize the benefits accrued while minimizing the associated disadvantages. The mixed-methods would entail the use of questionnaires while supplementing the same with interviews. As such, it is possible to collect both numerical and qualitative data such as facial expression, tone, and body movements. While available research materials provide greater insight on the topic under study, getting first-hand experience from parents who have faced deportation who help provide a deeper understanding of the effects it has on children. While undertaking the methodology part, there would be a need for method ...
This study examined the relationship between perceived economic threats, cultural threats, and attitudes toward EU immigration among 24 undergraduate psychology students. A correlational analysis found a moderate positive relationship between both perceived economic threats and cultural threats with negative attitudes toward EU immigration. Specifically, perceived economic threats had a stronger relationship with negative immigration attitudes than perceived cultural threats. The results provide support that opposition to immigration can arise from perceptions of both economic competition and cultural differences with immigrants.
This document discusses factors that influence youth voter turnout in the United States. It notes that while the youth vote could influence elections, youth voter turnout has declined significantly over time. Three main theories are discussed to explain voter participation: rational choice theory, which cites factors like competitiveness; socialization theory, which emphasizes the role of family and community in developing political behaviors; and psychological theories, which focus on individual attitudes and perceptions. However, the document notes that none of these theories fully explain the inconsistent and generally low levels of youth voter turnout seen in the U.S. The relationship between politicians and young voters is described as one of "mutual neglect," with lack of outreach to youth seen as an important factor.
Research Proposal : Political Representation of Different types of voters on ...Joshua Wong
This document proposes research on political representation of different voter types on Facebook. It will examine which voter types (defined by gender and ethnicity) are more politically engaged on Facebook by analyzing interactions with UK politicians' Facebook pages around the Brexit referendum. The literature review discusses research on factors influencing political engagement by gender and ethnicity both online and offline. The proposed data collection will categorize Facebook users and count their likes, comments and replies to politician posts to measure political representation. The research aims to provide insight into how well Facebook captures diverse political preferences.
This document provides an introduction and background to a book about the impact of social media on political parties and power balances. It discusses debates around social media's revolutionary potential in politics and notes most studies have focused on exceptional cases or US politics. The book aims to examine social media's impact on "normal politics" and power relations between parties using the Netherlands as a comparative case study.
Migrating Towards Participation: Immigrants and Their Descendants in the P...thinkingeurope2011
This document analyzes the political participation of immigrants and their descendants in four EU member states: France, Germany, Spain, and Lithuania. It focuses on their participation as voters for center-right political parties and as elected officials. While immigrants make up a growing portion of the population in Europe, political parties have struggled to incorporate them as members, candidates, and elected representatives. The document examines methodology and provides country-by-country analyses of voter participation and numbers of elected immigrants holding office. It concludes with recommendations for political parties to better engage immigrant communities.
The motivations of Romanian migrants from the qualitative research carried out by the Romanian project team under the Work Package 4 of the international research project “Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration & Markets” (GEMM), founded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 program.
Professor Dr. David Laitin: Multidimensional Measure of Immigrant Integrationintegratsioonisihtasutus
International conference "My home, our home: what unites us in a multicultural community" 15th and 16th November in Tallinn, Estonia. Conference webpage: www.integrationconference.com
In the Netherlands we need a better balance between the participation society and the welfare and health state. Participation is done by the extended family and in the health and welfare state the government acts as our mother and father. Both in health (somatic) and psychiatric patients are neglected. That leads to visible confused people in the streets of the Netherlands. Unfortunately helping these people became a task of the police (13% of their time is lost because of these efforts). The number of visible confused people might increase if this unbalance between participation state and welfare and health state remains. My advise for the Taiwanese delegation of Taipei is rely on the extended family and her collectivist competencies if one likes to prevent neglect.
PrepareWrite a rough draft of your paper (5 pages.docxarleanemlerpj
Prepare:
Write a rough draft of your paper (5 pages
).
This was the Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography and now I need the rough draft at the bottom of the page was the first ideas and 2 cites.
A refugee is an individual that seeks shelter in a different country other than their own from a political, environmental or economic reason that directly threatens their lives (Sharma, 2015). The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) oversees the protection and livelihood of refugees under the international law, a practice that spans more than 100 years. The current statistics show refugees exceed 20 million individuals across the world (Sharma, 2015). This is a large population and represents a lot of displaced productivity. There are advantages and disadvantages related to refugees that fall on both the home and the hosting countries. The focus is ensuring the disadvantages are minimizing to the benefit of both countries to provide an environment that would minimize the suffering experienced by the refugees. This consideration promotes the chances of resolving the refugee crisis. Reversing the situation would ensure an aggregate increase in economic, social and political progress at a global level.
Increasing the global GDP and establishing effective income distribution plans should be able to satisfy the needs of the refugees as well as those of citizens in their own countries. Most of the conflicts leading to conflicts in particular countries arise from greed that allows a few powerful people to take a substantial part of the resources (Taylor, Filipski, Alloush, Gupta, Valdes, & Gonzalez-Estrada, 2016). Therefore, the conflicts ensure such countries lose their productive power in terms of labor and end up not maximizing the use of the resources. Meanwhile, the host country is showered by an influx of the workforce yet lack in a proper way to utilize their expertise. Furthermore, there never is a standard provision for refugees in policy nor resource wise. Therefore, development of proper absorption and utilization of the manpower for maximum production would not only stabilize the lives of the refugees but also allow them to reorganize their personal economic status in readiness for the trip back to their home country (Taylor, Filipski, Alloush, Gupta, Valdes, & Gonzalez-Estrada, 2016). Empowering refugees and providing stability makes it easy for them to transfer the effects to their home countries. Unfortunately, most of the refugee plans are never designed alongside this pattern. Most refugee plans hold onto the hosting section while awaiting the calm in the home country so as to start sending the refugees back. Unfortunately most of the feuding home countries have conflicts that persist indefinitely.
There are contentious issues that hinder potential reversal plans and allow the reality of refugee absolute empowerment to remain a pipe dream. The global refugee system in terms of protecting refu.
Using individual data on voting and political parties manifestos in European coun- tries, we empirically characterize the drivers of voting for populist parties (the demand side) as well as the presence of populist parties (the supply side). We show that the economic insecurity drivers of the demand of populism are significant, especially when considering the key interactions with turnout incentives, neglected in previous studies. Once turnout effects are taken into account, economic insecurity drives consensus to populist policies directly and through indirect negative effects on trust and attitudes towards immigrants. On the supply side, populist parties are more likely to emerge when countries are faced with a systemic crisis of economic security. The orientation choice of populist parties, i.e., whether they arise on left or right of the political spec- trum, is determined by the availability of political space. The typical mainstream parties response is to reduce the distance of their platform from that of successful populist entrants, amplifying the aggregate supply of populist policies.
2009 (with A. Bailey) Introduction Bringing health research to practical use...Emma Burke
This document discusses challenges in translating health research findings into practical applications. It emphasizes that research must involve all relevant stakeholders to create a sense of ownership over the findings in order to facilitate real-world changes. Four papers in the issue describe different approaches to sharing research results with stakeholders, such as developing educational materials with the target population. Overall, the document argues that applying research requires cultural and social brokering between parties to overcome conflicting views and establish shared understanding.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Are Emigrants Less Pro-Social in Their New Community Than They Used To Be at Home?
1. Introduction Results Conclusions
Are Emigrants Less Pro-Social in Their New
Community Than They Used To Be at Home?
A Comparative Analysis of Latvians At Home and Abroad
Inta Mierin¸a
Visiting research fellow
Department of Scandinavian studies, University of Washington
CSDE seminar
12/04/2015
2. Introduction Results Conclusions
Research question
Migration has increased rapidly in Europe during the last
10 years.
Several studies have looked at the effect of ethnic diversity
on trust and participation, yet the effect of migration on
the activism of migrants themselves are still unclear.
Recent studies in Europe find a large gap between
immigrants and natives in terms of education and
employment (Huddleston et al. 2013).
Research on participation shows that foreign-born
individuals participate at lower rates than native-born
ones (Just and Anderson 2012; Sandovici and Listhaugh
2010; Aleksynska 2010, Eggert and Giugni 2010, Rooj 2012).
Somewhat conflicting evidence as regards to associations.
Could this gap be partly a result of emigration?
3. Introduction Results Conclusions
How emigration could decrease participation?
Embeddedness in the local community and social
connectedness plays an important role in conventional and
unconventional participation (Klandermans and van den
Toorn 2008; Sandovici and Listhaugh 2010).
Immigrants are likely to be less attached to their new
community and not identify to the same extent with the
residents of this country (Goette et al., 2006; Simpson, 2006;
Yamagishi and Mifune, 2008; Dawes and Messick 2010;
Klandermans and van den Toorn 2008).
People who are socially well connected, tend to have a stake in
the community and its political issues, and thus are more likely to
participate in politics (Sandovici and Listhaugh 2010: 75). The
mechanisms facilitating participation when “in country” lack
force in the expatriate context. Changes in cross-border social
structures may curb interest and involvement in home country
politics (Waldinger and Soehl 2013: 443)
4. Introduction Results Conclusions
How emigration could decrease participation?
Participation of immigrants might be obstructed by social
isolation, weaker social networks and social
connectedness that could act as a mobilising force and
provide the necessary resources and information (Bilodeau
2008; Klandermans and van den Toorn 2008; Diani and
McAdam 2003; Kitts 2000; Albarracin and Valeva 2011)
They might have insufficient understand the political
issues in their new country of residence or the channels of
influence (Waldinger and Soehl 2013; Bowers 2004)
As polities are bounded, moving to the territory of a
different state yields political detachment: diminishing
awareness of home country political matters and weakened
ties to the home states electoral institutions (Waldinger and
Soehl 2013: 445)
5. Introduction Results Conclusions
How emigration could decrease participation?
Thinking about a stay abroad as temporary might further
diminish incentives to participate.
Many immigrants are not citizens of the particular country
which affects political participation far beyond simply
voting (Just and Anderson 2012).
Participation might be obstructed by insufficient language
skills too (Eggert and Giugni 2010; Michalikova 2013; Stoll
and Wong 2007).
6. Introduction Results Conclusions
How emigration could increase participation?
Due to grievances related to possible discrimination we
might expect migrants to be more involved in protest
activities (Spaiser 2012; Klandermans and van den Toorn
2008; Albarracin and Valeva 2011; Just and Anderson 2012)
Relative deprivation can result in more intense activism
(Folger 1986; Klandermans and van den Toorn 2008).
7. Introduction Results Conclusions
How emigration could increase participation?
Minority status and more intense identification with own
ethnic group can be a spark for political participation
(Sandovici and Listhaugh 2010)
Weaker ties and inability to rely on the support from
family can push people towards more active civic
engagement and political participation (Alesina and
Guiliano). In particular, diaspora organisations have a
very important instrumental role (Barreto and Munoz
2003).
8. Introduction Results Conclusions
What do we know so far?
To what extent the fact that emigrants are potentially less
embedded in their new community and place of residence
affects their civic and political behavior in the receiving
country?
In previous studies, when multiple regression analysis is
used and the individual and contextual controls are taken
into account, the differences between immigrants and
natives become rather small or disappear (Leighley 2001;
Norris et al. 2004; Rooj 2012).
Comparing immigrants with natives (or stayers) is not be
an ideal method to determine the effect of migration.
No studies so far have addressed the effect of migration on
civic and political participation.
Although European countries have long experienced
significant migration, we know little about its consequences
for countries patterns of civic life. (Just and Anderson
9. Introduction Results Conclusions
Aim of the paper
The aim of this paper is to analyse the consequences of
migration on civil society and civic activism,
Hypothesis: Emigration causes a decrease in political and
social activism such as:
H1 voting in parliamentary elections;
H2 participating in demonstrations, protests, strikes;
H3 signing petitions or writing letters to public officials;
H4 engaging in voluntary work;
H5 donating at the individual level;
H6 membership in organisations and associations.
H7 emigrants adjust to the participation culture of the host
societies.
10. Introduction Results Conclusions
How to test that?
The simplest thing to do would be to compare the civic and
political involvement of those who have emigrated and
those who have not. However...
Migrants differ not only by the fact that they have
emigrated. There is a certain selection effect.
The observed correlation might be spurious. Migration and
activism might be associated via certain confounders, e.g.,
education or income.
We have to take into account the problem of causal
inference (Holland, 1986).
How to obtain a credible estimate of the counterfactual,
i.e., how active those who emigrated would be had they
not emigrated?
11. Introduction Results Conclusions
Finding the ‘treatment effect’
We are interested in the average effect of migration on those
who emigrate (treatment effect on the treated) - ATT.
ATT = E(Y1 − Y0|D = 1)
where D1 refers to migration (treatment).
We can not observe what was the effect on those who
emigrated, but we can compute:
∆ = E(Y1|D = 1) − E(Y0|D = 0)
and assume that:
∆ = ATT + SB
where SB is the selection bias.
12. Introduction Results Conclusions
The method of choice: PSM
Propensity score matching (PSM) provides a means for
adjusting for selection bias in observational studies of
causal effects (Beal and Kupzyk 2014);
As selection into ‘treatment’ (emigration) is not random,
we must compare treated (migrants) and controls (those
who have not emigrated) who are similar in terms of
everything that affects the outcome; However, matching
each confounder – especially if there are many and/or
numeric variables – is not viable:
PSM summarizes all of the background (covariate)
information about treatment selection into a scalar - PS,
i.e., the probability that an individual receives the
treatment, given a set of observed variables; individuals
can then be compared on the basis of PS alone.
13. Introduction Results Conclusions
Key assumptions of PSM
If the key assumptions of PSM:
1 Conditional independence
(Y1, Y0) ⊥ D|X
2 Common support
0 ¡ P(D = 1—X) ¡ 1
are satisfied, we can behave as if individuals had been
randomly assigned to a treatment, and we can claim that the
observed differences are due to treatment (emigration)
(Rosenbaum and Rubin 1983).
14. Introduction Results Conclusions
Balancing confounders (covariates)
There are different methods of matching one can use.
However, the most important thing is to ensure that in the
estimated PS the covariates are adequately balanced
between the treated and control group individuals!
Balancing tests pair up treated and control subjects with
similar values of the propensity score, discarding all
unmatched units, and making the results more reliable.
15. Introduction Results Conclusions
The data
In this paper I rely on two sources of data:
For the control group: “Public Goods through Private
Eyes: Exploring Citizens’ Attitudes towards Public Goods
and the State in East-Central Europe”:
1521 interviews in Latvia, age 15+, random stratified
sample, face-to-face interviews in respondents’ homes,
interviews conducted in early 2014.
For the treatment group: “The emigrant communities of
Latvia: National identity, transnational relations, and
diaspora politics”:
14 068 interviews of Latvian emigrants, age 15+,
Web-survey using different sources of recruiting
respondents (social networking sites, the three largest news
portals in Latvia, embassies, diaspora organisations,
diaspora media), interviews conducted in the
summer-autumn of 2014.
16. Introduction Results Conclusions
Sample adjustment
Identical or very similar (comparable) questions were asked in
both studies to people 15+.
I only include:
those PGPE respondents who have Internet at home or use
it at another place and
those emigrants who:
have emigrated in 1991 or later, but no later than August
2014 – to capture participation in the new country of
residence;
who live 100% abroad, or mostly abroad;
(in case of voting) are eligible to vote and are at least 22
years old, i.e., could have participated in the last, 2011
parliamentary elections.
The number of cases used in analysis:
control group (PGPE, did not emigrate): 1095
treatment group (survey of emigrants, emigrated): 10729
25. Introduction Results Conclusions
Selection of confounders
To satisfy the condition of conditional independence, the
selection of confounders is especially important:
In this case I include: age, gender, education, occupation,
income (struggling financially), ethnicity, having more
than one adult in HH, having children in HH, being
married or having a partner, type of locality, trust in
neighbourhood residents, institutional trust, following
news regularly, satisfaction with life in general.
27. Introduction Results Conclusions
Balancing
Bias prior to
matching (%)
Bias after
matching (%)
Gender 8,90 7,40
Age 1,80 2,80
Age2 1,10 1,30
Majority ethnic gorup 4,00 4,60
Secondary education 0,70 2,70
Tertiary education -7,80 -10,40
Large city -0,60 -3,30
Town -13,10 -5,40
Rural 5,30 4,40
In education 11,50 4,60
Unemployed 6,50 2,70
Housework, looking after children or others 8,20 11,00
Pensioners 1,00 0,60
Other -7,70 -4,90
HH struggling financially -19,30 -9,90
More than one adult in HH 0,80 6,30
Children in HH -1,20 1,70
Married or has a partner 9,10 8,30
Trust in the goverment -2,20 -1,20
Social trust in neighbours 1,00 -0,50
Satisfaction with life in general 4,90 4,80
Regularly following news 6,50 6,30
Mean bias 5,60 4,78
30. Introduction Results Conclusions
Final results: writing petitions and letters to public
officials LYP
Method
Replace-
ment
Mean bias
(%)
NN No 10,25
NN Yes 9,30
NN+caliper=0.001 Yes 6,82
NN+caliper=0.01 Yes 9,31
5-n+caliper=0.01 Yes 5,57
Kernel 6,10
Radius + caliper (0.01) 5,97
Tested algorithms
39. Introduction Results Conclusions
Conclusions
Moving to an other country results in a sharp decline in
voting – minus 44 per cent among emigrants (treated)
compared to those who did not emigrate (control), and the
gap increases over time;
Migrants participate in protest activities abroad as much as
stayers, but there is a large gap with the natives (except for
Belgium and Luxembourg) that tends to remain;
Emigrants more than stayers (and less than natives) write
petitions and letters to officials, however, migration has no
effect on that;
Overall, emigration reduces electoral participation, but
does not affect participation in other political activities.
The differences with stayers and natives are mainly due to
selection effect or contextual differences.
40. Introduction Results Conclusions
Conclusions
Overall, immigrants in most receiving countries are more
likely than stayers (but less likely than natives) to be
members of organisations or associations. Migration
increases membership in organisations and associations
by 8 percent, as migrants who arrived up to 2008 start
catching up with the general population (ie., after 5 years
abroad).
Emigration has no effect on engagement in voluntary
work. The gap with natives in terms of voluntary work
differs from country to country.
Emigration does not hinder donating.
41. Introduction Results Conclusions
Next steps
The question “Why?”
It is possible that the some effects cancel each other out.
Next: Multilevel analysis of factors explaining differences
in social and political participation of Latvian migrants in
their new countries of residence: individual and
contextual factors (opportunity structures, integration
policies, socio-economic context).
The extent of activism depends on the conditions of the
society in which they live, on the opportunities that this
society offers for participation (Koopmans 2004).