Arab academy for science
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The document is a final year project presentation for a water jet cutting machine by three students at the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport. It acknowledges the support and supervision of several people including their project supervisor Dr. Mohamed abd el-mohsen. The introduction provides an overview of water jet cutting machines, explaining that they use high pressure water jets, sometimes with abrasives added, to cut a variety of materials like metals, stone, and polymers. Water jet cutting produces little heat, so there is minimal heat affected zone and no need for post-cutting heat treatment. It is considered a cold cutting process and produces precise, satisfactory edges at reasonable speeds, making water jet cutting versatile and affordable.
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The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
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Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments, which is a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually one year. It includes transactions by citizens and the government. The balance of payments considers all transactions, while the balance of trade only considers trade transactions. A country aims for its balance of payments to equal zero. The main components are the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. The document also discusses causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balances, such as increasing exports, reducing imports, and controlling the population.
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The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items like services, capital inflows and outflows. The balance of payments statement has a current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and a capital account. India's balance of payments was positive in the early five-year plans but turned negative later as imports grew.
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This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
Conventional machining vs. non conventional machining
Conventional machining involves physically removing material from a workpiece using a harder cutting tool, typically through mechanical forces. Non-conventional machining utilizes other forms of energy like thermal, chemical, or electrical instead of mechanical forces and may not require physical contact or chip formation. While conventional machining can be used for most materials economically, non-conventional machining allows for higher precision machining of hard metals and complex parts but requires more advanced equipment and skilled operators.
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Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
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Conventional machining vs. non conventional machining
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Abstract: Modern machining methods are also known as Non Traditional machining methods. These methods form a group of processes which removes excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical energy or combination of these energies. There is no cutting of metal with the help of metallic tool having sharp cutting edge. The major reasons of development and popularity of the modern machining methods are listed below.
Need to machine newly developed metals and non-metals having some special properties like extremely high strength, high hardness and high toughness. A Materials poising the above mentioned properties are difficult to be machined by the Conventional machining methods.
Sometimes it is required to produce complex part geometries that cannot be easily produced by following conventional machining techniques .Non
Traditional machining methods also provide very good quality of surface finish, which may also be an encouragement of these methods. There can be a very long list of non-conventional machining methods. These methods can be classified as the basis of their base principle of working as given in the following section.
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Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials through erosion. Key points include:
- Abrasive particles like aluminum oxide or silicon carbide are accelerated to high velocities and directed at a workpiece to erode away material.
- Process parameters like abrasive size and flow rate influence the material removal rate, with larger abrasives providing higher removal.
- Applications include cutting, cleaning, etching, and polishing of brittle materials like ceramics, concrete, and composites that are difficult to machine with traditional methods.
- While allowing machining of hard materials, abrasive jet machining has low material removal rates and issues with stray cutting
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Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials. It can cut harder materials like ceramics and composites faster than conventional machining. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece at high velocities of 150-300 m/s, removing material through brittle fracture. Larger abrasive grain sizes and higher flow rates increase the material removal rate. Common abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and magnesium carbonate.
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This seminar presentation provides an overview of abrasive jet machining (AJM). AJM is a mechanical advanced machining process where material is removed through impact erosion from a high-velocity jet of abrasive particles carried by a pressurized gas. Key aspects of AJM covered include the process mechanics, factors that influence material removal rate, common applications for machining hard or brittle materials, and advantages over traditional machining methods. The objectives are to educate about the AJM process and its ability to manufacture complex parts from difficult-to-machine materials for industries like aerospace and nuclear engineering.
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Arab academy for science
- 1. Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology Mechatronics Department B. Sc. Final Year Project Water Jet Cutting Machine Presented By: Ammar Ahmed Abdellah Mohamed Ibrahim El-abd TarekAbd El-latifFouad Supervised By: DR. Mohamed abd el-mohsen
- 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to present our greatest gratitude for the help and support of the following people 1. Dr .Ramadan Taher, Head of the mechatronics department of the Arab academy for science and technology For his great supervision along our years of learning 2. DR. Mohamed abd el-mohsen,the project supervisor and contributed greatly to the development of the project by providing mechanical assistance 3. Engineer MoustafaFooz, Teacher’s assistant in the Arab academy for science and technology for his assistance in the electrical section of the project Special thanks to our parents for their great support and tolerance through the entire project I-Introduction What is a Waterjet Cutting Machine System? Water jet machining and abrasive water jet cutting machine are non-traditional or non-convential processes .In these processes the mechanical energy of water and abrasive phases are used to achieve material removal or machining. Abrasive jet and water only jet cutter use the technology of high pressure water typically between 30,000 and 60,000 psi, to create extremely concentrated force to cut stuff. A water cutter pressurizes a stream of pure water flow (without abrasive) to cut materials such as foam, rubber, plastic, cloth, carpet and wood. Abrasive jet cutters mix abrasive garnet to a pressurized water stream to cut harder materials. Examples are: stainless steel, titanium, glass,
- 3. ceramic tile, marble and granite. Water jet metal cutting machine yields very little heat therefore no heat affected zone (HAZ), and hence in most cases will not require further heat treatment. Water jet machining is also considered as a "cold cut" process and therefore is safe for cutting flammable materials such as plastic and polymers. With a reasonable cutting speed setting, the edges resulted are often of satisfactory. Precision water jet cutter is very handy and versatile cutting equipment with affordable price for stone cutting and metal working in job shops.