This document discusses the application of stacks in expression evaluation, including concepts such as stack operations (push, pop, and peek) and algorithms for these operations. It covers arithmetic expressions, expression conversion between infix, prefix, and postfix notations, along with the algorithms for performing these conversions. Additionally, it highlights the importance of stacks in applications like expression evaluation and parenthesis matching.

1. Topic : “Application of Stack
For Expression
Evaluation”
P.E.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Name : Zodge Prakash Rajesh
Roll No. : B-41
Department : CSE
Semester : IV

2. Contents
⚫ What is Stack?
⚫ Concept of Stack
⚫ Stack Operations
⚫ PUSH & POP
⚫ ALGORITHMS FOR PUSH & POP
⚫ ALGORITHM FOR PEEP
⚫ ARITHMATIC EXPRESSION
⚫ APPLICATION OF STACK
⚫ EXPRESSION CONVERSION
⚫ INFIX, PREFIX & POSTFIX NOTATIONS
⚫ ALGORITHMS
⚫ REFERENCES

3. What is Stack?
⚫ A stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT)
⚫ Stack is an important data structure which stores its elements in an
ordered manner.

4. Concepts of Stack
⚫ LIFO data structure

5. Stack Operations
⚫ PUSH – The process of putting a new data
element onto stack is known as a Push
Operation.
⚫ POP – Accessing the content while removing it
from the stack, is known as a Pop Operation.
⚫ PEEK – Get the data of top element of stack, return the
value of the top element

6. PUSH Operation
⚫ The push operation is used to insert an element in to the stack.

7. POP Operation
⚫ The pop operation is used to delete the topmost element from the stack.

8. Algorithm for PUSH & POP
Algorithm to PUSH an element in a stack
⚫ Step 1: IF TOP = MAX-1, then
PRINT “OVERFLOW”
Goto Step 4
[END OF IF]
⚫ Step 2: SET TOP = TOP + 1
⚫ Step 3: SET STACK[TOP] = VALUE
⚫ Step 4: END
Algorithm to POP an element from a stack
⚫ Step 1: IF TOP = NULL, then
PRINT “UNDERFLOW”
Goto Step 4
[END OF IF]
⚫ Step 2: SET VAL = STACK[TOP]
⚫ Step 3: SET TOP = TOP - 1
⚫ Step 4: END

9. Algorithm for PEEP Operation
Algorithm for Peep Operation
⚫ Step 1: IF TOP = NULL, then
PRINT “STACK IS EMPTY”
Go TO Step 3
[END OF IF]
⚫ Step 2: RETURN STACK[TOP]
⚫ Step 3: END

10. Arithmetic Expression
Arithmetic expressions have
⚫ Operands &
⚫ Operators (+,-,*,/,%)
Priority conventions are
⚫ Brackets [Highest Priority - I]
⚫ ~ Unary minus [Highest Priority - II]
⚫ *,/,% [Medium Priority]
⚫ +,- [Low Priority]

11. Applications of Stack
⚫ Express Evaluation
Ex. 5 * ( 6 + 2 )
Where ( 6 +2 ) = 8 will be evaluated first.
⚫ Parenthesis Matching
Ex. ( a + b ) * ( c + d)
Whereas, (a + b * [c + d ) is not a valid expression
⚫ Expression Conversion
Infix, Prefix & Postfix
⚫ Memory Management

12. Expression Conversion
⚫ Converting one form of expressions to another is one of the important
applications of stacks.

13. Infix Notation
⚫ Writing an arithmetic expression using infix notation, the operator is
placed between the operands.
Ex. A+B
⚫ Here, plus operator is placed between the two operands A and B.

14. Postfix Notation
⚫ Postfix notation was given by Jan Łukasiewicz
⚫ The operator is placed after the operands
Ex. Infix : ( A + B ) Postfix : A B +
⚫ A postfix operation does not even follow the rules of operator precedence.
⚫ No parentheses
Ex. Infix : ( A + B ) * C Postfix : A B + C *

15. Prefix Notation
⚫ The operator is placed before the operands
Ex. Infix : A + B Prefix : + A B
• The expression (A + B) * C
is written as:
* + A B C in the prefix notation

16. Infix to Postfix Algorithm
1. Scan the infix expression from left to right.
2. If the scanned character is an operand, output it.
3. Else,
1 If the precedence of the scanned operator is greater than the precedence of
the operator in the stack(or the stack is empty or the stack contains a
‘(‘ ), push it.
2 Else, Pop all the operators from the stack which are greater than or equal to
in precedence than that of the scanned operator. After doing that Push the
scanned operator to the stack. (If you encounter parenthesis while popping
then stop there and push the scanned operator in the stack.)
4. If the scanned character is an ‘(‘, push it to the stack.
5. If the scanned character is an ‘)’, pop the stack and output it until a ‘(‘ is
encountered, and discard both the parenthesis.
6. Repeat steps 2-6 until infix expression is scanned.
7. Print the output
8. Pop and output from the stack until it is not empty.

17. Continue…

18. Infix to Prefix Algorithm
⚫ Step 1: Reverse the infix expression i.e A+B*C will become C*B+A.
Note while reversing each ‘(‘ will become ‘)’ and each ‘)’
becomes ‘(‘.
⚫ Step 2: Obtain the “nearly” postfix expression of the modified
expression i.e CB*A+.
⚫ Step 3: Reverse the postfix expression. Hence in our example prefix
is +A*BC.

19. Continue…

20. Postfix to Infix Algorithm
1. While there are input symbol left
1.1 Read the next symbol from the input.
2. If the symbol is an operand
2.1 Push it onto the stack.
3. Otherwise,
3.1 the symbol is an operator.
3.2 Pop the top 2 values from the stack.
3.3 Put the operator, with the values as arguments and form a string.
3.4 Push the resulted string back to stack.
4. If there is only one value in the stack
4.1 That value in the stack is the desired infix string

21. Continue…

22. Postfix to Prefix Algorithm
1. Read the Postfix expression from left to right
2. If the symbol is an operand, then push it onto the Stack
3. If the symbol is an operator, then pop two operands from the Stack
Create a string by concatenating the two operands and the operator
before them.
string = operator + operand2 + operand1
And push the resultant string back to Stack
4. Repeat the above steps until end of Prefix expression.

23. Continue…

24. References
⚫ https://prepinsta.com/
⚫ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
⚫ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
⚫ https://www.faceprep.in/

25. Thank You