APA STYLE _____________ Use quotations when they are brief, memorable, and so well stated that a paraphrase would reduce their impact. Faulty:Television advertising exploded in the Fifties. “Advertising agencies increased spending on television commercials from $10 million in 1948 to $2 billion in 1952” (Smith, 2004, p. 16). Correct:Television advertising exploded in the Fifties. According to Kai Smith (2004), “Advertising agencies increased spending on television commercials from $10 million in 1948 to $2 billion in 1952” (p. 16). OrTelevision advertising exploded in the Fifties, with advertising agencies increasing spending “from $10 million in 1948 to $2 billion in 1952” (Smith, 2004, p. 16). Faulty:President Roosevelt showed signs of declining health as early as 1942. Sheridan (1954) noted, “His hands trembled when writing, he complained of headaches, and he often seemed unable to follow the flow of conversation around him” (pp. 34-35). Correct:President Roosevelt showed signs of declining health as early as 1942. George Sheridan (1954), an aide to the president, noted, “His hands trembled when writing, he complained of headaches, and he often seemed unable to follow the flow of conversation around him” (pp. 34-35). Original Source (The Plague by Sandra Bert, page 23):The medical community of San Francisco was overwhelmed by the sudden increase in AIDS cases in the early 1980s. Tim Watson, a physician in the Bay Area, said, “It was like being hit by a tidal wave. We went home every night absolutely stunned by the influx of dying young men.” Using this source and quoting Tim Watson in your paper:Within a few years the number of AIDS cases in the Bay Area, exploded. Physicians were shocked by the rising number of patients with untreatable infections. “It was like being hit by a tidal wave,” one physician, Tim Watson, remembered (as cited in Bert, 2005, p. 23). Original: article online, written February 10, 2008 by James Kirkland The governor vetoed the education bill, which had been backed by a coalition of taxpayers and unions, because it cut aid to inner city schools. Shortened quotation using ellipsis points:Kirkland (2008) reported that “the governor vetoed the education bill . . . because it cut aid to inner city schools.” According to Turner (1991), “George Roosevelt [no relation to the President] left the Democratic Party in 1935, troubled by the deepening Depression” (p. 30). You are writing a paper and want to include the following quotation from the book The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, by Barack Obama: “After all, the problems of poverty and racism, the uninsured and the unemployed, are not simply technical problems. They are rooted in societal indifference and individual callousness.” The publication date for the book was October 17, 2006. The page the quotation can be found on is page 214. Format and cite the quotation as you would in your paper. A quotation of forty.

1. APA STYLE _____________
Use quotations when they are brief, memorable, and so well
stated that a paraphrase would reduce their impact.
Faulty:Television advertising exploded in the Fifties.
“Advertising agencies increased spending on television
commercials from $10 million in 1948 to $2 billion in 1952”
(Smith, 2004, p. 16).
Correct:Television advertising exploded in the Fifties.
According to Kai Smith (2004), “Advertising agencies increased
spending on television commercials from $10 million in 1948 to
$2 billion in 1952” (p. 16).
OrTelevision advertising exploded in the Fifties, with
advertising agencies increasing spending “from $10 million in
1948 to $2 billion in 1952” (Smith, 2004, p. 16).
Faulty:President Roosevelt showed signs of declining health as
early as 1942. Sheridan (1954) noted, “His hands trembled when
writing, he complained of headaches, and he often seemed
unable to follow the flow of conversation around him” (pp. 34-
35).
Correct:President Roosevelt showed signs of declining health as
early as 1942. George Sheridan (1954), an aide to the president,
noted, “His hands trembled when writing, he complained of

2. headaches, and he often seemed unable to follow the flow of
conversation around him” (pp. 34-35).
Original Source (The Plague by Sandra Bert, page 23):The
medical community of San Francisco was overwhelmed by the
sudden increase in AIDS cases in the early 1980s. Tim Watson,
a physician in the Bay Area, said, “It was like being hit by a
tidal wave. We went home every night absolutely stunned by the
influx of dying young men.”
Using this source and quoting Tim Watson in your paper:Within
a few years the number of AIDS cases in the Bay Area,
exploded. Physicians were shocked by the rising number of
patients with untreatable infections. “It was like being hit by a
tidal wave,” one physician, Tim Watson, remembered (as cited
in Bert, 2005, p. 23).
Original: article online, written February 10, 2008 by James
Kirkland The governor vetoed the education bill, which had
been backed by a coalition of taxpayers and unions, because it
cut aid to inner city schools.
Shortened quotation using ellipsis points:Kirkland (2008)
reported that “the governor vetoed the education bill . . .
because it cut aid to inner city schools.”
According to Turner (1991), “George Roosevelt [no relation to
the President] left the Democratic Party in 1935, troubled by the
deepening Depression” (p. 30).
You are writing a paper and want to include the following
quotation from the book The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on

3. Reclaiming the American Dream, by Barack Obama:
“After all, the problems of poverty and racism, the uninsured
and the unemployed, are not simply technical problems. They
are rooted in societal indifference and individual callousness.”
The publication date for the book was October 17, 2006. The
page the quotation can be found on is page 214.
Format and cite the quotation as you would in your paper.
A quotation of forty words or more should be formatted as a
block quote.
Introduce block quotes with a complete sentence followed by a
colon.
Indent each line 5 spaces or ½ inch from the left margin.
Do not enclose it with quotation marks.
Do not indent the first line an extra five spaces.
However, do indent the first line of any additional paragraphs in
the block quotation.
Set parenthetical citations outside the last period.
In The Sundance Writer, Mark Connelly (2007) provides
guidelines for using direct quotations:
Direct quotations give power and authority to your research
paper by introducing the words of others just as they were
written or stated. But to be effective, direct quotations must be
carefully chosen, accurately presented, and skillfully woven
into the text of your paper. (p. 785)
You are writing a paper about John McCain. You wish to
include the following quotation from his book Faith of My
Fathers: A Family Memoir:
“I am a public figure now, and my public profile is inextricably
linked to my POW experiences. Obviously, such recognition has

4. benefited my political career, and I am grateful for that. . . . But
I have tried to make what use I can of Vietnam and not let the
memories of war encumber the rest of my life’s progress.”
The book was published on November 9, 1999. This quotation
can be found on pages 346-347.
Format and cite the quotation as you would for your paper. Note
that it is over 40 words long. Therefore, it needs to be formatted
as a block quotation.
Cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation
marks, and continue the sentence.
Barnet and Bedau (2011) said that “plagiarism is not limited to
the unacknowledged quotation of words” (p. 206) and that this
is a common misconception.
In “The Undercover Parent,” Harlan Coben (2011) stated that
“everything your child types can already be seen by the world”
and urged parents to use spyware (p. 22).
In “The Undercover Parent,” Harlan Coben (2011) stated that
“everything your child types can already be seen by the world”
(p. 22) and urged parents to use spyware.
(The way you introduce a quotation will affect the capitalization
of the first word in the quotation.)
According to Harlan Coben (2011), “Everything your child
types can already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) stated that “everything your child types
can already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) stated, “Everything your child types can
already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) said, “Everything your child types can
already be seen by the world” (p. 22).

5. According to Harlan Coben (2011) stated, “Everything your
child types can already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) stated that “Everything your child types
can already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) stated, “everything your child types can
already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
Harlan Coben (2011) said, “Everything your child types can
already be seen by the world” (p. 22).
If your source is an online document that does not have marked
page numbers, put paragraph numbers or headings and
paragraph numbers.
The Outdoor Preservation Agency (2011) urges citizens to
“contribute not only time but intellect to recycling endeavors”
(“What You Can Do,” para. 6).
The first letter of a quotation can be changed from upper case to
lower case.
Original statement:
“Do not omit citations embedded within the original material
you are quoting” (APA, 2010, p. 173).
Quoted statement:
The APA (2010) manual said, “Do not omit citations embedded
within the original material you are quoting” (p. 173).
To follow the advise of the APA (2010) manual, “do not omit
citations embedded within the original material you are
quoting” (p. 173).,

6. Other permissible changes in quotations include end
punctuation and quotation marks:
If you want to emphasize a word, italicize it and follow that
word with [emphasis added].
Do not omit citations embedded within material your are
quoting.
“In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007)
estimated that about 1 million cases of NMSC and 59, 940 cases
of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma
resulting in 8, 110 deaths” ( Miller et al., 2009, p. 209).
Source: APA Manual pages 172-173
PARAPHRASE AND SUMMARY
The Bedford Researcher
Two Ways to Use Sources“When you restate a passage from a
source in your own words, you are paraphrasing the source.
Typically a paraphrase is roughly as long as the original
passage” (Palmquist, 2012, p.105).“A summary is a concise
statement of information in a source. Research writers often
summarize an entire source, but they can also summarize
lengthy passages” (Palmquist, 2012, p.105).
PARAPHRASE
SUMMARIZE

7. IMPORTANTWhether you paraphrase or summarize, you
always must cite your source, as I have done on the preceding
slide for the two quotations.
AssignmentChoose two paragraphs from any of the sources that
you have found and paraphrase them. (See pages 105-108 in
your book.)
Remember, you will need to restate what is said in each
paragraph in your own words, using about the same number of
words as the original paragraph. Be sure to cite your source.
Hint – To avoid unintended plagiarism, “set the original source
aside while you paraphrase so that you won’t be tempted to
copy sentences directly from it. After you’ve completed your
paraphrase, check it for accuracy” (Palmquist, 2012, p.
106).Choose one of the sources that you have found and
summarize it. (See pages 108-109 in your book.)
Remember, you will need to “write a concise statement” in your
own words that “captures the overall argument and information
in the source” (Palmquist, 2012, p. 106).
Hint – To avoid unintended plagiarism, “begin your summary
with ‘The author argues that’ or “The author found that.’ Set the
original source aside while you write your summary. After
you’ve completed your summary, check it for accuracy”
(Palmquist, 2012, p. 106).
PARAPHRASE
SUMMARIZE