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The document discusses conductivity measurements in fresh water using the SBE-19 SEACAT Profiler. It notes that the profiler has two conductivity ranges, normal and low, and that the low range provides better resolution for fresh water measurements. An example profile from Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho shows uniform conductivity measurements over 350 meters with a resolution of 0.15 microsiemens/cm using the low range. The document also provides context on converting conductivity to specific conductance and salinity for fresh water applications.
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![Application Note 30 March 2001
Fresh Water Conductivity Measurements
Using the SBE-19 SEACAT Profiler
The SBE 19 (not 19plus) SEACAT Profiler makes conductivity measurements in two different full-scale
ranges; normal and low range. Measurements in fresh water are improved by selecting the low range
during instrument set-up.
Full Scale Range [S/m] Resolution [S/m] Resolution [µmhos/cm]
normal 0.0 to 6.5 [S/m] 0.0001 1.0
low 0.0 to 0.6 [S/m] 0.000015 0.15
Note: S/m = Siemens/meter. 1 S/m = 10 millimhos/cm. Resolutions are at 2 Hz sampling rate.
Conversion of conductivity measurements to ion concentration (salinity) is defined by the 1978 Practical
Salinity Scale (PSS-78) (UNESCO, 1983; 1981a; 1981b). However, salinity is defined only for the ion
ratios of standard seawater. In fresh water, the computation of ion concentration is not as well defined.
Fresh water ion ratios are different and thus, a unique equation for salinity computations would have to
be developed for the body of water under study. In most fresh water applications, it is adequate to
characterize ion concentrations by a conductivity measurement that has been corrected to a reference
temperature (specific conductance). The following formula (Standard Methods..., 1989) uses a reference
temperature of 25°C, and is most prevalent in the United States.
specific conductance [µmhos/cm] = (C * 10,000) / ( 1 + A * (T-25))
where
C = conductivity [S/m], T = temperature [°C], A = thermal coefficient of conductivity for natural salt ion
solutions = 0.019 to 0.020 (Sea-Bird's software uses this formula with A = 0.020).
An example of SEACAT low-range conductivity measurements at Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, is included
(Figure 1). The relatively uniform conductivity signal over the 350 meter profile (trace B) highlights the
resolution and noise level of the SEACAT measurement. Each tick on the conductivity (trace B) and
specific conductance (trace C) axes is 1.0 µmho/cm. Digital resolution is 0.15 µmho/cm. The noise level
is less than 2 least counts. PSS-78 salinity (trace A) and temperature (trace T) are also included in the plot
(generated by Sea-Bird's Seasoft software and printed on a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II).
____________________
UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #36 (1981a) "The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of
State of Seawater 1980", UNESCO Division of Marine Sciences (Paris), 25pp.
UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #37 (1981b) "Background papers and supporting data on the practical salinity
scale, 1978", UNESCO Division of Marine Science (Paris), 144pp.
UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #44 (1983) "Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater",
UNESCO Division of Marine Science (Paris), 53pp.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1989), chapter 2, p 2-57 to 2-65, L.S. Clesceri, A.E.
Greenberg, R.R. Trussell, M.H. Franson, Eds., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 17th edition.
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
13431 NE 20th
Street
Bellevue, WA 98005
USA
Phone: (425) 643-9866
Fax: (425) 643-9954
E-mail: seabird@seabird.com
Web: www.seabird.com](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/appnote30-140513091905-phpapp02/85/Appnote30-1-320.jpg)
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The document provides information about measuring electrical conductivity:
- Electrical conductivity is a measure of a solution's ability to conduct electricity and depends on ion concentration, temperature, and ion type/charge.
- Conductivity is measured using a conductivity cell and meter, which applies a voltage to electrodes in contact with the solution.
- The cell constant relates the measured resistance to conductivity and must be regularly calibrated using standard solutions.
- Conductivity increases with temperature so measurements are corrected to 25°C.
- Different ions contribute differently to conductivity based on their charge and concentration. Conductivity can thus estimate total dissolved solids in a solution.
Electrical conductivity
The document discusses electrical conductivity measurement of electrolyte solutions. It provides information on:
- How conductivity is affected by ion concentration, temperature, and ion type
- Equations relating conductivity, resistance, and dimensions of the conductivity cell
- Units of measurement and temperature correction procedures
- Factors influencing the conductivity of common ions found in water
- Examples of using conductivity measurements to estimate total dissolved solids and the quality of distilled water
Medição
1) The document describes the application of an Argonaut Side-Looking (SL) Doppler flow meter to measure discharge on the Parana' River in Brazil where variable backwater effects occur due to the proximity of the Itaipu Binacional Reservoir.
2) An Argonaut SL flow meter was installed on the Parana' River to directly measure index velocity, from which mean velocity and discharge could be calculated using regression relationships with cross-sectional area and index velocity.
3) Discharge measurements were taken using an acoustic Doppler profiler to calibrate the Argonaut SL and develop regression models relating cross-sectional area to water level and mean velocity to index velocity for calculating continuous discharge records.
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Appnote30
- 1. Application Note 30 March 2001 Fresh Water Conductivity Measurements Using the SBE-19 SEACAT Profiler The SBE 19 (not 19plus) SEACAT Profiler makes conductivity measurements in two different full-scale ranges; normal and low range. Measurements in fresh water are improved by selecting the low range during instrument set-up. Full Scale Range [S/m] Resolution [S/m] Resolution [µmhos/cm] normal 0.0 to 6.5 [S/m] 0.0001 1.0 low 0.0 to 0.6 [S/m] 0.000015 0.15 Note: S/m = Siemens/meter. 1 S/m = 10 millimhos/cm. Resolutions are at 2 Hz sampling rate. Conversion of conductivity measurements to ion concentration (salinity) is defined by the 1978 Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) (UNESCO, 1983; 1981a; 1981b). However, salinity is defined only for the ion ratios of standard seawater. In fresh water, the computation of ion concentration is not as well defined. Fresh water ion ratios are different and thus, a unique equation for salinity computations would have to be developed for the body of water under study. In most fresh water applications, it is adequate to characterize ion concentrations by a conductivity measurement that has been corrected to a reference temperature (specific conductance). The following formula (Standard Methods..., 1989) uses a reference temperature of 25°C, and is most prevalent in the United States. specific conductance [µmhos/cm] = (C * 10,000) / ( 1 + A * (T-25)) where C = conductivity [S/m], T = temperature [°C], A = thermal coefficient of conductivity for natural salt ion solutions = 0.019 to 0.020 (Sea-Bird's software uses this formula with A = 0.020). An example of SEACAT low-range conductivity measurements at Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, is included (Figure 1). The relatively uniform conductivity signal over the 350 meter profile (trace B) highlights the resolution and noise level of the SEACAT measurement. Each tick on the conductivity (trace B) and specific conductance (trace C) axes is 1.0 µmho/cm. Digital resolution is 0.15 µmho/cm. The noise level is less than 2 least counts. PSS-78 salinity (trace A) and temperature (trace T) are also included in the plot (generated by Sea-Bird's Seasoft software and printed on a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II). ____________________ UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #36 (1981a) "The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980", UNESCO Division of Marine Sciences (Paris), 25pp. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #37 (1981b) "Background papers and supporting data on the practical salinity scale, 1978", UNESCO Division of Marine Science (Paris), 144pp. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, #44 (1983) "Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater", UNESCO Division of Marine Science (Paris), 53pp. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1989), chapter 2, p 2-57 to 2-65, L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Greenberg, R.R. Trussell, M.H. Franson, Eds., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 17th edition. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. 13431 NE 20th Street Bellevue, WA 98005 USA Phone: (425) 643-9866 Fax: (425) 643-9954 E-mail: seabird@seabird.com Web: www.seabird.com