Archigram was an experimental architecture group formed in the 1960s in London. The group is known for producing conceptual designs for walking cities, instant cities, and plug-in cities that incorporated emerging technologies and drew inspiration from pop culture and science fiction. Their designs represented a rejection of the austerity and formality of postwar modernist architecture in favor of mobile, flexible cities that celebrated technology and consumerism. Their conceptual projects were published in Archigram, an avant-garde magazine they founded, helping them gain prominence and influence architectural thought in the 1960s and beyond.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
modern, post-modern architects & their worksgarima23g
this presentation deals with the modern architecture- a few architects of modernist time and their famous works.
it also contains post-modern architecture and architects with their famous works.....!!
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain was designed by American architect Frank Gehry. Known for his deconstructivist style, Gehry designed the museum with unusual twisted and curving forms clad in titanium and stone. The three gallery floors surround a large central atrium connected by glass walkways. Though asymmetrical on the outside with irregular titanium walls, inside provides visitors with interconnecting exhibition spaces flooded with light from the atrium. The unconventional design has become an iconic landmark and major tourist destination, transforming Bilbao into an international cultural center.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
modern, post-modern architects & their worksgarima23g
this presentation deals with the modern architecture- a few architects of modernist time and their famous works.
it also contains post-modern architecture and architects with their famous works.....!!
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain was designed by American architect Frank Gehry. Known for his deconstructivist style, Gehry designed the museum with unusual twisted and curving forms clad in titanium and stone. The three gallery floors surround a large central atrium connected by glass walkways. Though asymmetrical on the outside with irregular titanium walls, inside provides visitors with interconnecting exhibition spaces flooded with light from the atrium. The unconventional design has become an iconic landmark and major tourist destination, transforming Bilbao into an international cultural center.
This document provides an overview of post-modern architecture. It discusses how post-modernism emerged in the 1960s as a rejection of modernism's puritanical rules. Key figures like Robert Venturi argued for complexity and contradiction over simplicity. The document profiles several prominent post-modern architects like Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Michael Graves, and Frank Gehry. It examines some of their notable works and how they incorporated historical references, ornamentation, and contextual designs.
The document discusses Frank Gehry's approach to architecture and some of his most famous works. It provides background on Gehry and describes how he views each building as a sculptural object that responds to its context. Some of his most iconic buildings highlighted include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, which is clad in titanium, glass and limestone with curved and folded exterior walls, and the Dancing House in Prague, inspired by dancers Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire.
Hi- tech Architecture and its pioneering architects, Norman Foster , Richard ...Rohit Arora
Norman Foster is considered a pioneer of hi-tech architecture. Some key aspects of hi-tech architecture include the display of the building's structural components on the exterior, use of prefabricated materials like glass panels, and steel frames. Hi-tech buildings aim to be energy efficient through the use of high technology. Norman Foster and other architects like Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano have designed several landmark hi-tech buildings around the world.
Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect known for his organic modernist style that was influenced by nature. Some of his most famous works include Villa Mairea, which featured courtyard and massing designs inspired by nature, and Paimio Sanatorium, a tuberculosis hospital with abundant natural light and cantilevered balconies. Aalto also designed furniture like the Paimio Chair and Zebra Chair using wood and innovative bending techniques. He had a philosophy of humanistic modernism and aimed to integrate architecture with its natural surroundings.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data (Malestrom).pdfaigle3
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the 7th edition of the reference book "Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data". It lists the editors and contributors to the new edition and provides a brief description of the types of professional and technical reference information included across two parts and three appendices of the book. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for fundamental principles and best practices in architectural design.
Rem Koolhaas is a renowned Dutch architect known for his innovative and gravity-defying structures. After graduating from architecture school in 1972, he founded OMA, his architecture firm, which takes an experimental approach to design through research, model-making, and allowing creative freedom. Some of Koolhaas' most notable buildings include the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing, Casa da Música in Porto, and Seattle Central Library, which showcase his bold visions for reinventing typologies through unique forms and spatial experiences.
Geoffrey Bawa was a pioneering Sri Lankan architect known for developing tropical modernism. He fused vernacular architecture with modern concepts to create buildings suited for Sri Lanka's climate and culture. Some of his most notable works include the Parliament of Sri Lanka building and buildings for the University of Ruhuna, both of which respected the local context through use of traditional materials, forms, and spatial arrangements while employing modern design principles. Bawa is recognized for adapting architecture to sensitively fit the tropical environment and local traditions of Sri Lanka.
Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent architecture made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century. The terminology often points to similarities between late modernism and post-modernism although there are differences.
Late Modernism, also known as High-tech architecture or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the late 80s, this style became a bridge between modernism and postmodernism.
Architecture in which the images, ideas, and motifs of the Modern Movement were taken to extremes, structure, technology, and services being grossly over stated at a time when Modernism was being questioned.
In the year 1980s the high tech architecture started to look different from the post modern architecture. Many of the themes and ideas which originated during the post modern times were added to the high tech architecture.
Modern architecture is primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability o f new building materials such as iron, steel, and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.
Less is more
OUTLINE
Intro
Biography
Pioneers of Modern architecture
Philosophy
Style
Features
Traditionalism to Modernism
Characteristic features
Furniture
Works
Chicago school
Barcelona pavilion
S.r crown hall
The Barcelona Pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the German pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition. It featured free-flowing open space defined by isolated walls and sliding glass elements. Though dismantled after the exhibition, it became highly influential in modern architecture and was reconstructed using the same materials in its original location in 1986.
Theory Of Design - Louis Sullivan. Buildings covered in this presentation are - Auditorium Building (Chicago) , Wainwright Building, Carson Pierie Scott and company building, transportation building, louis sullivan bungalow ,
The document provides information about the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, designed by architect Frank Gehry. It discusses the museum's unique titanium cladding and curved geometric forms, as well as its role in revitalizing Bilbao. The museum was constructed between 1993-1997, using a 3D computer model to guide the complex steel structure and unique titanium tile skin. Natural light illuminates the galleries through large windows and skylights. The museum houses notable art installations and has become one of the most admired works of architecture from the late 20th century.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
"MODERN ARCHITECTURE"
Le Corbusier
Frank Lloyd Wright
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Walter Gropius
Louis Sullivan
C.R. Mackintosh
Edwin Lutyens
Antoni Gaudi
Sir James Frazer Stirling was a pioneering British architect who helped transition architecture from the Modern Movement to postmodernism. He started with an International style approach using traditional materials but moved towards more contextual designs that referenced the surrounding buildings and history. His most famous work, the Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, added to an existing gallery in a complex postmodern style that reinterpreted classical forms in a new way. Stirling saw architecture as an expression of both art and function, and his designs emphasized organizing spaces and movement over rigid styles.
Modern architecture emerged in the early 20th century in response to industrialization and new technologies. Architects rejected historical styles and ornamentation in favor of simple, clean designs using new materials like steel, glass, and concrete. Some key developments included the Arts and Crafts movement emphasizing craftsmanship, Art Nouveau's organic forms, and early modernist buildings using steel frames and large windows. Pioneers like Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe further developed the International Style characterized by geometric forms, lack of ornament, and expressing the structure.
Expressionist architecture developed in early 20th century Europe in parallel with expressionist art movements. It sought to transform reality rather than imitate it through distorting forms for emotional effect. Notable expressionist architects included Erich Mendelsohn, Eero Saarinen, and Bruno Taut. Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower in Potsdam used organic, amorphous forms to symbolize Einsteinian concepts. Saarinen's TWA Terminal at JFK Airport sculpted dramatic curves to express the excitement of travel. Taut's Glass Pavilion at the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne was one of the first buildings made entirely of glass, using it to provoke vivid human experiences.
The document discusses the emergence of contemporary architecture in the late 19th century. It summarizes that contemporary architecture rejected historical styles in favor of new materials and manufacturing techniques brought about by the Industrial Revolution. It also describes how architects began eliminating ornamentation from buildings and focusing more on engineering principles of form and function. Several key architects from this era are mentioned, including Joseph Paxton, Gustave Eiffel, and movements like Art Nouveau are discussed.
Zaha Hadid was born in Iraq and studied in Lebanon before moving to London to study architecture. Some of her most notable works include the Vitra Fire Station in Germany (1993), her first built project, and the MAXXI Museum in Rome (2010). Hadid's deconstructivist style features non-orthogonal angles and a fluid integration of interior and exterior spaces. The Vitra Fire Station demonstrates her early style through a composition of concrete planes that bend and intersect. Her MAXXI Museum absorbs the surrounding landscape through intertwining oblong tubes. Hadid's Phaeno Science Center in Germany appears as a mysterious object connected to the city through sinuous concrete cones that give an illusion of floating.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
The document summarizes the concept of the "Walking City" proposed by British architect Ron Herron in 1964. The Walking City referred to massive mobile robotic structures that could freely roam the world and interconnect with each other. Individual buildings could also be mobile. The document compares this concept to the mobile town that followed railroad construction in the US, as well as modern floating cities like aircraft carriers and cruise ships. While projects like the Freedom Ship failed, seasteading aims to create permanent floating communities outside nations' territories.
This document provides details about Peter Chadwick's new book "This Brutal World", which catalogs his passion for Brutalist architecture. It discusses how Chadwick amassed over 30,000 photos of Brutalist buildings and started sharing them on Twitter, leading to the book deal. It describes some key features of Brutalism like board-marked concrete and geometric lines. It also discusses the divided opinions around Brutalism and efforts to preserve examples as many are being demolished.
This document provides an overview of post-modern architecture. It discusses how post-modernism emerged in the 1960s as a rejection of modernism's puritanical rules. Key figures like Robert Venturi argued for complexity and contradiction over simplicity. The document profiles several prominent post-modern architects like Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Michael Graves, and Frank Gehry. It examines some of their notable works and how they incorporated historical references, ornamentation, and contextual designs.
The document discusses Frank Gehry's approach to architecture and some of his most famous works. It provides background on Gehry and describes how he views each building as a sculptural object that responds to its context. Some of his most iconic buildings highlighted include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, which is clad in titanium, glass and limestone with curved and folded exterior walls, and the Dancing House in Prague, inspired by dancers Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire.
Hi- tech Architecture and its pioneering architects, Norman Foster , Richard ...Rohit Arora
Norman Foster is considered a pioneer of hi-tech architecture. Some key aspects of hi-tech architecture include the display of the building's structural components on the exterior, use of prefabricated materials like glass panels, and steel frames. Hi-tech buildings aim to be energy efficient through the use of high technology. Norman Foster and other architects like Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano have designed several landmark hi-tech buildings around the world.
Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect known for his organic modernist style that was influenced by nature. Some of his most famous works include Villa Mairea, which featured courtyard and massing designs inspired by nature, and Paimio Sanatorium, a tuberculosis hospital with abundant natural light and cantilevered balconies. Aalto also designed furniture like the Paimio Chair and Zebra Chair using wood and innovative bending techniques. He had a philosophy of humanistic modernism and aimed to integrate architecture with its natural surroundings.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data (Malestrom).pdfaigle3
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the 7th edition of the reference book "Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data". It lists the editors and contributors to the new edition and provides a brief description of the types of professional and technical reference information included across two parts and three appendices of the book. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for fundamental principles and best practices in architectural design.
Rem Koolhaas is a renowned Dutch architect known for his innovative and gravity-defying structures. After graduating from architecture school in 1972, he founded OMA, his architecture firm, which takes an experimental approach to design through research, model-making, and allowing creative freedom. Some of Koolhaas' most notable buildings include the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing, Casa da Música in Porto, and Seattle Central Library, which showcase his bold visions for reinventing typologies through unique forms and spatial experiences.
Geoffrey Bawa was a pioneering Sri Lankan architect known for developing tropical modernism. He fused vernacular architecture with modern concepts to create buildings suited for Sri Lanka's climate and culture. Some of his most notable works include the Parliament of Sri Lanka building and buildings for the University of Ruhuna, both of which respected the local context through use of traditional materials, forms, and spatial arrangements while employing modern design principles. Bawa is recognized for adapting architecture to sensitively fit the tropical environment and local traditions of Sri Lanka.
Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent architecture made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century. The terminology often points to similarities between late modernism and post-modernism although there are differences.
Late Modernism, also known as High-tech architecture or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the late 80s, this style became a bridge between modernism and postmodernism.
Architecture in which the images, ideas, and motifs of the Modern Movement were taken to extremes, structure, technology, and services being grossly over stated at a time when Modernism was being questioned.
In the year 1980s the high tech architecture started to look different from the post modern architecture. Many of the themes and ideas which originated during the post modern times were added to the high tech architecture.
Modern architecture is primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability o f new building materials such as iron, steel, and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.
Less is more
OUTLINE
Intro
Biography
Pioneers of Modern architecture
Philosophy
Style
Features
Traditionalism to Modernism
Characteristic features
Furniture
Works
Chicago school
Barcelona pavilion
S.r crown hall
The Barcelona Pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the German pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition. It featured free-flowing open space defined by isolated walls and sliding glass elements. Though dismantled after the exhibition, it became highly influential in modern architecture and was reconstructed using the same materials in its original location in 1986.
Theory Of Design - Louis Sullivan. Buildings covered in this presentation are - Auditorium Building (Chicago) , Wainwright Building, Carson Pierie Scott and company building, transportation building, louis sullivan bungalow ,
The document provides information about the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, designed by architect Frank Gehry. It discusses the museum's unique titanium cladding and curved geometric forms, as well as its role in revitalizing Bilbao. The museum was constructed between 1993-1997, using a 3D computer model to guide the complex steel structure and unique titanium tile skin. Natural light illuminates the galleries through large windows and skylights. The museum houses notable art installations and has become one of the most admired works of architecture from the late 20th century.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
"MODERN ARCHITECTURE"
Le Corbusier
Frank Lloyd Wright
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Walter Gropius
Louis Sullivan
C.R. Mackintosh
Edwin Lutyens
Antoni Gaudi
Sir James Frazer Stirling was a pioneering British architect who helped transition architecture from the Modern Movement to postmodernism. He started with an International style approach using traditional materials but moved towards more contextual designs that referenced the surrounding buildings and history. His most famous work, the Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, added to an existing gallery in a complex postmodern style that reinterpreted classical forms in a new way. Stirling saw architecture as an expression of both art and function, and his designs emphasized organizing spaces and movement over rigid styles.
Modern architecture emerged in the early 20th century in response to industrialization and new technologies. Architects rejected historical styles and ornamentation in favor of simple, clean designs using new materials like steel, glass, and concrete. Some key developments included the Arts and Crafts movement emphasizing craftsmanship, Art Nouveau's organic forms, and early modernist buildings using steel frames and large windows. Pioneers like Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe further developed the International Style characterized by geometric forms, lack of ornament, and expressing the structure.
Expressionist architecture developed in early 20th century Europe in parallel with expressionist art movements. It sought to transform reality rather than imitate it through distorting forms for emotional effect. Notable expressionist architects included Erich Mendelsohn, Eero Saarinen, and Bruno Taut. Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower in Potsdam used organic, amorphous forms to symbolize Einsteinian concepts. Saarinen's TWA Terminal at JFK Airport sculpted dramatic curves to express the excitement of travel. Taut's Glass Pavilion at the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne was one of the first buildings made entirely of glass, using it to provoke vivid human experiences.
The document discusses the emergence of contemporary architecture in the late 19th century. It summarizes that contemporary architecture rejected historical styles in favor of new materials and manufacturing techniques brought about by the Industrial Revolution. It also describes how architects began eliminating ornamentation from buildings and focusing more on engineering principles of form and function. Several key architects from this era are mentioned, including Joseph Paxton, Gustave Eiffel, and movements like Art Nouveau are discussed.
Zaha Hadid was born in Iraq and studied in Lebanon before moving to London to study architecture. Some of her most notable works include the Vitra Fire Station in Germany (1993), her first built project, and the MAXXI Museum in Rome (2010). Hadid's deconstructivist style features non-orthogonal angles and a fluid integration of interior and exterior spaces. The Vitra Fire Station demonstrates her early style through a composition of concrete planes that bend and intersect. Her MAXXI Museum absorbs the surrounding landscape through intertwining oblong tubes. Hadid's Phaeno Science Center in Germany appears as a mysterious object connected to the city through sinuous concrete cones that give an illusion of floating.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
The document summarizes the concept of the "Walking City" proposed by British architect Ron Herron in 1964. The Walking City referred to massive mobile robotic structures that could freely roam the world and interconnect with each other. Individual buildings could also be mobile. The document compares this concept to the mobile town that followed railroad construction in the US, as well as modern floating cities like aircraft carriers and cruise ships. While projects like the Freedom Ship failed, seasteading aims to create permanent floating communities outside nations' territories.
This document provides details about Peter Chadwick's new book "This Brutal World", which catalogs his passion for Brutalist architecture. It discusses how Chadwick amassed over 30,000 photos of Brutalist buildings and started sharing them on Twitter, leading to the book deal. It describes some key features of Brutalism like board-marked concrete and geometric lines. It also discusses the divided opinions around Brutalism and efforts to preserve examples as many are being demolished.
This document provides a summary of the book "Contemporary World Architecture" by Hugh Pearman. It discusses how the book comprehensively surveys international architecture at the turn of the new century, focusing on modern building types and the forces that shape them. It analyzes thirteen separate building categories and traces the pluralistic paths of architectural thinking from the 1970s to the start of the new millennium. The summary highlights how the book tells the evolving story of new forms and their underlying quest for aesthetic consensus during this time period.
This document provides an overview of the history of modernism in architecture in Memphis, Tennessee from 1890 to 1980. It discusses how modernism first arrived in Memphis in 1890 with the construction of a steel bridge across the Mississippi River, combining new technology with design. During the early 20th century, skyscrapers and factory buildings employed this modern steel construction. The modern movement also aimed to reconcile industrialism with housing and urban planning. By the mid-1960s, modernism in Memphis faced issues of unimaginative replication and design being co-opted by profit-driven developers.
The Chicago School of Architecture emerged in the late 19th century in response to Chicago's rapid growth as an industrial center following the 1871 fire. Architects developed new construction techniques like the steel skeleton frame, allowing taller buildings. They also rejected historical styles, seeking forms more reflective of modern life. The Chicago School produced innovations in both skyscrapers and residential design, anticipating modern architecture worldwide. Significant surviving examples illustrate the evolution of these styles.
http://www.understandingrace.org/images/482x270/society/post_war_economic_boom.jpg
http://afflictor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/800px-NewYorkCityManhattanRockefellerCenter.jpg
In this week’s lecture and readings we learn about the modern skyscraper as well as the horizontal growth of the suburban areas. In Le Corbusier book A Contemporary City, it gives us a brief overview of his life. We know that he is a founding father to the modernist movement known as the International style, and that he also entered a competition to plan a “contemporary city of 3 million people,” that did not end up winning. Although he did not win, in this book he describes the leading factors that would contribute to his plan of a contemporary city. Of these factors was this topic of skyscrapers. He states, “The skyscrapers are designed purely for business purposes,” he later discusses how skyscrapers are also capable of housing employees, businesses and hotel sections. We also learned that skyscrapers have essential characteristics that define what a modern skyscraper and how there were certain technological requirements that were needed in order to develop a skyscraper. With regards to the development of skyscrapers, zoning properties were quickly established, which ultimately came to the influence of the aesthetic and visual properties of the city as a whole.
In Widogers publication on The "Solar Eye" of Vision Emergence of the Skyscraper-Viewer in the Discourse on Heights in New York City, 1890-1920 we learned how Alvin Coburn, a photographer, takes his camera upon Madison Square in 1921 from the vantage point of the metropolitan life tower, and creates the first abstraction of a city viewed from above. It is also important because he also discusses how modern skyscrapers correspond to the urban transformation in New York City between the period 1890 and 1920. This then brings about the observation on how periods of social upheaval affect individualism and mass identity, which in turn conditions the way artists and writers define their artistic vision in relation to daily life in the city. He also states that, “The tower on Madison Square Garden and the Metropolitan Life Tower had similar features: they were not fully fledged skyscrapers but rather towers constructed either beside or on top of a block-shaped building.” The author also capitalizes on how this metropolitan lifestyle can alter ones behavior due to the environment that surrounds them.
Post World War Two was the beginning of the housing boom. “The transition from a war to peacetime economy was centered on the mass consumerism, ”According to the lecture. The scarce shortage of material forced designers to develop new ways of building. This then lead to large scale housing production where some of these housing parts were sometimes made up of refashioned tank and airplane parts. This allowed for houses to be produced more efficiently and in bulk. During this transition time between wartime to pe.
The 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Fair and The City Be.docxmattinsonjanel
The 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Fair
and
The City Beautiful Movement
This week we will consider the ways in which Grand Manner planning gained
momentum in the later part of the nineteenth century and early part of the
twentieth. In particular, we will look at City Beautiful plans of cities such as
Washington D.C., Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Before we look at
these plans, however, we’ll start with an exploration of an event in the U.S. that
not only provided the momentum for the U.S. plans we’ll discuss, but also
embodied much of the cultural ideology behind them. This event was the
1893 Columbian World’s Fair, hosted in Chicago.
World’s fairs – or world’s expositions – originated in the
nineteenth century as popular venues for celebrating
recent accomplishments in technology, industry,
agriculture and culture. As Julie K. Rose puts it,
“They were arenas where manufacturers sought to
promote products, where states and provinces
competed for new residents and new investments,
where urban spaces were organized into shimmering
utopian cities, and where people from all social classes
went to be alternately amused, instructed, and diverted
from more pressing concerns. Memorialized in songs,
books, buildings, public statuary, city parks, urban
designs, and photographs, fairs were intended to frame
the world view not only of the hundreds of millions who
attended these spectacles, but also the countless
millions who encountered the fairs secondhand.”
The first major nineteenth century fair took place in
London in 1851. This fair took place in the impressive
and modern cast-iron and plate glass Crystal Palace in
Hyde Park, featuring displays of the latest developments
in industrial technology. The “golden era” of these
elaborate cultural exhibits followed this London
exposition. Fifty-nine major fairs took place between
1851 and the 1915-16 fair in San Diego, California.
Some of the most culturally significant of these
expositions include the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in
Philadelphia, the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris,
and the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
The
Crystal
Palace
as
it
was
rebuilt
and
enlarged
at
Sydenham
Hill,
in
a
suburb
south
of
London
(1854)
The
1889
ExposiFon
Universelle
in
Paris
highlighted
the
city’s
new
image
under
Haussmann,
accentuated
by
the
newly
constructed
Eiffel
Tower.
More than showcases of achievement and progress, world’s fairs were also artifacts
of their times. Looking back on the wealth of material culture, imagery and literary
influence that the fairs produced, we can consider these highly celebrated events
as a way of understanding the social, cultural and political milieu from which they
emerged. As a result, scholars have approached study of expositions from a
variety of historic ...
Modernity arose in the 19th century in response to industrialization, urbanization, and new attitudes among artists; it was characterized by new styles of painting, universal access to art, and changing social classes. As cities and consumerism grew, new artistic movements developed that rejected realism and embraced new subject matters and styles, making art more accessible through museums, lithography, and photography. Postmodernism emerged in the late 20th century as a rejection of modernism's focus on rationality and function in favor of pluralism and mixing of styles and cultures in response to a capitalist and mass consumer society.
The document discusses the impact of European architects who emigrated to the United States in the 1930s and 1940s due to World War II, known as the "diaspora". It argues that while they were seen as revolutionizing American architecture with new ideas like the Bauhaus style, in reality they were concluding earlier anti-academic movements from Europe. Their "functionalism" was more of an ideology than a real focus on technology and economics. Additionally, their designs in the U.S. were often poor imitations of their earlier European work. While their ideas influenced architectural education, they had less impact on actual building design than initially thought.
Modernism arose in the 19th century in response to industrialization and urbanization. Artists rejected depicting historical events and instead portrayed modern life, anxieties, and class relations. New artistic movements developed, and art became more accessible through museums, lithography, and photography. In the 20th century, postmodernism emerged as a departure from modernism's ideals of rationality and authentic style. Postmodernists embraced pluralism, mixing high and low culture and styles old and new.
INSTRUCTIONS Answer each question separately and number them .docxnormanibarber20063
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer each question separately and number them according to the question number.
Each answer must be roughly between 200 to 400 words.
1. 1959 was a year that changed everything according - historic events included the launching of Soviet
spacecraft, the approval of the birth control pill, the start of racial desegregation, the sale of the first
IBM computer. In architecture, by 1959 a new generation, called Team X, had come to reject modern
architecture in favor of contemporary architecture - a term that was used to distinguish their work from
CIAM modernism. How did Team X distinguish their work and what was their critique of CIAM in the late
1950s and 60s? Describe using specific building examples.
2. Functionalism is traditionally associated with WWII and mechanization. Debates on functionalism
dated back to the 1920s and continued to the 1970s. The Functionalists were critiqued for denying the
role of aesthetics and for failing to fulfill the real utility of function (ie. buildings that deteriorated after
just 5 years, etc). These debates were characterized by a reconciliation and integration of functionalism
with more humanistic concerns - symbolic representation, organicism, aesthetic expressiveness,
contextual relationships, and social, anthropological, and psychological subject matter. Describe how
neglected topics such as history, popular culture, regional traditions, and the city were reconsidered in
the 1960s.
3. “Everybody, everywhere, seems to express the desire to be “modern.” There is no longer a war
between the old and the new - the old, it seems, has ceased to exist. The present is a moment of crisis,
not any longer because we need modern architecture, but because we have got it.” - J.M. Richards.
What does Richards mean by this remark from the early 1960s? Why was modern architecture suddenly
a problem?
4. Philip Johnson’s crutches articulate aspects of architecture that we lean on to “help us walk upright.”
Explain, in your own words, the following two crutches: “The most important crutch in recent times is
not valid now: the Crutch of History. In the old days, you could always rely on books. You could say
“what do you mean you don't like my tower? There it is in Wren.” Or, “They did that on the Subtreasury
building - what can’t I do it?” History doesn’t bother us very much now. The Crutch of the Pretty
Drawing still is with us today (or the cult of the pretty plan). It’s a wonderful crutch because you can give
yourself the illusion that you are creating architecture while you’re making pretty drawings. Architecture
is too hard. Pretty pictures are easier.”
5. According to Reyner Banham, what is the “New Brutalism”? Why was he critical of all the new “-
isms”? Use evidence from the Banham essay.
6. According to Reyner Banham, “the architect who proposes to run with technology knows that he will
be in fast company, and that, in .
The document discusses the impact of the Industrial Revolution on graphic design in the 19th century. It notes how steam power allowed for faster printing presses, mass producing goods and information. This led to a need for graphic designs that could be more easily reproduced at larger scale for advertising and posters to communicate with more literate urban populations. Many new typeface designs emerged during this time including styles like fat-face, Tuscan, and Egyptian inspired designs that featured thick, high-contrast letters suited for the faster communication needs of industrial society. Major type founders like William Caslon, Vincent Figgins, and American foundries innovated new typeface styles during this transformative period.
The document provides an overview of Neo-Classical architecture and its origins in the 18th century as a reaction against Baroque and Rococo styles. It discusses key architects like Claude Perrault and their works, as well as characteristics of Neo-Classical architecture like symmetry, columns, pediments, and minimal ornamentation. It also summarizes the impacts of the Industrial Revolution on architecture through new materials like steel, glass, and concrete which enabled larger and taller structures. Reinforced concrete was an important innovation that combined the compressive strength of concrete with tensile strength of steel.
Modernism in Art: An Introduction: 'Standing in the sumit...' Futurisms' bec...James Clegg
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Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1950s as an international style that rejected the minimalism and functionalism of modernism in favor of ornamentation, stylistic eclecticism, and references to historical elements. It became a movement in the late 1970s that continues to influence today's architecture. Postmodern buildings feature diverse aesthetics where styles collide and forms are adopted for their own visual interest over strict functionality. Key figures like Robert Venturi promoted this approach through works like the Vanna Venturi House, which challenged modernist orthodoxy through its manipulated scale and symbolic elements. Experimental groups like Archigram proposed futuristic visions through hypothetical mega-structures and mobile cities that embraced technology and consumerism.
Saul Bass was an influential American graphic designer and film title sequence designer. Over his 40-year career, Bass designed title sequences and posters for many prominent films and directors, including Alfred Hitchcock. His designs used stylized visuals and geometric shapes to visually convey the mood, themes, and key moments of the films in an abstract yet compelling way. Bass's innovative title sequences and film posters helped establish title design as an art form and had a significant impact on graphic design.
This document provides an overview of art and architecture trends in the Modern Era. It discusses the rise of abstract expressionism in America led by Pollock and de Kooning. It also describes other art movements like pop art popularized by Andy Warhol, op art focusing on optical illusions, minimalism reducing elements down to basic forms, and conceptual art questioning what constitutes a work of art. For architecture, it outlines the modern movement seeking functionalism over decoration and the international style drawing inspiration from machines. Organic architecture pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright is also summarized.
The document summarizes architectural styles and movements from the late 19th century through the 20th century across Latin America and Puerto Rico. It discusses how architecture moved away from strict European styles after the dissolution of Spanish colonies. Styles like Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and various neoclassical styles were adopted. Modernism emerged after World War 2 with a focus on simplicity, abstraction, and reconstruction. Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and Renzo Piano contributed renowned works. Puerto Rico integrated modern styles through architects like Henry Klumb. Postmodernism emerged in response to formalism of modernism.
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PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
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Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
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CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
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3. ARCHIGRAM
WHAT IS ARCHIGRAM?
The name Archigram (Architecture+Telegram) was invented to describe a home-made
magazine, the free-form was designed to explore new projects and new thinking
which were overturning the strict modernist dictates of the 1960s. The group was
comprised of six members Peter Cook, David Greene and Mike Webb published the
first issue and then invited Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton and Warren Chalk.
03
ToA 2
5. Corresponding member of the
Group. his airmail relationship (and
occasional head-to-head sessions)
with the London part of the group
is a very necessary part of its
thinking and the total effort.
MICHAEL WEBB
05
The poet of the group. Sometimes
contemplative, sometimes fatalist,
writing or inventing something that
often has references to the existing
world, contrived in an original way.
Concerned with conceptual
possibilities and a fascination with
the words absence and erasure.
DAVID GREENE
The most talkative and ‘public’ member
of the group. Enjoys inventing situations
and very much enjoys forming analogies
between the quirks and experiences of
individual people and possibilities for the
environment that are ambiguous and
unexpected. Preoccupied by the idea of
‘Metamorphosis’.
PETER COOK
ToA
2
6. The most abrasive and critical of
the Archigram Group, hid doubts
and dissatisfaction with the
obvious and the banal, have many
times been justified by subsequent
events.
WARREN CHALK
06
Best known for his work with the
seminal English experimental
architecture collective Archigram,
which was formed in London in the
early 1960s. Built the much
acclaimed Immagination
RON HERRON
Conspicuously in charge of all the
technical matters that form part of
Archigram’s output. An enthusiast on
gadgets, machines, techniques and
systems. The most practical member of
the group.
DENIS CROMPTON
ToA
2
8. 08
WORLD WAR II
Largely recovering from the second world war,
and the sorts of collective trauma and
physical carnage it entailed.
SHORTAGE
Housing shortage and economic decline were
very apparent in post-war Britain.
9. 09
AVERSION TO MODERNISM
A collective aversion to modernism developed
which changed the physical fabric of Britain,
due to the destruction and atom bombs.
ALTERNATIVE HOUSING
STRATEGIES
Government’s approach to the housing shortage
was to investigate prefabricated and alternative
housing strategies.
10. 10
MATERIAL SELECTION
Scrap aluminum and idle airplane factories
were attempted to be re-engaged to produce
quick and easy housing solutions.
ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
Promote experiments in the application of new
science and technology to create better and
quick solutions.
12. POP CULTURE AND AMERICANA
INFLUENCES ON ARCHIGRAM 12
"Ron Herron and Warren Chalk were very into Americana. They used to buy Ivy League type suits and
smoke American cigarettes"
~Peter Cook
ROOM OF 1000 DELIGHTS
ARCHIGRAM
13. 13
Kirby’s mechanical details can be seen in the
graphic construction of Herron’s “Walking City.”
The machinery that appeared in these comic
books looks a little bit like the graphic clichés.
There was a use of the characters of comics in
the “Living City” exhibition. Superman showed
up In page 8.
Dennis Crompton was very vocal about the fact
that the issue was about architecture and
science fiction.
It was called “Zoom” issue because it was about
the comic paper relationship and the towers.
They believed that there is always a shock value
of comics as a provocation tool
Left: Amazing Archigram 4: Zoom Issue. Cover by Warren Chalk, May 1964
Right: Cover of Mystery in Space
14. Atmosphere of the sixties and the socio-economic mobility with which the
self-consciously provincial Archigram members played to the
transforming attitudes of drug culture.
Following WWII, the art world's attention switched from Europe to the
United States. As the Americanization of British culture grew during the
1960s, this legacy was especially important for the Archigram group.
From cowboy boots and denim to jazz, Marvel Comics, science fiction
magazines, and, of course, advertisements, Americana of all types
prevailed. Images from popular culture, ranging from consumerism to
fantasy, were used to construct a concept of architecture that reflected
the vitality of the surrounding urban environment.
Consumer culture images were used to create a feeling of fluidity and
circulation, or even to correlate lifestyle with architecture. Building was
not, after all, the most important aspect of architecture as a network of
imagery. Representation was in and of itself a form of architecture.
BOURNEMOUTH STEPS
ARCHIGRAM
15. 15
By experimenting
with layout,
compositions, and
processes, the
qualities of printed
media were explored.
Almost all of the
pages had collages,
drawings, and text,
which made a visual
narrative of the
concepts given. Their
visualisations, like the
cities they show, are
made up of bits and
pieces from many
styles and sources,
which are cut and
pasted and placed in
fluid compositions.
16. "REPRESENTATION IS IN AND OF ITSELF A FORM OF ARCHITECTURE."
ARCHIGRAM'S INFLUENCE ON
THE WORLD
BATIMENT PUBLIC,
ARCHIGRAM
17. There was very little projection or experimenting
with projection in the type of drawing that one was
supposed to do before to the start of Archigram. If
you must include a figure, it should be small and
serve just to illustrate scale, not to take up three-
quarters of the drawing surface. you can see
where they got the concept from Richard
Hamilton's "Just What Is It That Makes Today's
Homes So Different, So Appealing?"
It wasn't so much about showcasing modern
architecture as it was about demonstrating that
the structure is entertaining and exciting in and of
itself, rather than serving as a background to
what's going on. The important thing is to have a
good time, and the design only facilitates it rather
than determining it. Prior to that, the perception of
architecture was that you lived according to the
demands of the structure you were in. You're
creating a life, and the architecture makes it
possible."
18. 18
The appealing image is a
magazine collage depicting a
very traditional, almost
cheap-looking living room.
Out the door, there's a
gorgeous marble staircase
leading to the floodlit movie
entrance, with a bathing
beauty and a strong man
posing; big biceps. It's a
lovely, dream-like image. The
drawing style of Archigram is
derived on this.
19. 19
THE PLUG-IN CITY, WITH OTHER PROJECTS LIKE THE WALKING CITY
OR THE INSTANT CITY, PROMISED A MOBILE LIFESTYLE AND, MORE
IMPORTANTLY, AN ESCAPE FROM SUBURBIA'S MODERNIST RESPONSE.
21. 21
WALKING CITY
This piqued developers' interest because they saw a chance to produce more with less, with little regard
for the user's quality of life. The result was living spaces that adhered to the principles of minimalism but
with none of the luxury, freedom, or flexibility that characterised the Tiny House movement.
22. THE STYLE KNOWN AS ‘HIGH TECH’, FOLLOWED
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF ARCHIGRAM.
22
CENTRE POMPIDOU
PARIS, FRACE,
23. ToA 2
ARCHIGRAM was a collective
of architects that became
famous for their radical
architecture concepts drawing
from the emerging
technologies and consumer
culture of the time.
-- ARCHIGRAM started life in 1961 as a
self-published magazine comprising of
Cook, Michael Webb and David Greene.
Archigram was named after a magazine, which was first published in 1961
24. 18
Crompton, Chalk and Herron began
contributing to subsequent issues
of Archigram and the group that
would come to be named after the
magazine was formed.
However, the magazine piqued the
interest of a group of slightly older,
more established architects –
Crompton, Warren Chalk and Ron
Herron – who were working for
London County Council (LCC) on
projects including London's
Southbank Centre.
The second issue of Archigram magazine was also published in 1961
25. 1963 Living City exhibition helped Archigram gain
prominence in Britain.
Another key figure who took an interest in the early
magazines was Theo Crosby, an architect and editor of
Architectural Design magazine, who would later bring the
six Archigram members to work under him at Taylor
Woodrow Design Group.
Archigram applied technologies developed during the
second world war to architecture
The third issue of Archigram magazine was published in 1963
26. Archigram's first exhibition, titled Living City, was held at the ICA in London in 1963
Archigram's ideas were partly a reaction against the
Brutalist architecture of postwar Britain, according to
Cook.
The fourth issue of Archigram magazine, published in 1964, made the group world-famous
The ICA exhibition helped establish Archigram in
Britain. But the group did not reach international
prominence until the fourth edition of the magazine,
which featured a bright yellow cover in a distinctive
comic-book style, was published in 1964.
Peter Reyner Banham takes Archigram to America
27. THE
ARCHIGRAM
MOVEMENT
THE FIRST ARCHIGRAM WAS AN OUTBURST
AGAINST THE CRAP GOING UP IN LONDON,
AGAINST THE ATTITUDE OF A CONTINUING
EUROPEAN TRADITION OF WELLMANNERED BUT
GUTLESS ARCHITECTURE THAT HAD ABSORBED
THE LABEL ‘MODERN,’ BUT HAD BETRAYED MOST
OF THE PHILOSOPHIES OF THE EARLIEST
PETER COOK
13
ToA
2
28. KEY TOPICS ToA 2
02
London suffered widespread damage
during World War II as a result of
aerial bombardment, which
devastated the docks and many
industrial, residential, and commercial
districts, including the historic heart
of the City leaving.
The end of hostilities brought a return of evacuees, and reconstruction of the city began at once, even though
building materials were in desperately short supply
29. 11
BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE IS AN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH
EMERGED DURING THE 1950S IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM, AMONG
THE RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
OF THE POST-WAR ERA.
BRUTALIST BUILDINGS ARE
CHARACTERISED BY MINIMALIST
CONSTRUCTIONS HAT SHOWCASE
THE BARE BUILDING MATERIALS
AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
OVER DECORATIVE DESIGN.
BRUTALISM
NEO-FUTURISM IS A LATE-20TH
TO EARLY-21ST-CENTURY
MOVEMENT IN THE ARTS, DESIGN,
AND ARCHITECTURE.
DESCRIBED AS AN AVANT-GARDE
MOVEMENT,AS WELL AS A
FUTURISTIC RETHINKING OF THE
THOUGHT BEHIND AESTHETICS
AND FUNCTIONALITY OF DESIGN
IN GROWING CITIES, THE
MOVEMENT HAS ITS ORIGINS IN
THE MID-20TH-CENTURY
STRUCTURAL EXPRESSIONIST
WORK
NEO-FUTURISM
top: brutalist interpretation of walking city; bottom; city synthesiser project 1963
31. Reynar Banham believed ‘’with the current
revolution in control mechanisms poised to
automate production systems under the
direction of computers, removing routine
intervention from human operators''.
CONTROL EVERYTHING , ALL AT ONCE
ONE UNIFIED
TECHNOLOGY
22
32. 15
Archigram’s insistence
that modernism should
celebrate all that is new
reacted against the
routines of day-to-day
architectural education
and practice.
HIGH TECH
LIGHT WEIGHT
INFRASTRUCTURAL
34. 07
ToA 2
After the war, the
broken surroundings
left people yearning for
more stable living
conditions and cities
which cater to their
ideal world.
To put it simply, they
sought a solution which
was way too good to be
true.
36. 07
ToA 2
The group’s technique
was neo-futuristic, anti-
heroic and pro-
consumerist, drawing
inspiration from
technology in order to
create a new reality that
was solely expressed
through hypothetical
projects.
37. 07
ToA-2
Committed to a 'high
tech', light weight, infra-
structural approach that
was focused towards
survival technology, the
group experimented
with modular
technology, mobility
through the
environment, space
capsules and mass-
consumer imagery.
38. 07
ToA 2
Their projects were
transdisciplinary in the
field of form, structure
and material and they
did have a slight
polemic underlining the
glamorous future
machine age that they
pictured but the social
and environmental
issues were still left
unaddressed.
39. 07
ToA-2
The group put forth
their designs only
through illustrations as
they were essentially
just hypothetical
depictions of utopian
cities that they
personally thought
would work out but they
only ever remained as
ideas and they were
never acted upon as it
was structurally
outlandish.
41. 07
ToA-2
Archigram’s initial
design was the Plugin
City, followed by the
Walking City and then
Instant City.
Their opinions and
designs came from a
very personal
standpoint given that it
was mostly designed by
Cook. It was highly
influential.
42. 07
ToA 2
They changed with
different concepts and
ideas as they kept
evolving, but the
ultimate goal of a
utopian future machine
was not compromised.
The theory of neo-
futurism and pro-
consumerism remained.
The concept started to
become more
engineering driven.
43. PLUG IN
CITY
ToA 2
01
Developed between 1963 and 1966, Plug-In City is a conceptual
city comprising personalised pre-fabricated homes that are
inserted into high-rise megastructures.
44. 08
NEW APPROACH TO URBAMISM
REVERSING TRADITIONAL
PERCEPTIONS OF INFRASTRUCTURE
MOBILE
FLEXIBLE
IMPERMANENT
45. A method to allow people to grow their dwelling within themselves and the servicing of the
city didn’t have to be ground based unlike traditional existing cities
The concept of the plug in city allows everything to be FUNCTIONAL , USED , REPLACED and UPDATED.
CONSTANTLY EVOLVING MEGATRUCTURE THAT INCOPRATES EVERY ESSENTIAL AND IS MOVED BY GIANT CRANES
46. City is lifted off the ground and enjoys space in a certain way
because there are certain pieces of enclosed spaces that become
public spaces tn the mega structure that you hold the building on
start to sprout up and become high rise and become public open
spaces inside giving space for growth and change
Transportation, sanitation, computing and other essential
services would be embedded into the central
infrastructure and shared by the community but designed
in a way that would allow them to be readily reallocated to
other parts of the city, if necessary.
47. The construction industry is used for construction but planning would be done by occupants of the
house and these vary in size. The concept aimed to give people more FLEXIBILITY and choice in the
design of their home, allowing them to CUSTOMISE the capsules and easily replace them when
required.
48. It was looking at prefabrication and saying: 'Come on, this doesn't
have to be boring. It can be quite romantic and quite exciting.''
- Peter Cook
49. RESIDENTIAL UNITS
EVERYHTING IS EXPANDABLE
MOBILTY , ADAPTIBILITY , EXPANDIBILITY are the key features
is industrially fabricated in a
space saving design with fold
away features and a clip on
appliance wall
Each suit has a plug serving a
similar function to the key to
your front door'' wrote webb
you can plug into your
friend's envelope or you
can plug into any
envelope .
the plug also serves as a
means of connecting
envelopes together to
form larger spaces ,
providing various models
ranging from super sports
to family models
51. Offices work in a similar interchangeable manner
got a new company , slide on in
got a new buisness , taking it out
everything has an expiration date
52. WHAT IT WOULD ACHIEVE
By allowing a temporary and flexible deployment of urban resources, Plug-In City would enable adaptable collective
living, integration of transportation and the accommodation of rapid change in the urban environment
53. THE WALKING CITY
14
Walking City emerged from 1960s
notions of indeterminacy, specifically
the notion of the city as a dynamic
entity capable of responding to the
needs of its residents. concepts of
location indeterminacy, resulted in
The Walking City.
54. 06
The idea was of a world capital
capable of being anywhere in the
world at any time, a kind of United
Nations City taken to an extreme.
There was a complete family of
these vehicles, each of which had
all of the components of a
functional city: a business center,
offices, housing, public and private
services, and so on. Auxiliary units,
such as hospitals and disaster
response units, were removable in
some cases.
55. 06
The basic Walking City included
extendible arms that could link to other
walking components, the ground, and
the water, allowing products and
materials to be transferred.
an object that travelled gently across the
ground like a big hovercraft, only
utilising its legs to level itself when it
arrived at its destination.