This document contains 14 appendices that provide maps, quotes, images and other historical sources related to European politics, nationalism, imperialism and militarism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries leading up to World War 1. The appendices illustrate the shifting borders and rising tensions between European powers, nationalist sentiments in countries like Germany and France, the influence of military leaders, and the colonial presence of European nations in other parts of the world like China.

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Appendix
Appendix A:
Europeanmap followingthe Concertof Europe.The GermanandItalianrealmsare numerousand
fragmented.Prussiastandsoutas the mostdominantGermanstate withregardsits size andits
presence atVienna.Note the OttomanEmpire’svastpresence inEasternEurope aswell asthat of
Russia.
Source:BostonCollege."Europe afterthe Congressof Vienna,1815."https://www2.bc.edu/.
January9, 2011. https://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/1815label.html

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Appendix B:
ComprehensiveEuropeanMapof 1914. No change innative Britishterritory.France’smajorlossis
Alsace-Lorrainetothe neighbouringGermanEmpire,the smallerstateshavingbeenabsorbedbythe
Prussiankingdom.Italyunifiedwithcontrol overSardiniaandSicily.AustrianEmpire now Austria-
Hungary withBosnianterritory annexed.Manyself-governingBalkanstatesinhabitthe regiononce
underthe dominionof the OttomanTurks,whohave losttheirvastEuropeanterritory.
Source:LondonGeographical Institute_The Peoples Atlas_1920:Europe at the Outbreak-of War."
http://www.hipkiss.org/.1920. http://www.hipkiss.org/data/maps/london-geographical-
institute_the-peoples-atlas_1920_europe-at-the-outbreak-of-war_3992_3012_600.jpg

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Appendix C:
ComprehensiveEuropeanMapof 1919. The FirstWorldWar’s territorial effectsillustratedbythe fall
of the German,Austro-Hungarian, OttomanandRussianEmpires.A significantgrowthinself-
governingstateseastof Germany,mostprominentisPolandandthe new Yugoslavstate under
Serbiandominion.The ParisPeace Conference recognisedthe numerousnewlyindependentstates.
It didnot formallycreate them. France repossessesAlsace-Lorraine,ItalyreceivesTyrol andpartsof
presentdaySlovenia.
Source:LondonGeographical Institute_The PeoplesAtlas_1920:Europe afterthe Great War 1919."."
http://www.hipkiss.org/.1920. http://www.hipkiss.org/data/maps/london-geographical-
institute_the-peoples-atlas_1920_europe-after-the-great-war-1919_3992_3012_600.jpg

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Appendix D:
‘The onlyquestionwaswhetherthe word"honour"wasto be expungedfromthe Britishdictionary.’
The quote from Paul Cambon,the FrenchAmbassadorthe Britainin1914 reveals tensionsbetween
the governmentsof the would-be waralliesduringescalatingtensionswithGermanyandAustria-
Hungary a fewdaysbefore WWI.
Source:LloydGeorge,David.InThe War Memoirsof David LloydGeorge,47. Boston.Little,Brown
and Company,1933.
Appendix E:
"I (the Christianname andsurname of the joiningmember), byenteringintothe organisation
"UnificationorDeath",doherebyswearbythe Sun whichshinethuponme,bythe Earth which
feedethme,byGod,bythe bloodof my forefathers,bymyhonourandby mylife,thatfromthis
momentonwardanduntil mydeath,I shall faithfullyservethe taskof thisorganisationandthatI
shall at all timesbe preparedtobearfor it anysacrifice.IfurtherswearbyGod, by myhonourand
by mylife,thatI shall unconditionallycarryintoeffectall itsordersandcommands.Ifurtherswear
by myGod, by myhonourand by my life,thatIshall keepwithinmyself all the secretsof this
organisationandcarry themwithme intomy grave.May God and my comradesinthisorganisation
be my judgesif at anytime I shouldwittingly fail orbreakthisoath!"
An extractfromthe constitutionof the BlackHand (PrintedBelgrade,1911). This oathtowardsthe
Black Handvehementlydictatesthatmembersare boundforlife totheirauthorityandcommands.
The will of the individualisdirectlyoverriddenbythisunboundedloyalty,underthe shadow of
divine judgement. GavriloPrincipe allegedlypursuedtoassassinate the AustrianArchduke while
actingas an instrumentof the BlackHand.
Source:Pozzi,Henri.BlackHandOver Europe.London:The FrancisMott Co. 1935.

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Appendix F:
Benezet’sbroadillustrationof the Europeancontinent,withstatesdividedsolelyonethnic
boundaries.The maphighlightsthe pre-1914borders,clearlyshowingthe multi-ethnicnature of
Austria-Hungary. Italsoclearlydisplaysthe Germanethnicityaslargestandmostwidespreadin
Europe,withGermanpeoplesoutside bordersof the formerGermanEmpire andmore sothe border
of 1919. This mapconstructedin1918 closelycorrespondstothe mapin appendix C,however
discountscertainminoritiesof the Russianempire,suchasthe Ukrainians.
Source:Benezet,L.P."XXVI:Europe as itShouldbe."InThe WorldWar and What Was BehindIt(The
Storyof the Map of Europe).Chicago:Scott,ForesmanandCompany,1918.

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Appendix G:
The paintingbyPhilippVeit in1848 isthe personificationof Germania,anationalistic,patrioticfigure
similartoMarianne in France. Wieldedbythe symbolicfigure isGermantri-colour,arepresentation
of a unifiedGermanstate underasingle flaganda brandishedswordwithconnotationsof security
and defence.She doesnotappearaggressive butstandstall andsteadfastamidstthe risingsun.She
alsostandsunshackled,symbolicof restoredfreedomandrelease fromoppressionbyexterior
forcesfromthe past. This denotesidealsthat the attemptedunificationof Germanyin1848
represented.More flexible,liberal and equal than perhapswouldbe the case under Prussian
administration.
Source:Deutsche Bundestag."The Constitutionof March27, 1849." http://www.bundestag.de/.
September2008.
http://www.bundestag.de/kulturundgeschichte/geschichte/ausstellungen/verfassung/tafel11/index.
html#

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Appendix H:
‘France will have butone thought,toreconstitute herforces,gatherherenergy,nourishhersacred
anger,raise heryounggenerationtoforman army of the whole people,toworkwithoutcease,to
studythe methodsandskillsof ourenemies,tobecome againagreatFrance,the France of 1792,
the France of an ideawitha sword.Thenone day she will be irresistible.Thenshe will take back
Alsace-Lorraine.’
The quote from VictorHugodemonstratesthe passionatefeelings, the stimulation andcontinuation
of nationalistfervourinthe Frenchstate’sdisposition.Arousedbythese sentimentstowardsthe lost
province,the primary motive inimpendingconflictwithGermanywas the recapture of thisterritory.
These feelingsof bitternessandhurtwouldbe passeddownfromthe generation whichfoughtthe
Franco-Prussianwartothat whichfoughtinWorldWar I.
Source:Tuchman,Barbara. ‘The Guns of August, page 30. New York: Macmillan,1962.

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Appendix I:
The physical embodimentof anationwasits monarchand
theirdresscode stronglysupportsthe militaristicdisposition
whichcharacterisedseveral Europeanstatesinthe late
nineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.Pride intheirarmed
forceswasoften unfathomable.
The German EmperorWilhelmII,
Kingof Prussia
Tsar NicholasII,Emperorand
Autocratof all the Russians
George V,Kingof the United
Kingdomandthe BritishDominions.
Emperorof India
Franz Joseph, Emperorof Austria.
Kingof Hungary

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Appendix J:
‘Thuswe belongtoeach other— l and the army; thuswe were bornfor one another;thuswe will
standtogetherinan indissolublebond.Inpeace orstorm, as God may will it,younow take the oath
of fidelityandobedience,andIswearevertorememberthatthe eyesof my ancestorslookdown
upon'me fromanotherworld,andthat I shall somedayhave torenderanaccount to themof the
gloryand honourof the army.’
The newspaperextractfrom1888 revealsthe WilhelmII’sdevotiontohiscountry’sarmy.The
Prussianmonarchwasthe headof an exceptionallyefficient andsuccessfulmilitaryentityand
conveyedhispride andloyaltywithinhoursof hisascent tothe throne.
Source:CaliforniaDigital NewspaperCollection."DailyAltaCalifornia,Volume 42,Number14169, 17
June 1888." http://cdnc.ucr.edu/.June17,1888. http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-
bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18880617.2.42.1#
Appendix K:
‘If the war ends in victory,the puttingdownof the Socialistmovementwill notofferany
insurmountableobstacles.There will be agrariantroubles,asa resultof agitationforcompensating
the soldierswithadditional landallotments;there willbe labourtroublesduringthe transitionfrom
the probablyincreasedwagesof wartime tonormal schedules;andthis,itisto be hoped,will be all,
so longas the wave of the Germansocial revolutionhasnotreachedus.Butin the eventof defeat,
the possibilityof whichina struggle witha foe like Germanycannotbe overlooked,social revolution
inits mostextreme formisinevitable.’
A ministerof TsarNicholasIIrevealedwhathe forecastedasaninevitable confrontationwiththe
GermanEmpire.He wasespeciallyconcerned withthe societal implicationsof warwitha formidable
and unrelentingenemyforthe secondtime inadecade and alsopredictedthatthe consequences
will have drasticchangesonRussiansociety.
Source:Durnovo,Pyotr."Durnovo'sMemorandum;February 1914." In DocumentsOf Russian
History:1914 1917, byFrank AlfredGolder,3-23.London:The CenturyCo.,1927.

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Appendix L:
‘I see inthe Free Trade principle thatwhichshall acton the moral worldasthe principle of
gravitationinthe universe, drawingmentogether,thrustingaside the antagonismof race,and
creed,andlanguage,andunitingusinthe bondsof eternal peace.’
[RichardCobden,Speeches,(London,1870),vol.I, pp.362-3]
The major Britishvoice behindtrade liberalisationwasstatesmanRichardCobden;hisnumerous
speechesonthe topicconveythe message thatfree trade isthe natural and moral guide towards
stability,prosperityandharmonyinthe world.Similarly,Cobden’slegacyadvocatesthatpolitical
integrationisfirstconceivedwheneconomicintegrationhasbeenachieved.
Source:Cobden,Richard."Vol.1(Free Trade and Finance) [1870]."In SpeechesonQuestionsof
PublicPolicy.,byJohnBright&J.E. ThoroldRogers,188. London:T. FisherUnwin,1870.

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Appendix M:
The posterrevealsare-establishedrelationshipbetweenthe UnitedStatesandGreatBritain.It
drawson the sharednorms,identitiesandvalueswhichdominate bothstatespersonalities.Aswith
France and Russia,Britainreconciledpastenmitywithitsformercolonyandtooka view of
reconstitutingthistransatlanticrelationshipalongfriendlierlines.Inspite of the increasingUS
challengestoBritisheconomichegemony.
Source:UnitedStatesLibraryof Congress."A unioninthe interestof humanity- civilization -
freedomandpeace forall time."http://www.loc.gov/.1898.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99472459/

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Appendix N:
The map roughlyillustratesthe EuropeantradingpostsinChina.Althoughnotaformercolony,
variousconcessionsbythe ineptQingdynasty throughoutthe nineteenth allowedEuropeansto
operate withlittle restrictionintheirdesignated regions.Inconjunctionwithitsinferiorstrengths
across Africaand Asia,Germanywasto remaina second-rate powerinChinaaswell.
Source:Caswell,Thomas."Global History:Imperialism(China)."http://www.regentsprep.org/.2003.
www.regentsprep.org