Electronic payment systems act as a catalyst in the economic development of many developing countries. However, their evaluation has become a daunting task over the years. This research employed a two-stage multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to evaluate e-payment systems in Ghana. The AHP method was utilized to find the contribution scores of the various criteria for the performance of the e-payment systems.
With the aid of the Probability Linguistic-TOPSIS (PL-TOPSIS) approach, we obtained the performance scores of the e-payment systems and ranked them. Among the six indicators employed in this study, we found cost-effectiveness to be the major indicator of an e-payment system performance. The performance ranking results indicated that credit/debit card has the highest performance score, followed by mobile money, ATM, online banking, and E-zwitch, respectively. We contribute to literature by providing intuitions on how AHP and PL-TOPSIS methods can be applied to evaluate the performance of e-payment systems.
In 2012, USAID announced its commitment to actively encourage the evaluation and use of electronic payments (e-payments) in development programs, including its own, as a member of The Better than Cash Alliance. USAID also has made the use of e-payments a priority in the Agency’s Implementation and Procurement Reform.
In fulfillment of these commitments, USAID actively is encouraging its development partners, contractors, subcontractors, grantees, sub-grantees and private sector alliance partners to consider incorporating e-payment systems into program design and implementation where feasible. Many USAID Missions have begun to request that procurement proposals include a suitability analysis on the use of e-payments for the funded program.
Discusses Latest Trends in the Payments Industry from a global perspective. Starts with the increase in digital payments to the the need for banks to re-look at how they approach compliance to REgTechs to Regulatory Sandbox to Open API to Security and Authentication
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services : Payment System Oversight and Interoperability
Author : Biagio Bossone
The report describes the foundations of
payment system oversight and considers how oversight policy should apply to interoperability in
retail payment systems. Building on existing international standards for financial market
infrastructures, the report elaborates policy principles for public authorities, payment system
operators, and payment service providers to ensure that the risks associated with interoperability are
managed effectively. Important in this context is the cooperation between relevant authorities, both
domestically and internationally, and their effort to cooperate effectively not just in normal
circumstances, but, especially, during crisis situations.
Experience in Supervising Banks and Non-banks Operating through AgentsCGAP
Agent supervision is still an underdeveloped area in the majority of countries with the exception of a few countries that have created comprehensive and detailed supervisory frameworks, encompassing all phases, from licensing to monitoring, from inspections to enforcement.
The majority of countries have not yet fully developed their supervisory procedures to identify and mitigate agent risks, acting on a more reactive and ad-hoc basis.
The approach in supervising agents varies considerably depending on the overall approach taken by supervisors (with some being more intrusive and some more lax in supervising the financial sector)
In the countries where nonbanks (e.g. mobile money providers) have extensive agent networks (e.g. Tanzania), there is disparity in the approach to supervising bank-based vs. nonbank-based agents
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been active in the inauguration of policies and schemes to foster the
implementation of the cashless policy in Nigeria. However the current transition to cashless economy raises a lot
of concerns with no substantial evidence yet to justify its implementation. This study was carried out in order to
appraise the implementation of the cashless policy since its introduction into the Nigerian financial system in
2012 and also to examine the persistent challenges facing its implementation. In view of the above stated
objective, primary data were collected with the aid of the questionnaire, which was randomly administered to 120
respondents ranging from First Bank, Zenith Bank and United Bank for Africa. The banks were selected based on
their total assets and the information collected covered the activities of the CBN and that of these banks towards
implementation of the cashless policy from 2012 till date.The data collected were presented and analyzed with the
aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test. The
results led to the conclusion that despite the need to operate cashless transactions dominating the modern
Nigerian economy, the cashless policy will have the desired impact only if a lot is done to ensure the
implementation of an effective cashless system.
In 2012, USAID announced its commitment to actively encourage the evaluation and use of electronic payments (e-payments) in development programs, including its own, as a member of The Better than Cash Alliance. USAID also has made the use of e-payments a priority in the Agency’s Implementation and Procurement Reform.
In fulfillment of these commitments, USAID actively is encouraging its development partners, contractors, subcontractors, grantees, sub-grantees and private sector alliance partners to consider incorporating e-payment systems into program design and implementation where feasible. Many USAID Missions have begun to request that procurement proposals include a suitability analysis on the use of e-payments for the funded program.
Discusses Latest Trends in the Payments Industry from a global perspective. Starts with the increase in digital payments to the the need for banks to re-look at how they approach compliance to REgTechs to Regulatory Sandbox to Open API to Security and Authentication
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services : Payment System Oversight and Interoperability
Author : Biagio Bossone
The report describes the foundations of
payment system oversight and considers how oversight policy should apply to interoperability in
retail payment systems. Building on existing international standards for financial market
infrastructures, the report elaborates policy principles for public authorities, payment system
operators, and payment service providers to ensure that the risks associated with interoperability are
managed effectively. Important in this context is the cooperation between relevant authorities, both
domestically and internationally, and their effort to cooperate effectively not just in normal
circumstances, but, especially, during crisis situations.
Experience in Supervising Banks and Non-banks Operating through AgentsCGAP
Agent supervision is still an underdeveloped area in the majority of countries with the exception of a few countries that have created comprehensive and detailed supervisory frameworks, encompassing all phases, from licensing to monitoring, from inspections to enforcement.
The majority of countries have not yet fully developed their supervisory procedures to identify and mitigate agent risks, acting on a more reactive and ad-hoc basis.
The approach in supervising agents varies considerably depending on the overall approach taken by supervisors (with some being more intrusive and some more lax in supervising the financial sector)
In the countries where nonbanks (e.g. mobile money providers) have extensive agent networks (e.g. Tanzania), there is disparity in the approach to supervising bank-based vs. nonbank-based agents
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been active in the inauguration of policies and schemes to foster the
implementation of the cashless policy in Nigeria. However the current transition to cashless economy raises a lot
of concerns with no substantial evidence yet to justify its implementation. This study was carried out in order to
appraise the implementation of the cashless policy since its introduction into the Nigerian financial system in
2012 and also to examine the persistent challenges facing its implementation. In view of the above stated
objective, primary data were collected with the aid of the questionnaire, which was randomly administered to 120
respondents ranging from First Bank, Zenith Bank and United Bank for Africa. The banks were selected based on
their total assets and the information collected covered the activities of the CBN and that of these banks towards
implementation of the cashless policy from 2012 till date.The data collected were presented and analyzed with the
aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test. The
results led to the conclusion that despite the need to operate cashless transactions dominating the modern
Nigerian economy, the cashless policy will have the desired impact only if a lot is done to ensure the
implementation of an effective cashless system.
Merchant Data and Lending : Can Digital
Transaction History Help Jumpstart Merchant
Acceptance?
Technical Report of ITu Focus Group on Digital Financial Services
Written by Thomas Hobbs, Allen Weinberg, Carol Benson, Paul
Khalil Nelson, Ashwini Sathnur, Cici Northup, and Quang Nyguyen
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Reference: Mobile payment industry in china 2012-2015 C. Keiko Funahashi
Referenced in presentation, "The Seven Wonders of China's Mobile World"
http://www.slideshare.net/ckeikofunahashi/m-learncon-session-907-ckeikofunahashi
The appearance of data innovation to each part of human life and business has been obvious to
the point that it doesn't should be complemented more. Data innovation has been of extraordinary
substance in managing an account framework. This examination expects to explore the impact of
data innovation in the saving money arrangement of Bank. The information are acquired both
through the clients and the workers. The information were then broke down utilizing the correct
rate and the 5-point Liker scale to decide the effect of Information innovation in the saving money
framework undertakings. The discoveries at that point demonstrated that Information innovation
adds to the saving money framework in three diverse routes as tails: IT spares the season of the
clients and the representatives obviously, IT chops down the costs and IT encourages the system
exchanges.
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services :
The Digital Financial Services Ecosystem
written by the following authors, contributors and reviewers:
Carol Coye Benson, Charles Niehaus, Mina Mashayekhi, Nils Clotteau, Trevor Zimmer, Bruno Antunes, Yury Grin, Peter Potgieser, Quang Nguyen, Graham Wright, Nathalie Feingold, Ashwini Sathnur, Johan Bosini, Jeremy Leach, Oksana Smirnova, Evgeniy Bondarenko
This Report defines the Digital Financial Services ecosystem and describes the players and their roles within the Ecosystem.
The report recognizes a goal of reaching “digital liquidity” – a state wherein consumers and businesses are content to leave their funds in digital form, therefore reducing the burden of the
“cash-in”, “cash-out” process. Various high-level challenges and issues in the ecosystem are acknowledged in the report
Adoption of Mobile Banking in Saudi Arabia : An Emprical Evaluation StudyIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire, with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate their bank’s strategic plans
ADOPTION OF MOBILE BANKING IN SAUDI ARABIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION STUDYIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire, with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate their bank’s strategic plans.
ADOPTION OF MOBILE BANKING IN SAUDI ARABIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION STUDYIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of
sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the
potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire,
with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although
m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely
accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its
users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not
extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be
properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate
their bank’s strategic plans.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Electronic Accounting on Operations of Selected Commercial Banks in...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of electronic accounting on operation of commercial banks in Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to determine whether e accounting has restored customer's confidence on the safety of their fund and whether channel delivery system can sustain customer patronage. Survey research designs were adopted for the study. Data were collected through survey in which questionnaire was administered on a sample of 180 was purposively collected from population of selected banks. Data collected were analyzed by use of means and standard deviation and the formulated hypotheses were tested by the use of t test and Analysis of Variance statistical tools. Findings show that emergence of e accounting has restored confidence of the customers on the safety of their funds and delivery channels systems have helped to sustain customer's patronage in commercial banks. The findings of this study imply that e accounting in the banking system has increased Patronage of banks customers. In fact, e accounting has impacted positively on the banking system in Nigeria increasing its profitability, productivity and efficiency. Therefore, the researcher recommends that Central Bank of Nigeria should make it mandatory for all banks to embrace e accounting. Afodigbueokwu, Hillary E. (ACA) | Ofurum, Dalington C "Effect of Electronic Accounting on Operations of Selected Commercial Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25257.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25257/effect-of-electronic-accounting-on-operations-of-selected-commercial-banks-in-nigeria/afodigbueokwu-hillary-e-aca
New Research Articles 2019 May Issue International Journal of Data Mining & K...IJDKP
Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases have been attracting a significant amount of research, industry, and media attention of late. There is an urgent need for a new generation of computational theories and tools to assist researchers in extracting useful information from the rapidly growing volumes of digital data.
Merchant Data and Lending : Can Digital
Transaction History Help Jumpstart Merchant
Acceptance?
Technical Report of ITu Focus Group on Digital Financial Services
Written by Thomas Hobbs, Allen Weinberg, Carol Benson, Paul
Khalil Nelson, Ashwini Sathnur, Cici Northup, and Quang Nyguyen
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Reference: Mobile payment industry in china 2012-2015 C. Keiko Funahashi
Referenced in presentation, "The Seven Wonders of China's Mobile World"
http://www.slideshare.net/ckeikofunahashi/m-learncon-session-907-ckeikofunahashi
The appearance of data innovation to each part of human life and business has been obvious to
the point that it doesn't should be complemented more. Data innovation has been of extraordinary
substance in managing an account framework. This examination expects to explore the impact of
data innovation in the saving money arrangement of Bank. The information are acquired both
through the clients and the workers. The information were then broke down utilizing the correct
rate and the 5-point Liker scale to decide the effect of Information innovation in the saving money
framework undertakings. The discoveries at that point demonstrated that Information innovation
adds to the saving money framework in three diverse routes as tails: IT spares the season of the
clients and the representatives obviously, IT chops down the costs and IT encourages the system
exchanges.
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services :
The Digital Financial Services Ecosystem
written by the following authors, contributors and reviewers:
Carol Coye Benson, Charles Niehaus, Mina Mashayekhi, Nils Clotteau, Trevor Zimmer, Bruno Antunes, Yury Grin, Peter Potgieser, Quang Nguyen, Graham Wright, Nathalie Feingold, Ashwini Sathnur, Johan Bosini, Jeremy Leach, Oksana Smirnova, Evgeniy Bondarenko
This Report defines the Digital Financial Services ecosystem and describes the players and their roles within the Ecosystem.
The report recognizes a goal of reaching “digital liquidity” – a state wherein consumers and businesses are content to leave their funds in digital form, therefore reducing the burden of the
“cash-in”, “cash-out” process. Various high-level challenges and issues in the ecosystem are acknowledged in the report
Adoption of Mobile Banking in Saudi Arabia : An Emprical Evaluation StudyIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire, with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate their bank’s strategic plans
ADOPTION OF MOBILE BANKING IN SAUDI ARABIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION STUDYIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire, with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate their bank’s strategic plans.
ADOPTION OF MOBILE BANKING IN SAUDI ARABIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION STUDYIJMIT JOURNAL
This study explores the adoption of mobile banking practices in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the existence of
sufficient infrastructure, and the possible challenges that m-banking services may face. Also, discovers the
potential opportunities in the country. A sample of banks in Saudi Arabia was surveyed via questionnaire,
with a particular focus on the staff in the related IT departments. The findings demonstrate that although
m-banking is believed to be important, there is a general lack of awareness, and it is still not widely
accepted by the public. M-banking services provided should be easier to use and offer more security to its
users. Furthermore, findings reveal that cooperation among the concerned parties is currently not
extensive. From this, the researcher recommends that governing regulations and policies should be
properly identified and put in place, and proposes that banking decision-makers in Saudi Arabia should reevaluate
their bank’s strategic plans.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Electronic Accounting on Operations of Selected Commercial Banks in...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of electronic accounting on operation of commercial banks in Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to determine whether e accounting has restored customer's confidence on the safety of their fund and whether channel delivery system can sustain customer patronage. Survey research designs were adopted for the study. Data were collected through survey in which questionnaire was administered on a sample of 180 was purposively collected from population of selected banks. Data collected were analyzed by use of means and standard deviation and the formulated hypotheses were tested by the use of t test and Analysis of Variance statistical tools. Findings show that emergence of e accounting has restored confidence of the customers on the safety of their funds and delivery channels systems have helped to sustain customer's patronage in commercial banks. The findings of this study imply that e accounting in the banking system has increased Patronage of banks customers. In fact, e accounting has impacted positively on the banking system in Nigeria increasing its profitability, productivity and efficiency. Therefore, the researcher recommends that Central Bank of Nigeria should make it mandatory for all banks to embrace e accounting. Afodigbueokwu, Hillary E. (ACA) | Ofurum, Dalington C "Effect of Electronic Accounting on Operations of Selected Commercial Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25257.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25257/effect-of-electronic-accounting-on-operations-of-selected-commercial-banks-in-nigeria/afodigbueokwu-hillary-e-aca
New Research Articles 2019 May Issue International Journal of Data Mining & K...IJDKP
Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases have been attracting a significant amount of research, industry, and media attention of late. There is an urgent need for a new generation of computational theories and tools to assist researchers in extracting useful information from the rapidly growing volumes of digital data.
Supervised and unsupervised data mining approaches in loan default prediction IJECEIAES
Given the paramount importance of data mining in organizations and the possible contribution of a data-driven customer classification recommender systems for loan-extending financial institutions, the study applied supervised and supervised data mining approaches to derive the best classifier of loan default. A total of 900 instances with determined attributes and class labels were used for the training and cross-validation processes while prediction used 100 new instances without class labels. In the training phase, J48 with confidence factor of 50% attained the highest classification accuracy (76.85%), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) 3 the highest (78.38%) in IBk variants, naïve Bayes has a classification accuracy of 76.65%, and logistic has 77.31% classification accuracy. k-NN 3 and logistic have the highest classification accuracy, F-measures, and kappa statistics. Implementation of these algorithms to the test set yielded 48 non-defaulters and 52 defaulters for k-NN 3 while 44 non-defaulters and 56 defaulters under logistic. Implications were discussed in the paper.
The Role of E-Payment Tools and E-Banking in Customer Satisfaction Case Study...Eswar Publications
Background: banks, as the main components of any countries` economic backbone, perpetually try to satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers to increase customer satisfaction, since in today`s competitive world, gaining competitive advantage is a high priority for any organization. On the other hand, the emergence of information technology in the banking industry has provided speed, security, efficiency, and quality of services through electronic banking and electronic payment tools. Therefore, banks and credit firms are constantly trying to increase their quality of services to satisfy their customers and gain competitive advantage.
Objective: since customer satisfaction is a high priority as one of the goals of banks and credit firms, this study aims to investigate the role of e-payment tools and e-banking in customer satisfaction.
Methodology: this study is an applied research regarding goal and a correlation type descriptive-survey regarding methodology. The statistical population consists of 80 gold customers of Pasargad bank e-payment company and the sample size was determined 66.35 using Cochran`s equation. Moreover, a questionnaire s used to collect the information. This questionnaire was developed in two sections by the researcher. The validity of the questionnaire is confirmed by a group of experts, including professors and specialists of the field, and its trust is computed using Cronbach`s alpha (α=90%). Furthermore, SPSS software and Pearson`s correlation test were used to analyze the data. Results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between e-payment tools and e-banking. Therefore, the results can help to identify effective factors of customer satisfaction and in turn providing competitive advantage for this and similar organizations.
Conozca el resumen "Aceleradores a un mundo inclusivo en un ecosistema de Pagos digitales", en el siguiente articulo podrá observar la brecha de los 25 países en los que la digitalización ha tenido un gran impacto y revela 10 pasos o aceleradores que los gobiernos y las empresas pueden tomar para construir las economías digitales.
Impact of Information Technology on Performance of Banks in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
Over the last two decades, the Nigerian banking sector has witnessed some upsurge in the use
of technology for service delivery. However, concerns have been expressed as to whether cost and other
challenges of adopting information technology can be justified by performance. Accordingly, this study sought
to examine the relationship between different e-banking channels and the profitability of organisations in
Nigeria. Four e-banking channels,(automatic teller machines, point of sales, internet banking transactions and
electronic mobile banking) were identified and regressed against return on equity (ROE) of Deposit Money
Banks operating in Nigeria between 2006 and 2016. A panel data regression model was formulated and tested
using the generalized method of moment approach. The result revealed that the overall impact of electronic
banking on profitability of Deposit Money Banks operating in Nigeria was significant and positive. The study
recommends that critical stakeholders and beneficiaries of electronic banking – the government, regulatory
authorities and the banks should collaborate to put in place an enabling operating environment and an effective
regulatory framework to bring about optimal deployment of these services to customers
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILE PAYMENTSIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market,
mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers
and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or
failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type
of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business
models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
Strategic framework for mobile paymentsIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market, mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
ANALYSIS OF MOBILE PAYMENT INFLUENCING FACTORScscpconf
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices in the consumer market, wireless e-business
is emerging as a key area to revolutionise industries. In the past few years, industry has
witnessed an increase in the adoption of mobile payment and billing methods that leverage on
wireless technologies. Yet, the success of mobile payments in businesses much depends on
many factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security options available, the players
involved and their influencing m-business models. This paper examines mobile payments in
both technical as well as business perspectives. It identifies and analyses the influencing factors
from multi-dimensions that would be useful for adopting mobile payments.
Global non-cash payments has observed an increased by 60% since 2015.
This rapid growth has been a results of technological innovation and increased presence of regulation.
Digital payments offer exciting opportunities and many banks and other nancial institutions have been innovating in the domain.
This article provides a comparison of two technological innovations and challenges, provides the basis for a conceptual framework on how to compare innovative digital payments solutions, such as future directions in the evolving payments landscape.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
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Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
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APPLICATION OF TWO-STAGE MCDM TECHNIQUES IN EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS IN GHANA
1. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
DOI: 10.5121/ijdkp.2019.9301 1
APPLICATION OF TWO-STAGE MCDM
TECHNIQUES IN EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE
OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS IN GHANA
Dennis Asante, Evans Opoku-Mensah and Peter Adjei Darko
School of Management and Economics,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
ABSTRACT
Electronic payment systems act as a catalyst in the economic development of many developing countries.
However, their evaluation has become a daunting task over the years. This research employed a two-stage
multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to evaluate e-payment systems in Ghana. The AHP method was
utilized to find the contribution scores of the various criteria for the performance of the e-payment systems.
With the aid of the Probability Linguistic-TOPSIS (PL-TOPSIS) approach, we obtained the performance
scores of the e-payment systems and ranked them. Among the six indicators employed in this study, we
found cost-effectiveness to be the major indicator of an e-payment system performance. The performance
ranking results indicated that credit/debit card has the highest performance score, followed by mobile
money, ATM, online banking, and E-zwitch, respectively. We contribute to literature by providing intuitions
on how AHP and PL-TOPSIS methods can be applied to evaluate the performance of e-payment systems.
KEYWORDS
Electronic payment systems, Analytic Hierarchy process, Probabilistic linguistic-TOPSIS, Multi-criteria
decision making analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
Financial services industry and other economic transaction firms have undergone various stages
of technological evolutionary developments [1]. These establishments over the years have
succumbed to operational transformation known as e-development. Payment systems have a
significant effect on a country's fiscal policy and by extension on her economic development [2].
The cash-based payment system is rather giving way to electronic payments (e-payments) in
modern businesses [3][4]. E-payment systems have taken the centre stage in ensuring innovation
and efficiency in the world payment system by bringing to bear fraud reduction [5]. The
effectiveness of e-payment system to accelerate economic development as shown by available
literature [2][6], has contributed to its steady adoption in many developing countries such as
Ghana.
The payment system in Ghana has undergone a substantial improvement over the past decade.
The country's payment landscape has been shaped by her developments in national economic
infrastructure such as the rapid installation of Automated Teller Machine (ATMs), steady
penetration of internet and availability of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
technology. To optimize the operations of financial institutions to reap the economic benefits of
e-payment systems, Government of Ghana (GOG) has instituted policy framework to oversee the
+ Authors contributed equally to this work.
2. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
2
Implementation of these payment systems. Again, Ghanaian public sector workers are gradually
being moved onto the biometric e-zwich payment platform. Despite these policy interventions
and rapid strengthening of infrastructure baseline to transform Ghana into a cash-lite economy,
scientific evaluation of the performance of these payment channels remains unsatisfactory.
Existing studies conducted on e-payment development in the country either focused on the
trajectory of the system [7], factors affecting their adoption [8]–[11] or challenges of their
implementation [10][12]. A holistic evaluation of the e-payment channels available in the
Ghanaian economy will be a prerequisite to inform the allocation of resources strategically,
redirect policy, and ignite healthy competition within the financial sector.
Currently, performance evaluation is too complex to be realized through examination of one-
dimensional approach [13]. A more appealing evaluation approach would be the synchronized
consideration of all relevant factors that are related to the evaluation problem. Multi-criteria
Decision Analysis (MCDA) affords such a framework, together with diversity of sophisticated
operational tools that are geared towards the support of the decision makers in facing real-world
decision problems. MCDA is a vital mental and reasoning process in the life of human beings,
which leads to the evaluation and selection of the best alternative(s) [14]. MCDA has been
concerned with structuring and solving decisions, planning, and evaluating problems involving
multiple criteria [15]. In evaluating e-payment systems in Ghana, decision-makers may find it
difficult to precisely select a preference regarding alternatives under several criteria, especially
when relying on inaccurate, uncertain or incomplete information [14][16]. This paper, therefore,
employs the fuzzy set theory proposed by Zadeh [17] into MCDA method to aid in overcoming
these problems of uncertainty and incomplete information to evaluate the performance of e-
payment systems in Ghana. We focus on ATM, Mobile money, E-Zwich, Mobile banking, and
credit/debit cards. We evaluate these e-payment systems mainly due to their prominence in the
Ghanaian business landscape and partly due to the government's commitment to developing
infrastructure for these electronic payment channels to thrive. Specifically, the evaluation of these
electronic payment outlets is carried out by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [18]
mechanism and probabilistic linguistic fuzzy TOPSIS approach developed by [19].
The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows. The next section presents the literature
related to the topic of this study. The methodology adopted is described next. The data collected
are analyzed and discussed. The paper then concluded with the results implications,
recommendations, and future directions.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. E-Payment Systems in Ghana
In Ghana, there exist at least 5 e-payment systems. These include mobile money, online banking,
e-zwich, credit/ debit card, ATM [20]. Mobile money describes electronic financial services
performed via a mobile phone. According to Mubarik [21], mobile money transactions in Ghana
reached a total of 679.17 million Ghana cedis as at mid-June 2016. This figure represented a 20%
growth compared to the 547.96 million Ghana cedis recorded for the period 2015. Mobile money
services can contribute to local development by making money transfers faster, safer, and more
convenient as well as lowering the cost of transactions.
E-zwich, the brand name for biometric switch and smart card payment, which was introduced by
banks in Ghana in 2008, recorded a value of 3.8 million Ghanaced is in the first year. According
to GhIPSS [22], total transactions recorded by E zwich reached an estimated value of 174 billion
Ghanaced is as of 2016. This growth is an indication of a significant drop in cash transactions
3. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
3
[22]. Online Banking is the use of internet technologies to render services to their customers
without the presence of brick-and-mortar interactions between the customer and bank employees
[23]. Ghana's online banking has improved due to the expansion of internet coverage to the
hinterlands through government initiatives with the help of international partners. Despite 27.8
percent of the population being internet users, the patronage of online banking is low [24]. Online
banking is noted for its cost-effectiveness and convenience [25]. Notwithstanding these benefits,
customers of Ghanaian banks have concerns about their security and safety measures [26]. ATMs
have become the face of many financial institutions [27]. For many consumers, ATMs are the
only interaction they have with their banks. In addition, ATMs are also becoming a competitive
mark for many banks. Credit cards play a vital role in global finance and credit systems [28]. It is
a convenient form of payment throughout the world, allowing consumers freedom from cash as
well as allowing deferred payment for goods and services [29]. In many developing countries,
such as Ghana, credit card usage is very limited, even though people have heard about its usage
[30]. Debit cards are expected to be in use in places where most transactions are done by cash or
cheque in supermarkets, petrol stations, convenience stores. These types of cards are ideal for
those who have a tight budget and want to keep within it.
2.2. Evaluation of E-Payment Systems Using MCDM
Many studies have used several methods in evaluating e-payment systems. Some of these
methods include statistical techniques, data envelopment analysis (DEA), MCDM analysis etc.
Although different models have been proposed to evaluate the e-payment systems performance,
most of them have either limited application or evaluate different dimensions of the performance.
Statistical techniques and other evaluation models have focused more on the structural elements
or inputs, some of them on the process evaluation and other on the results. However, there are
few that look at the comprehensive inclusion of the balanced evaluation of inputs, processes and
outputs. Unlike the DEA, the MCDM analysis is more robust in examining the balanced
evaluation of e-payment systems. MCDM analysis assists decision makers to model complex
conflicting factors during the evaluation process.
Making decisions involve choosing from a set of alternatives [13][31]. Customer faces the
challenge of choosing the best payment method out of the numerous options available. Since
making such a decision involves a lot of multiple criteria, it can be modeled as MCDM [13].
MCDM helps to rank the various e-payment systems according to their performance. Moreover, it
brings to light how e-payment users rank the performance of various criteria. Various authors
have used different MCDM approaches in different situations. While some use the MCDM
approach to rank various criteria, others use MCDM to rank service providers in various
industries. For instance, Zokaee et al. [31] using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method
found debit and credit cards to be the most preferred e-payment channel, followed by credit cards,
electronic cheques, charging cards and electronic money in Iran. Another study by Osmani et al.
[32] employed AHP and constructed four criteria and twenty-two sub-criteria to examine the
factors that impact mobile banking usage in the Iranian banks. They found security infrastructure
to be the most significant factor that influences the use of mobile banking in Iran. Using the fuzzy
multi-criteria decision to assess e-payment systems in Turkey, Alptekin and Alptekin [33] found
that the preferable payment system varies with the perspective of the decision maker. Studying
the factors that influence customer's decision to use a particular internet banking system in
Taiwan, Hu and Liao [34] found that the criteria that are of greater concern to customers are
efficiency, reliability, continuous improvement and tangibility. The degrees of importance of
respective aspects provide a general view of evaluating the electronic service quality. Based on
the literature reviewed, we selected reliability, ease of use, usefulness, responsiveness, security,
and cost-effectiveness as the criteria use in this paper.
4. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
4
Reliability is interpreted as the ability of a system to perform its function with accuracy and
execute the service promised [35]. To be considered reliable, the e-payment system needs to
function just as it has been stated to do especially in terms of accuracy, consistency and also
available within the promised time frame to the satisfaction of consumers. Ease of use is defined
as "the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system will be free from effort"
[36][37]. Paying with an electronic payment system should not be a complex task and a burden
for users. Payments should be devoid of interruptions and should be automated. Moreover, the
interface of the system should be easy to be operated. Usefulness of an e-payment system is the
degree to which a person is benefited from the use of a particular payment system [38]. Thus, the
level at which users of an e-payment system believes that the use of the system will enhance their
productivity. The usefulness of a payment system depends on the type of transactions it can serve.
The types of transactions a payment system can serve however vary from country to country and
even regions in the country, depending on the rules that operate within the place. Responsiveness
could be explained as the effective handling of customers’ problems and concerns [34]. thus, how
timely customers e-mail requests or complaints, and confirmations of orders are responded and
are attended to. It is technically easier to send customers automatic response, acknowledging the
receipt of customers' emails complained and suggestions [39]. However, responsiveness goes
beyond just an automatic response but rather providing a solution to complains and listening to
customers suggestions. Security of an e-payment system can be explained as the ability of the
system to assure customers that no-one else can divert a payment or impersonate another person
in order to steal funds [40]. Worku [41] observed that for effective e-payment implementation, it
is crucial to understand and address security concerns in order to leverage the potential of ICTs in
delivering e-banking applications. Every user should be protected from a collision or other.
Barkhordari et al. [2] found that both perceived security and trust have positive impact on using e-
payment systems. Cost-effectiveness is the ability of customers to enjoy minimal cost on the
value of the transaction [37]. Osmani et al. [32] concluded that customers will be less likely to
make any transaction if the transaction cost is high. Low transaction cost must be ensured in any
means to retain the customers.
3. METHOD
Multiple-criteria decision method (MCDM) is mainly concerned with developing mathematical
and computational tools to aid the subjective assessment of a finite number of decision
alternatives under a finite number of performance criteria by a single decision maker or by a
group [42][43]. MCDM focuses primarily on structuring and solving decision and planning
problems involving multiple criteria [44]. Therefore, the components of MCDM include a set of
alternatives, a set of criteria, and evaluation values. The evaluation procedure in this paper
consists of three main steps:
1. Identify the main e-payment systems available in Ghana and the evaluation criteria
considered as the most important performance measures.
2. Construct the hierarchy of the evaluation criteria and calculate the weights of these
criteria using the AHP technique.
3. Utilize the fuzzy TOPSIS method to achieve the final performance and ranking results.
In order to evaluate the performance of e-payment systems in Ghana, this paper adopts the AHP
technique and probabilistic linguistic extended TOPSIS method developed by [19]. The detailed
descriptions of each step are illustrated in the following subsections.
5. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
5
3.1. Identification of E-Payment Systems and Evaluation Criteria
In this paper, the set of alternatives comprise the various payment systems under evaluation:
ATM, Mobile Money, Online Banking, E-Zwitch, and Debit (Credit) card. These alternatives are
evaluated based on the following criteria extracted from literature: Reliability, Ease of use,
Responsiveness, Security, Cost, and Usefulness [31][32][34][37].
3.2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (Ahp)
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [18] is a multi-criteria decision analysis method proposed
by Thomas L. Saaty in 1980. The AHP provides a framework that aids decision-makers to model
a complex problem in a hierarchical structure for prioritizing alternatives in order to determine
the optimal alternative using pair-wise comparison judgments [45]. The hierarchy shows the
relationships of the goal, objectives (criteria), and alternatives. AHP is composed of a hierarchical
structure of complexity, pairwise comparisons, judgments with respect to goal and criteria, an
eigenvector method for obtaining weights, and consistency calculation. AHP technique sub-
divides a complex decision-making problem into easily understandable hierarchy elements and
makes decisions based on the elements which convert qualitative factors into a quantitative
variable [13]. In order to compare the relative importance of element at each stage, a pairwise
comparison matrix is constructed using the Saaty 1-9 preference scale, as illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1. Saaty’s pairwise comparison scale
Scale Compare factor of i and j
1 Equally Important
3 Weakly Important
5 Strongly Important
7 Very Strongly Important
9 Extremely Important
2,4,6,8 Immediate value between adjacent scales
Then the eigenvector and maximum eigenvalue max are computed from the pairwise comparison
matrix. The importance of the eigenvalue is to evaluate the strength of the consistency ratio [46]
of the comparative matrix. The CR assists to validate whether the pairwise comparison provides a
suitable consistent evaluation. The detailed procedure of AHP is presented as follows [47].
1. Structure the problem into hierarchy considering the objective of the decision, while the
data are collected from experts or decision-makers corresponding to the structure.
2. Construct the pairwise comparison matrix. Assuming n attributes, the pairwise
comparison of the attributei with attribute j yields a square matrix nxnA where ija
denotes the comparative importance of attributei with respect to attribute j . In the matrix,
1ija When i j and
1
ji
ij
a
a
.
6. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
6
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
1
2
n
n
nxn
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A
a a an
L
L
M M M MM
L
(1)
3. Construct a normalized decision matrix ijc by using the following equation:
1
, 1,2,..., ; 1,2,...,ij
ij n
ij
i
a
c i n j n
a
(2)
4. Construct the weighted normalized decision matrix as:
1
, 1,2,...,
n
ij
j
i
c
w i n
n
(3)
1
2
n
w
w
w
w
M
(4)
5. Calculate Eigenvector and Row matrix by:
th
th
N rootvalue
E
N rootvalue
(5)
1
1
*
n
ij j
j
Rowmatrix a e
(6)
6. Calculate the maximum Eigenvalue, max
max
Rowmatrix
E
(7)
7. Calculate the consistency index and consistency ratio.
max( )
1
n
CI
n
(8)
CI
CR
RI
(9)
7. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
7
where, n and RI denote the order of matrix and Randomly Generated Consistency Index,
respectively. A consistency ratio (CR) value of 10% or less is considered acceptable; otherwise,
the pairwise comparisons should be revised [13].
3.3. Probabilistic Linguistic-TOPSIS
For the performance evaluation of e-payment systems in Ghana, one of the MCDM methods,
probabilistic linguistic-TOPSIS has been applied in this research. TOPSIS (Technique for Order
Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), developed by Yoon and Hwang [48] is one of the
MCDM methods for resolving real-world decision problems satisfactorily. TOPSIS attempts to
indicate the best alternative that simultaneously has the shortest distance from the positive ideal
solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution [49]. The positive ideal solution
is a solution that tries to maximize the profit criteria and minimize the cost criteria, whereas the
negative ideal solution is just opposite to the previous one [15][50][51]. The detailed algorithm of
the probabilistic linguistic-TOPSIS based on [52] is outlined as follows:
Step 1: Based on the practical decision-making problem, we let 1 2{ , ,..., }mx x x x be a finite set
of malternatives, and 1 2{ , ,..., }nc c c c be a set of ncriteria, whose weight vector is given as
1 2{ , ,..., }T
mw w w w . Then, the decision makers provide their evaluation values respectively,
which can be expressed by a probabilistic linguistic set (PLTS):
( ) ( )
( ) { ( )| 1,2,...,# ( )}k k
ij ij ij ijL p L p k L p , where ( )k
ijL is the kth value of ( )ijL p and ( )
( )k
ijp is
the probability of ( )k
ijL , ( )
( ) 0, 1,2,...,# ( )k
ij ijp k L p ,
# ( )
( )
1
1
ijL p
k
ij
k
p
and # ( )ijL p is the number
of linguistic terms in ( )ijL p . The PLTS denotes the evaluation of the alternatives
( 1,2,..., )ix i m with respect to the criteria ( 1,2,..., )jc i n by using the linguistic evaluation
scale { | 0,1,..., }aS s a t . Then, all the PLTSs are contained in the probabilistic linguistic
decision matrix ( )ij mxn
R L p of Table 2.
Table 2. Probabilistic linguistic decision matrix R
1c 2c L nc
1x 11( )L p 12 ( )L p L 1 ( )nL p
2x 21( )L p 22 ( )L p L 2 ( )nL p
M M M M M
mx 1( )mL p 2 ( )mL p L ( )mnL p
Step 2: Transform the given probabilistic linguistic decision matrix ( )ij mxn
R L p into the
normalized probabilistic linguistic decision matrix µ µ
ij
mxn
R L p
. Given a PLTS ( )L p with
# ( )
( )
1
1
ijL p
k
k
p
, then the transformation of ( )L p into ( )L p$ is given as:
8. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
8
µ
( )
( )
( ) 1,2,...,# ( )
k
k
ij ij ijL p L p k L p $ , (10)
Where
µ
( )( )
# ( )
( )
1
, 1,2,...,# ( )
kk
L p
k
k
p
p k L p
p
.
Step 3: Given the normalized probabilistic linguistic decision matrix, µ µ
ij
mxn
R L p
we
determine the positive-ideal solution (PIS) and negative-ideal solution (NIS). The PIS of
alternatives based on the probabilistic linguistic decision matrix R
is given as:
µ µ µ
1 2( ) ( ( ) , ( ) ,..., ( ) )nL p L p L p L p
$ , (11)
where (# )( ) (1) (2)
( ) ( ) 1,2,...,# ( ) ( ) ,( ) ,...,( )ijbk
j ij j j jL p L k L p L L L
$ ,
µ( ) ( ){ }
( )
max( ) , 1,2,...,# ( ), 1,2,...,k ki p rij ij
k
j ijL s k L p j n
and ( )k
ijr is the subscript of the linguistic
term ( )k
ijL .
Analogously, the NIS of the alternatives can also be determined as follows:
µ µ µ
1 2( ) ( ( ) , ( ) ,..., ( ) )nL p L p L p L p
$ , (12)
where (# )( ) (1) (2)
( ) ( ) 1,2,...,# ( ) ( ) ,( ) ,...,( )ijbk
j ij j j jL p L k L p L L L
$ ,
µ( ) ( ){ }
( )
min( ) , 1,2,...,# ( ), 1,2,...,k ki p rij ij
k
j ijL s k L p j n
and ( )k
ijr is the subscript of the linguistic
term ( )k
ijL .
Step 4: We then calculate the deviation degrees between each alternative and the PIS as:
1
( , ( ) ) ( ( ), ( ) )
n
ij ji j
j
d x L p w d L p L p
$ $ $
µ µ
# ( ) 2( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1
( )
# ( )
ijL pn k k
k k
j ij ijij ij
j kij
w p r p r
L p
. (13)
Obviously, the smaller the distance ( , ( ) )id x L p $ , the better the alternative ix .
Likewise, the deviation degree between each alternative and the NIS can be calculated as:
1
( , ( ) ) ( ( ), ( ) )
n
ij ji j
j
d x L p w d L p L p
$ $ $
9. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
9
µ µ
# ( ) 2( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1
( )
# ( )
ijL pn k k
k k
j ij ijij ij
j kij
w p r p r
L p
(14)
and the larger the distance ( , ( ) )id x L p $ , the better the alternative ix .
Step 5: Finally, we compute the closeness coefficient CI to obtain the performance score of each
alternative and then rank them. The CI is computed as:
max min
( , ( ) ) ( , ( ) )
( )
( , ( ) ) ( , ( ) )
i i
i
i i
d x L p d x L p
CI x
d x L p d x L p
$ $
$ $
, (15)
Where
max 1( , ( ) ) max ( , ( ) )i i m id x L p d x L p
$ $ (16)
min 1( , ( ) ) min ( , ( ) )i i m id x L p d x L p
$ $ (17)
and ( ) 0( 1,2,..., )iCI x i m . It should be noted that the larger the closeness coefficient ( )iCI x ,
the better the alternative ix . Hence, the best alternative
*
1{ | max ( )}i i m ix x CI x (18)
Can be selected.
4. EVALUATION OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE
4.1. Sampling and Data Collection
In this paper, we employed a case study to assess the performance of e-payment systems in
Ghana. A case study is an appropriate method because it helps to explore the problem in its
natural situation [13]. To evaluate e-payment systems performance in Ghana, an expert view
approach was used. First and foremost, a prior data were collected from 300 university students
who are users of the e-payment systems across the country for this study. The selection of these
students was purposive and based on conversance with the e-payment domain and the ability to
offer a vast spectrum experience in the field. Moreover, a respondent had to demonstrate an in-
depth knowledge of e-payment technology and their applications. A questionnaire was used to
ascertain responses from the respondents regarding the performance of the e-payment systems.
Based on the data gathered, a team of five experts from academia and the financial industry were
invited to help in the evaluation process. From the survey, a pairwise comparison of the criteria
and a decision matrix for evaluating the e-payment systems were constructed. These served as
input for the AHP and the probability linguistic TOPSIS method.
4.2. Results Analysis
In accordance with the objective of this research, the alternatives were evaluated with each of the
related criteria. Based on this, a hierarchy diagram was developed, as shown in Figure 1.
10. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
10
Figure. 1. The Hierarchy structure of the e-payment systems' evaluation problem
Figure 1 shows the objective criteria and alternatives in the order of their linkage. We employed
the AHP procedure outlined in subsection 3.1 to obtain the weights of the criteria. Based on the
responses from the respondents, the team of experts constructed a pairwise comparison matrix by
using the Saaty's 1-9 scale; see Table 1, to compare the various criteria. The result is shown in
Table 4.
Table 3. Par-wise comparison matrix for the criteria
Criteria 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c
1c 1.00 0.17 0.20 0.50 0.25 0.11
2c 6.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 3.00 0.25
3c 5.00 0.50 1.00 7.00 3.00 0.25
4c 2.00 0.20 0.14 1.00 0.25 0.11
5c 4.00 0.33 0.33 4.00 1.00 0.14
6c 9.00 4.00 4.00 9.00 7.00 1.00
The goal of the comparison was to ascertain the weights of the criteria for the ranking of the
alternatives and also to find out the contributing factor for e-payment adoption. The consistency
ratio of the comparison matrix for the criteria was found to be 6.1, which is less than the threshold
10%. Hence, we can conclude that there is no inconsistency in the decision matrix. The results
obtained from the AHP method is presented in Figure 2.
11. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
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Figure. 2. Percentage contribution of each criterion to e-payment systems’ performance
Figure 2 shows the contribution of each criterion to the performance of e-payment systems in
Ghana. It is obvious from figure 2 that cost with the weight of 48.9 % is the main contributor to e-
payment systems usage and performance. The least contributor to e-payment systems usage and
performance is reliability with a weight of 3%.
Thereafter, a probabilistic linguistic decision matrix was formed by comparing each alternative
with the criteria. Firstly, a probabilistic linguistic value, ranging from fair to extremely important,
was assigned to each alternative based on its performance with each criterion. The normalized
integrated decision matrix provided by the team of experts is shown in Table 5.
Table 4. Normalized probabilistic decision matrix provided by the experts.
1c 2c 3c
1x {s4(0.67), s2(0.33), s2(0)} {s5(0.33), s4(0.33),
s3(0.33)}
{s4(0.33), s3(0.33), s1(0.33)}
2x {s5(0.33), s3(0.33),
s1(0.33)}
{s3(0.67), s5(0.33),
s3(0)}
{s3(0.67), s1(0.33), s1(0)}
3x {s2(1), s2(0), s2(0)} {s3(0.33), s1(0.67),
s1(0)}
{s5(0.33), s2(0.33), s1(0.33)}
4x {s1(1), s1(0), s1(0)} {s2(0.67), s1(0.33),
s1(0)}
{s2(0.67), s1(0.33), s1(0)}
5x {s5(0.33), s4(0.33),
s4(0.33)}
{s4(0.67), s3(0.33),
s3(0)}
{s5(0.33), s4(0.33), s3(0.33)}
4c 5c 6c
1x {s4(0.33), s3(0.33),
s2(0.33)}
{s5(0.67), s2(0.33),
s2(0)}
{s4(0.33), s3(0.33), s1(0.33)}
2x {s5(0.33), s3(0.33),
s2(0.33)}
{s3(0.33), s2(0.33),
s1(0.33)}
{s5(0.33), s4(0.33), s2(0.33)}
3x {s2(0.67), s1(0.33), s1(0)} {s2(0.67), s4(0.33),
s2(0)}
{s3(0.67), s5(0.33), s3(0)}
4x {s2(0.67), s1(0.33), s1(0)} {s2(0.67), s3(0.33),
s2(0)}
{s5(0.33), s2(0.67), s2(0)}
5x {s5(0.33), s4(0.33),
s3(0.33)}
{s4(0.33), s2(0.33),
s1(0.33)}
{s4(0.67), s2(0.33), s2(0)}
12. International Journal of Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP) Vol.9, No.2/3, May 2019
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Based on the result of Table 5, the probabilistic linguistic-TOPSIS approach, as described in
subsection 3.2, was used to ascertain the performance scores of the e-payment systems and hence,
ranks were calculated. The e-payment system with the highest TOPSIS index (performance score)
was given the highest rank. The results are exhibited in Table 6.
Table 5. Performance scores and corresponding ranks
E-payment systems Performance
score
Performance Rank
ATM -0.5001 3
Mobile Money -0.4162 2
Online Banking -0.6495 4
E-Zwich -1.0831 5
Credit (Debit) card 0 1
Based on Table 6, the performance of the e-payment systems is arranged in descending order as
follows: Credit (Debit) Card > Mobile Money > ATM > Online Banking > E-zwich. It is evident
that Credit (Debit) cards are the best- performing e-payment system in Ghana, and E-zwich is the
least performed one.
5. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION
5.1. Discussion
Cost-effectiveness ranks higher amongst Ghanaians in rating performance of e-payment system.
Based on the rankings of criteria for this investigation, the performance of an e-payment system is
estimated to be about forty-nine percent (48.9%) dependant on the cost borne by its users. This
revelation suggests that for e-payment to triumph in the country’s business landscape, providers
of such services should devote much attention to beat down the transaction cost. Another
determinant of e payment performance is its ease of use. It is observed that about twenty percent
(19.7%) of an e-payments satisfactory performance to customers hinges on its operational
simplicity. The weight garnered by the ease of use in this study indicates that users expect the
electronic payment systems to be less demanding but rather easy to navigate around them within a
shortest possible time. This observation is in alignment with the proposition of the TAM model,
which argues that the easier to operate a new technological innovation, the better for people to
adopt the technology. This suggests that most Ghanaians are concerned about the technical skills
required to operate these payment channels. Hence, users satisfaction depend partly on the ease of
use.
Usefulness of the particular electronic payment outlet was ranked third out of the six criteria
employed in this study. The performance of the various e-payment systems in Ghana is about
sixteen percent (16.3%) based on their usefulness. This position of the criterion “usefulness”
presupposes that in the performance metric of the e-payment system in Ghana, how useful the
payment mode is, contributes 16% to its total performance rating. The security of a payment
system was registered at the fourth position on the ranking scale. Only 8.5% of the total
performance rating comes from the security of an e-payment system in Ghana. This indicates that
cost, ease of use, and usefulness are prioritized ahead of security in relation to e-payment
technology. The responsiveness and reliability of an e-payment system are the least contributors
to the total performance rating of the e-payment system. Just about 3.7% is contributed by
responsiveness, while reliability accounts for 3.0%.
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Credit/Debit card is the most preferred e-payment channel, followed by Mobile Money. ATM,
online banking, and E-zwich occupied the third to fifth position, respectively. This can be
attributed to the transaction cost involved and its operational convenience. A debit/ credit card
can be used for different transactions and at different point of sales (POS) available to customers.
The Ghanaian user makes payment at the restaurants and supermarkets and pays most bills with
their credit/debit card. Next to credit/debit card is mobile money payment system. This is likely to
be as a result of the increasing rate of mobile phone penetration in Ghana. Dasmani [53] reported
that Ghana's mobile phone penetration rate reached over 35 million in December 2015. Mobile
money is used for payment of utility bills payments in merchant shops [7]. For mobile money to
catch up with credit/debit card, it is important to strengthen its security and also reduce the
transactional costs. Despite the introduction of gh-link in 2011, which enables any local ATM
card to be used in all ATM machines in Ghana; this payment system is ranked third. With the
increasing population of Ghana, the few gh-link ATMs are inadequate to cater to the demanding
needs of customers. In order to reduce this, the GhIPSS has introduced gh-link Hybrid ATMs that
accept local ATM cards, e-zwich cards, as well as Visa or MasterCard, depending on the issuing
bank. Our results show that Ghanaians customers don't like online banking. This is because of the
complexities of websites of banks in Ghana [10]. Most of these websites are not user-friendly,
and customers find it difficult to understand. Moreover, Ghanaians customers seem to have
developed an unchanging attitude for physical cash transactions as against non-cash transactions.
E-zwich is ranked fifth, suggesting that there are lots of challenges associated with the use of e-
zwich, and hence, customers feel insecure using this payment channel. These challenges are not
limited to network failures and frequent breakdown of machines but also a slow process of
service delivery and long queues, defects with regards to customers' cards due to improper
handling, and low benefits to banks as a result of banks operating the service on behalf of GhIPSS
[22]. E-zwich could be a saviour to the long queue in Ghanaian banking halls, and hence all
stakeholders should endeavour to make this system stand and not become like some systems like
SG-SSB and Sika card which could not stand the test of time in Ghana.
5.2. Implication
The insightful revelations of this study suggest a policy overhaul and institutional and structural
changes within Ghana's payment landscape. Firstly, additional investment in e-payment
infrastructure should be encouraged to enhance efficiency and accessibility. Most importantly,
investments should target further reduction of operational cost to motivate people to subscribe to
the e-payment systems.
Secondly, the results imply that government's overriding focus on e-payment expansion is a
misplaced priority. This calls for attention to improving the foundation of e-payment system
while creating an enabling environment for the attainment of cashlite society. Challenges related
to E-Zwich such as frequent breakdown of the machines, erratic power supply and unavailability
of POS at vantage points around the country as evidenced in the studies of [10] must be addressed
with utmost urgency to spur this e-payment method to life again. Thirdly, mass sensitization of
the inherent economic benefits of e- payment policies must be rolled out by government agencies
and other stakeholders.
The results of this study also imply that industry players within the financial administration
sectors in Ghana are a bit distant from the customers; hence, customer's expectation may run
counter with what service providers offer. This means that there should be customer engagement
at regular intervals to incorporate their ideas in the provision of e-payment services. Again, the
design of the technology involved in e-payment transactions must be simple to enable people with
a basic understanding of ICT to be able to operate with ease.
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6. CONCLUSION
The contributions of e-payment systems to the national economic fortunes are widely
acknowledged by economists, governments, and the business communities. We assessed the
performance of e-payment systems in Ghana in order to make proactive insights into the e-
payment systems policy. We employed an integration method of AHP and probabilistic linguistic
TOPSIS methods to ascertain the performance scores of the various e-payment systems. The
results showed that cost effectiveness is the major factor consumers consider when choosing an e-
payment system. This is followed by ease of use, usefulness, security, responsiveness and
reliability, respectively. In the evaluation performance of the e-payment systems, the results
indicated that credit/debit card has the highest performance score, followed by mobile money,
ATM, online banking, and E-zwich, respectively.
Even though this study’s contributions to the improvement of the performance of e-payment
systems in Ghana cannot be underestimated, it is however suggested that future studies address
certain factors which might have affected these findings. We recommend that further studies
should consider enlarging the sample size by gathering responses from across the length and
breadth of the country. Also, other e-payment methods which were not included in this study
should be roped in to ascertain their effect on the results. Lastly, future studies should evaluate
the actual or average margin of e-payment systems performance improvement using the improved
infrastructural base as a moderating variable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the usable answers of survey respondents and
valuable comments of the anonymous reviewers.
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AUTHORS
Dennis Asante is a researcher and Public policy expert. His research interests span across
e-governance policies, public health policies, and environmental governance. He is
currently affiliated with School of Management and Economics, University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China as a Ph.D. candidate. You may contact him through:
Email: denniyoung94@yahoo.com
Evans Opoku-Mensah is a Ph.D researcher at the University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China. He specializes in research and development investments, stock
price and merger and acquisition. You may contact him through: Email:
evans@std.uestc.educn/ evamens2@yahoo.com.
Peter Adjei Darko is a researcher at the University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China. His research interest includes decision making under uncertainty, information
aggregation, and their application in e-business and health. You may contact him through:
Email: paadarko@yahoo.com