SlideShare a Scribd company logo
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
1
Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
2
Chapter 4
Drawing
Instruments
and
Techniques
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
3
Chapter 4 Overview
• Introduction
• Orthographic Projection
• Three Principal Views
• Architectural Manual Drafting Equipment
• Freehand Sketching
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
4
Chapter 4 Overview
• Computer-Aided Drafting and Design
• Lines Used in Architectural Drafting
• Architectural Lettering
• CADD Symbols Library
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
5
Learning Objectives
• Define the three principal views in
orthographic projection.
• List and explain the use of architectural
drafting equipment.
• Explain the difference between size and
scale.
• Reproduce the standard alphabet of
lines.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
6
Learning Objectives
• Demonstrate an acceptable
architectural lettering style.
• Freehand sketch.
• Identify the basic components of a
CADD workstation.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
7
Introduction
• Understanding basic drafting practices
and the use of equipment is expected
before attempting architectural drafting.
• Most of the equipment and principles
are similar to mechanical drafting.
• A review of the basic drawing concepts
will establish a foundation for
architectural drafting.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
8
Orthographic Projection
• Orthographic projection is the most
basic drafting technique.
– A means of representing the height, width,
and depth of a three-dimensional object on
two-dimensional paper.
– The object is viewed at infinity, thus
projection lines are parallel to each other.
– Typically, three views are used.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
9
Orthographic Projection
• This camp cottage shows the arrangement
of views in orthographic projection.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
10
Three Principal Views
• The three principal views in
orthographic projection are the top,
front, and right side views.
• In architectural drafting, the views are
similar but have different names.
– The top view of a house is called a plan
view; used as the basis for most other
drawings.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
11
Three Principal Views
– The floor plan is a top view in section taken
about half way up the wall.
– The front elevation in architectural drafting
is the same as the front view in mechanical
drafting.
– Architectural drafters ordinarily draw a view
of each side of the structure, which are
called elevations.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
12
Three Principal Views
• How orthographic views are projected.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
13
Drafting Equipment
• An architectural drafter uses equipment
that is designed for specific purposes.
• Using this specialized equipment
requires skill and understanding.
– The manual drafter uses traditional
equipment such as triangles and scales.
– The CADD drafter produces drawings on a
computer.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
14
Drafting Equipment
• Common
manual
drafting
equipment.
(Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc.)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
15
Drafting Equipment
• Common CADD workstation.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
16
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Pencils used in manual drafting are
available in wood and mechanical types.
(Berol USA)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
17
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• The most popular types of erasers used by
architectural drafters are rubber and plastic.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
18
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Electric erasers can be used to quickly
erase large areas.
(Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
19
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Erasing shields are made of metal or plastic.
They are thin to provide for accurate erasing.
(Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
20
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Most architectural drawings are finished on
tracing paper, velum, or drafting film.
• Paper Sizes
– A-size (9" x 12")
– B-size (12" x 18")
– C-size (18" x 24")
– D-size (24" x 36")
– E-size (36" x 48")
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
21
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Common paper sizes.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
22
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Drawing Boards
– Standard sizes:12" x 18", 18" x 24", 24" x
36", and 30" x 42".
– Materials: White pine, basswood, and
plywood.
• T-Squares
– Materials: Wood, metal, plastics, and a
combination.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
23
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Drafting machines speed the work of the
manual drafter and are usually
permanently attached to the drafting table.
(Vemco Corporation)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
24
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Triangles are used
to draw
nonhorizontal lines.
– 45° and 30°-60°
triangles.
– Metal or plastic.
– Adjustable triangle
(shown).
(Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
25
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Protractors are
used for
measuring
angles.
– Semicircular and
circular styles.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
26
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Architectural drafters use architect’s,
engineer’s, and combination scales.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
27
Architect’s Scale
• Divided into 3/32", 3/16", 1/8", 1/4", 1/2",
3/8", 3/4", 1", 1-1/2", and 3" to the foot.
• One edge divided into 16 parts to the
inch.
• Divisions based on 12 units to the foot.
• Used for most work.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
28
Engineer’s Scale
• Divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60
parts to the inch.
• Divisions based on 10 units to the inch.
• The engineer’s scale is used by the
architectural drafter to draw plot plans.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
29
Combination Scale
• Divided into 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4",
and 1" to the foot.
• One edge is divided into 50 parts to
the inch.
• One edge is divided into 16 parts to
the inch.
• Divisions include 12 units to the foot
and 10 units to the inch.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
30
Size Compared to Scale
• “Size” and “scale” need clarification.
• “Half size” means the drawing is one
half as large as the object.
• Scale: 1/2" = 1'-0" means the drawing
is 1/2 scale.
• 1/2 scale means 1/2" on the drawing =
1'-0" on the object.
• Residential plans are generally 1/4" =
1'-0" scale.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
31
Reading the Scale
• The 1/8" = 1'-0" and 1/4"=1'-0" scales
are printed on the upper edge of this
architect’s scale.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
32
Reading the Scale
• The proper method of measuring 16'-4"
using the 1/4" = 1'-0" scale.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
33
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Dividers are used
to divide a line into
a number of parts.
– Three types are
shown.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
34
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• The compass is used to draw circles,
arcs, or radii.
– Center-wheel type shown.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
35
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• The beam compass is used to draw
large arcs.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
36
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Lettering guides
are used to draw
guidelines for
hand lettering.
– Types: Ames and
Braddock-Rowe.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
37
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Irregular curves
are used to draw
curved lines that
cannot be drawn
with a compass.
– Flexible curve.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
38
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• The case instruments may include
dividers, compass, lining pens, pencil
pointers, spare parts, small screwdriver,
and various other instruments. (continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
39
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Lettering devices
are used when
uniformity of letters
is essential.
– Stencil type.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
40
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Technical pens are used to ink a
drawing. Points are interchangeable
and range from 000 to 8.
(Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
41
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Templates serve as
guides in drawing
special lines or
symbols. Most are
made of plastic.
(Berol USA)
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
42
Traditional Drafting Equipment
• Grids are available in
a wide variety of
sizes and forms:
square, isometric,
and perspective.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
43
Freehand Sketching
• Freehand sketching is a method of
making a drawing without the use of
instruments.
– Most designers use sketches to “think
through” an idea before making the final
drawing.
– Freehand sketching requires only a pencil
and plain or grid paper.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
44
Freehand Sketching
• Cross-section
paper may be
used for freehand
sketching.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
45
Sketching Technique
• When sketching, hold the pencil with a
grip firm enough to control the strokes.
• Your arm and hand should have a free
and easy movement.
• As you sketch, rotate the pencil slightly
between the strokes to retain the point
longer.
• Initial lines should be sharp and light.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
46
Sketching Technique
• Apply light pressure to avoid making
grooves in the paper.
• Keep your eye on the point where the
line will end; use a series of short
strokes to reach that point.
• When all the lines are sketched, go
back and darken the lines.
• Strive for neatness and good technique.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
47
Sketching Technique
• When sketching, grip your the pencil
farther back than you normally would.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
48
Sketching Horizontal Lines
• There are four basic steps.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
49
Sketching Vertical Lines
• There are four
basic steps.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
50
Sketching Inclined Lines
• Locate the end points
of the line.
• Position arm for trial
movement.
• Sketch several short,
light lines.
• Focus on end point.
• Darken the line.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
51
Sketching an Angle
• First, sketch a right
angle (90°).
• Subdivide the right
angle to get the
angle you desire.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
52
Sketching Circles and Arcs
• There are several methods of sketching
circles and arcs:
– Centerline method.
– Enclosing square method.
– Hand-pivot method.
– Free-circle method.
• All are sufficiently accurate, so use the
best method for a particular situation.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
53
Centerline Method
• Locate centerlines.
• Mark off radius.
• Position arm.
• Sketch the circle in short sweeps.
• Darken the circle.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
54
Enclosing Square Method
• Locate centerlines.
• Sketch a box equal to the diameter.
• Sketch arcs where the centerlines cross
the box line.
• Sketch the circle.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
55
Hand-Pivot Method
• First, position the pencil and small
finger. Then, rotate the paper to sketch
the circle.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
56
Sketching Ellipses
• The rectangular method for sketching
ellipses is similar to the enclosing
square method for circles.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
57
Sketching Irregular Curves
• Sketch an irregular curve by connecting
a series of points at intervals of 1/4" to
1/2" along its path.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
58
Proportion in Sketching
• Proportion is the size relationship of one
part to another or to the whole object.
• Keep the same width, height, and depth
in proportion.
– Unit method.
– Pencil-sight method.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
59
Proportion in Sketching
• Gauge proportions using the pencil-
sight method.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
60
CADD
• Computer-aided drafting and design
(CADD) consists of hardware and
software components.
– Hardware components include the physical
devices.
– Software programs are used to create
drawings or other documents.
• Output devices produce drawing hard
copies.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
61
CADD Hardware
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
62
CADD Software
• The programming commands tell the
computer hardware which drawing and
design tasks to perform.
• General and AEC CADD are available.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
63
CADD Software
• This is a CADD-generated drawing.
(SoftPlan Systems, Inc.)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
64
CADD Output Devices
• Plotter
– Produces high-quality
drawings (as shown)
using pens or pencils.
• Printer
– Laser and inkjet
printers also produce
good quality.
(DesignJet Division, Hewlett-Packard)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
65
Architectural Alphabet of Lines
• Border Lines
• Object Lines
• Hidden Lines
• Centerlines
• Extension Lines
• Dimension Lines
• Long Break Lines
• Short Break Lines
• Cutting-Plane Lines
• Section Lines
• Guidelines
• Construction Lines
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
66
Border Lines
• Border lines are very heavy lines used
to form a boundary for the drawing.
• Use a 0.70mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
67
Object Lines
• Object lines are heavy lines that outline
features of an object.
• Use a 0.50mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
68
Hidden Lines
• Hidden lines represent edges that are
behind a visible surface in a given view.
• Use a 0.35mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
69
Centerlines
• Centerlines indicate the center of holes
and symmetrical objects, such as
windows and doors.
• Use a 0.25mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
70
Extension Lines
• Extension lines are used to denote the
termination points of a dimension line.
• Use a 0.25mm pen.
Extension lines
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
71
Dimension Lines
• Dimension lines are used to show size
and location. They have a dimension
figure halfway between the ends of the
dimension line.
• Use a 0.25mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
72
Long Break Lines
• Long break lines are used to show that
not all of the part is shown.
• Use a 0.25mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
73
Short Break Lines
• Short break lines show part of the object
broken away.
• Use a 0.70mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
74
Cutting-Plane Lines
• Cutting-plane lines are used to show
where the object is sectioned.
• Use a 0.70mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
75
Section (Crosshatch) Lines
• Section lines or crosshatch lines are used
to show that a feature is sectioned.
• May represent different types of material.
• Use a 0.25mm pen.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
76
Guidelines
• Guidelines are used in hand lettering to
keep lettering straight.
• Very light lines.
• Drawn in pencil only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
77
Construction Lines
• Construction lines are used in the
process of constructing a drawing.
• Should not be reproduced.
• Not inked or plotted.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
78
Line Type Application
• In manual drafting,
all lines are black
and vary only in
width. Colors may
be used in CADD.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
79
Pencil Hardness Guidelines
• Range from 9H (very hard) to 9B (very
soft).
• Use 6H for construction and guidelines.
• Use 4H for dimension, extension, center,
leader, long break, and section lines .
• Use 2H for object, hidden, cutting plane,
short break, and border lines.
• Use H for lettering.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
80
Architectural Lettering
• There is no single style of architectural
lettering. Most lean toward the artistic.
• Develop your own style.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
81
Developing a Lettering Style
• Use guidelines for hand lettering.
• Experiment with variations of letters.
• Select an artistic lettering style.
• Apply a basic technique to similar letters.
• Make a mental picture of each letter.
• Practice “your” style to gain precision.
• Use your style in your work.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
82
Developing a Lettering Style
• Variations of letters add interest.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
83
Developing a Lettering Style
• The space between letters in a word is
not constant.
• Learn the spacing that looks best.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
84
Developing a Lettering Style
• Words should not appear to run
together or be too far apart.
• Space between words should usually
equal the height of an uppercase letter.
• Most information lettered on a drawing
is 1/8" or 3/32" high.
• Try making the first letter in each word
1/8" and the remainder 3/32" high.
(continued)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
85
Developing a Lettering Style
• Draw the first letter of each word larger
than the succeeding letters for emphasis.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
86
CADD Symbols Library
• Using a CADD symbols library provides
a time savings.
– Standard symbols are included in most
CADD software programs.
– Symbols are stored on the disk and are
called up when needed.
– User created symbols are possible.
– Symbols may also be inserted using a
digitizing tablet.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
87
CADD Symbols Library
• Symbols may be called up from the
symbols library.

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Arch04.ppt

  • 1. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 1 Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois
  • 2. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 2 Chapter 4 Drawing Instruments and Techniques
  • 3. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 3 Chapter 4 Overview • Introduction • Orthographic Projection • Three Principal Views • Architectural Manual Drafting Equipment • Freehand Sketching (continued)
  • 4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 4 Chapter 4 Overview • Computer-Aided Drafting and Design • Lines Used in Architectural Drafting • Architectural Lettering • CADD Symbols Library
  • 5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 5 Learning Objectives • Define the three principal views in orthographic projection. • List and explain the use of architectural drafting equipment. • Explain the difference between size and scale. • Reproduce the standard alphabet of lines. (continued)
  • 6. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 6 Learning Objectives • Demonstrate an acceptable architectural lettering style. • Freehand sketch. • Identify the basic components of a CADD workstation.
  • 7. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 7 Introduction • Understanding basic drafting practices and the use of equipment is expected before attempting architectural drafting. • Most of the equipment and principles are similar to mechanical drafting. • A review of the basic drawing concepts will establish a foundation for architectural drafting.
  • 8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 8 Orthographic Projection • Orthographic projection is the most basic drafting technique. – A means of representing the height, width, and depth of a three-dimensional object on two-dimensional paper. – The object is viewed at infinity, thus projection lines are parallel to each other. – Typically, three views are used.
  • 9. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 9 Orthographic Projection • This camp cottage shows the arrangement of views in orthographic projection.
  • 10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 10 Three Principal Views • The three principal views in orthographic projection are the top, front, and right side views. • In architectural drafting, the views are similar but have different names. – The top view of a house is called a plan view; used as the basis for most other drawings. (continued)
  • 11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 11 Three Principal Views – The floor plan is a top view in section taken about half way up the wall. – The front elevation in architectural drafting is the same as the front view in mechanical drafting. – Architectural drafters ordinarily draw a view of each side of the structure, which are called elevations.
  • 12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 12 Three Principal Views • How orthographic views are projected.
  • 13. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 13 Drafting Equipment • An architectural drafter uses equipment that is designed for specific purposes. • Using this specialized equipment requires skill and understanding. – The manual drafter uses traditional equipment such as triangles and scales. – The CADD drafter produces drawings on a computer. (continued)
  • 14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 14 Drafting Equipment • Common manual drafting equipment. (Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc.) (continued)
  • 15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 15 Drafting Equipment • Common CADD workstation.
  • 16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 16 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Pencils used in manual drafting are available in wood and mechanical types. (Berol USA) (continued)
  • 17. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 17 Traditional Drafting Equipment • The most popular types of erasers used by architectural drafters are rubber and plastic. (continued)
  • 18. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 18 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Electric erasers can be used to quickly erase large areas. (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.) (continued)
  • 19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 19 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Erasing shields are made of metal or plastic. They are thin to provide for accurate erasing. (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.) (continued)
  • 20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 20 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Most architectural drawings are finished on tracing paper, velum, or drafting film. • Paper Sizes – A-size (9" x 12") – B-size (12" x 18") – C-size (18" x 24") – D-size (24" x 36") – E-size (36" x 48") (continued)
  • 21. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 21 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Common paper sizes. (continued)
  • 22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 22 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drawing Boards – Standard sizes:12" x 18", 18" x 24", 24" x 36", and 30" x 42". – Materials: White pine, basswood, and plywood. • T-Squares – Materials: Wood, metal, plastics, and a combination. (continued)
  • 23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 23 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drafting machines speed the work of the manual drafter and are usually permanently attached to the drafting table. (Vemco Corporation) (continued)
  • 24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 24 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Triangles are used to draw nonhorizontal lines. – 45° and 30°-60° triangles. – Metal or plastic. – Adjustable triangle (shown). (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.) (continued)
  • 25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 25 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Protractors are used for measuring angles. – Semicircular and circular styles. (continued)
  • 26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 26 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Architectural drafters use architect’s, engineer’s, and combination scales.
  • 27. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 27 Architect’s Scale • Divided into 3/32", 3/16", 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", 1", 1-1/2", and 3" to the foot. • One edge divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 12 units to the foot. • Used for most work.
  • 28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 28 Engineer’s Scale • Divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 10 units to the inch. • The engineer’s scale is used by the architectural drafter to draw plot plans.
  • 29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 29 Combination Scale • Divided into 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", and 1" to the foot. • One edge is divided into 50 parts to the inch. • One edge is divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions include 12 units to the foot and 10 units to the inch.
  • 30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 30 Size Compared to Scale • “Size” and “scale” need clarification. • “Half size” means the drawing is one half as large as the object. • Scale: 1/2" = 1'-0" means the drawing is 1/2 scale. • 1/2 scale means 1/2" on the drawing = 1'-0" on the object. • Residential plans are generally 1/4" = 1'-0" scale.
  • 31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 31 Reading the Scale • The 1/8" = 1'-0" and 1/4"=1'-0" scales are printed on the upper edge of this architect’s scale. (continued)
  • 32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 32 Reading the Scale • The proper method of measuring 16'-4" using the 1/4" = 1'-0" scale.
  • 33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 33 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Dividers are used to divide a line into a number of parts. – Three types are shown. (continued)
  • 34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 34 Traditional Drafting Equipment • The compass is used to draw circles, arcs, or radii. – Center-wheel type shown. (continued)
  • 35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 35 Traditional Drafting Equipment • The beam compass is used to draw large arcs. (continued)
  • 36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 36 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering guides are used to draw guidelines for hand lettering. – Types: Ames and Braddock-Rowe. (continued)
  • 37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 37 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Irregular curves are used to draw curved lines that cannot be drawn with a compass. – Flexible curve. (continued)
  • 38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 38 Traditional Drafting Equipment • The case instruments may include dividers, compass, lining pens, pencil pointers, spare parts, small screwdriver, and various other instruments. (continued)
  • 39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 39 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering devices are used when uniformity of letters is essential. – Stencil type. (continued)
  • 40. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 40 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Technical pens are used to ink a drawing. Points are interchangeable and range from 000 to 8. (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.) (continued)
  • 41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 41 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Templates serve as guides in drawing special lines or symbols. Most are made of plastic. (Berol USA) (continued)
  • 42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 42 Traditional Drafting Equipment • Grids are available in a wide variety of sizes and forms: square, isometric, and perspective.
  • 43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 43 Freehand Sketching • Freehand sketching is a method of making a drawing without the use of instruments. – Most designers use sketches to “think through” an idea before making the final drawing. – Freehand sketching requires only a pencil and plain or grid paper. (continued)
  • 44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 44 Freehand Sketching • Cross-section paper may be used for freehand sketching.
  • 45. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 45 Sketching Technique • When sketching, hold the pencil with a grip firm enough to control the strokes. • Your arm and hand should have a free and easy movement. • As you sketch, rotate the pencil slightly between the strokes to retain the point longer. • Initial lines should be sharp and light. (continued)
  • 46. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 46 Sketching Technique • Apply light pressure to avoid making grooves in the paper. • Keep your eye on the point where the line will end; use a series of short strokes to reach that point. • When all the lines are sketched, go back and darken the lines. • Strive for neatness and good technique. (continued)
  • 47. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 47 Sketching Technique • When sketching, grip your the pencil farther back than you normally would.
  • 48. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 48 Sketching Horizontal Lines • There are four basic steps.
  • 49. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 49 Sketching Vertical Lines • There are four basic steps.
  • 50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 50 Sketching Inclined Lines • Locate the end points of the line. • Position arm for trial movement. • Sketch several short, light lines. • Focus on end point. • Darken the line.
  • 51. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 51 Sketching an Angle • First, sketch a right angle (90°). • Subdivide the right angle to get the angle you desire.
  • 52. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 52 Sketching Circles and Arcs • There are several methods of sketching circles and arcs: – Centerline method. – Enclosing square method. – Hand-pivot method. – Free-circle method. • All are sufficiently accurate, so use the best method for a particular situation.
  • 53. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 53 Centerline Method • Locate centerlines. • Mark off radius. • Position arm. • Sketch the circle in short sweeps. • Darken the circle.
  • 54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 54 Enclosing Square Method • Locate centerlines. • Sketch a box equal to the diameter. • Sketch arcs where the centerlines cross the box line. • Sketch the circle.
  • 55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 55 Hand-Pivot Method • First, position the pencil and small finger. Then, rotate the paper to sketch the circle.
  • 56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 56 Sketching Ellipses • The rectangular method for sketching ellipses is similar to the enclosing square method for circles.
  • 57. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 57 Sketching Irregular Curves • Sketch an irregular curve by connecting a series of points at intervals of 1/4" to 1/2" along its path.
  • 58. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 58 Proportion in Sketching • Proportion is the size relationship of one part to another or to the whole object. • Keep the same width, height, and depth in proportion. – Unit method. – Pencil-sight method. (continued)
  • 59. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 59 Proportion in Sketching • Gauge proportions using the pencil- sight method.
  • 60. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 60 CADD • Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) consists of hardware and software components. – Hardware components include the physical devices. – Software programs are used to create drawings or other documents. • Output devices produce drawing hard copies.
  • 61. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 61 CADD Hardware
  • 62. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 62 CADD Software • The programming commands tell the computer hardware which drawing and design tasks to perform. • General and AEC CADD are available. (continued)
  • 63. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 63 CADD Software • This is a CADD-generated drawing. (SoftPlan Systems, Inc.)
  • 64. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 64 CADD Output Devices • Plotter – Produces high-quality drawings (as shown) using pens or pencils. • Printer – Laser and inkjet printers also produce good quality. (DesignJet Division, Hewlett-Packard)
  • 65. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 65 Architectural Alphabet of Lines • Border Lines • Object Lines • Hidden Lines • Centerlines • Extension Lines • Dimension Lines • Long Break Lines • Short Break Lines • Cutting-Plane Lines • Section Lines • Guidelines • Construction Lines
  • 66. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 66 Border Lines • Border lines are very heavy lines used to form a boundary for the drawing. • Use a 0.70mm pen.
  • 67. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 67 Object Lines • Object lines are heavy lines that outline features of an object. • Use a 0.50mm pen.
  • 68. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 68 Hidden Lines • Hidden lines represent edges that are behind a visible surface in a given view. • Use a 0.35mm pen.
  • 69. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 69 Centerlines • Centerlines indicate the center of holes and symmetrical objects, such as windows and doors. • Use a 0.25mm pen.
  • 70. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 70 Extension Lines • Extension lines are used to denote the termination points of a dimension line. • Use a 0.25mm pen. Extension lines
  • 71. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 71 Dimension Lines • Dimension lines are used to show size and location. They have a dimension figure halfway between the ends of the dimension line. • Use a 0.25mm pen.
  • 72. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 72 Long Break Lines • Long break lines are used to show that not all of the part is shown. • Use a 0.25mm pen.
  • 73. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 73 Short Break Lines • Short break lines show part of the object broken away. • Use a 0.70mm pen.
  • 74. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 74 Cutting-Plane Lines • Cutting-plane lines are used to show where the object is sectioned. • Use a 0.70mm pen.
  • 75. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 75 Section (Crosshatch) Lines • Section lines or crosshatch lines are used to show that a feature is sectioned. • May represent different types of material. • Use a 0.25mm pen.
  • 76. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 76 Guidelines • Guidelines are used in hand lettering to keep lettering straight. • Very light lines. • Drawn in pencil only.
  • 77. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 77 Construction Lines • Construction lines are used in the process of constructing a drawing. • Should not be reproduced. • Not inked or plotted.
  • 78. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 78 Line Type Application • In manual drafting, all lines are black and vary only in width. Colors may be used in CADD.
  • 79. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 79 Pencil Hardness Guidelines • Range from 9H (very hard) to 9B (very soft). • Use 6H for construction and guidelines. • Use 4H for dimension, extension, center, leader, long break, and section lines . • Use 2H for object, hidden, cutting plane, short break, and border lines. • Use H for lettering.
  • 80. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 80 Architectural Lettering • There is no single style of architectural lettering. Most lean toward the artistic. • Develop your own style.
  • 81. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 81 Developing a Lettering Style • Use guidelines for hand lettering. • Experiment with variations of letters. • Select an artistic lettering style. • Apply a basic technique to similar letters. • Make a mental picture of each letter. • Practice “your” style to gain precision. • Use your style in your work. (continued)
  • 82. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 82 Developing a Lettering Style • Variations of letters add interest. (continued)
  • 83. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 83 Developing a Lettering Style • The space between letters in a word is not constant. • Learn the spacing that looks best. (continued)
  • 84. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 84 Developing a Lettering Style • Words should not appear to run together or be too far apart. • Space between words should usually equal the height of an uppercase letter. • Most information lettered on a drawing is 1/8" or 3/32" high. • Try making the first letter in each word 1/8" and the remainder 3/32" high. (continued)
  • 85. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 85 Developing a Lettering Style • Draw the first letter of each word larger than the succeeding letters for emphasis.
  • 86. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 86 CADD Symbols Library • Using a CADD symbols library provides a time savings. – Standard symbols are included in most CADD software programs. – Symbols are stored on the disk and are called up when needed. – User created symbols are possible. – Symbols may also be inserted using a digitizing tablet.
  • 87. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 87 CADD Symbols Library • Symbols may be called up from the symbols library.