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The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall via the umbilical cord. It has two surfaces - a smooth, shiny fetal surface covered by amniotic membrane and attached to the umbilical cord, and a rough, reddish maternal surface with elevated cotyledons and grooves. The placenta consists of a chorionic plate lined with amniotic membrane and attached to the umbilical cord, a basal plate on the maternal side, and an intervillous space between them filled with maternal blood and fetal stem villi.
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Placenta at term for nursing students
The human placenta is a discoid, haemochorial organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall for nutrient/waste exchange. At term, the placenta is a circular disc about 15-20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick that weighs around 500g. It has both a fetal side covered by amnion/umbilical cord and a rough, spongy maternal side with lobes. The placenta facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood supplied by the umbilical cord and establishes a connection between the mother and developing fetus.
Placenta presentation 1
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It is made up of a fetal and maternal component. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the fetus and mother. It develops from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst and grows throughout pregnancy. At full term, the placenta is disc-shaped and contains villi which facilitate nutrient/gas exchange between the fetal and maternal blood through the placental membrane. Complications can include placenta praevia where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix.
theplacentaandfetalmembranes-150818091316-lva1-app6892.pdf
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
The placenta and fetal membranes
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
Description of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in pregnancy to allow nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus. It has fetal and maternal components. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, enable nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium throughout pregnancy, becoming the primary site of maternal-fetal exchange by term.
Placenta
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
Placenta Structure
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions as the transport system between mother and fetus. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium in early pregnancy. The chorionic villi develop and branch out to form the fetal portion of the placenta, while the decidua basalis forms the maternal portion. By the end of the fourth month, the placenta has grown rapidly and replaced most of the decidua basalis. A full-term placenta is disc-shaped and 500-600g in weight, with 15-20 cotyledons on the maternal side where remnants of the decidua attach.
Placental development
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
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Placenta at term for nursing students
The human placenta is a discoid, haemochorial organ that develops during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall for nutrient/waste exchange. At term, the placenta is a circular disc about 15-20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick that weighs around 500g. It has both a fetal side covered by amnion/umbilical cord and a rough, spongy maternal side with lobes. The placenta facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood supplied by the umbilical cord and establishes a connection between the mother and developing fetus.
Placenta presentation 1
The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It is made up of a fetal and maternal component. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the fetus and mother. It develops from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst and grows throughout pregnancy. At full term, the placenta is disc-shaped and contains villi which facilitate nutrient/gas exchange between the fetal and maternal blood through the placental membrane. Complications can include placenta praevia where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix.
theplacentaandfetalmembranes-150818091316-lva1-app6892.pdf
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, and deciduate. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta grows in thickness and circumference until 16 weeks of gestation, then increases circumferentially until term. It facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations through specialized villi in the intervillous space. The placenta separates after birth, ending the circulatory connection between mother and fetus.
The placenta and fetal membranes
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
Description of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in pregnancy to allow nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus. It has fetal and maternal components. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, enable nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium throughout pregnancy, becoming the primary site of maternal-fetal exchange by term.
Placenta
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
Placenta Structure
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions as the transport system between mother and fetus. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium in early pregnancy. The chorionic villi develop and branch out to form the fetal portion of the placenta, while the decidua basalis forms the maternal portion. By the end of the fourth month, the placenta has grown rapidly and replaced most of the decidua basalis. A full-term placenta is disc-shaped and 500-600g in weight, with 15-20 cotyledons on the maternal side where remnants of the decidua attach.
Placental development
The placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. By the 11th day, the blastocyst is surrounded by lacunar spaces that form the intervillous space. Stem villi develop by the 13th day and connect the chorionic plate to the basal plate. Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi are successively developed. By the 21st day, the arterio-capillary-venous system is completed. The placenta is fully formed by the 12th week of gestation and continues growing in thickness and circumference until the 16th week. The placenta functions to transfer nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus and acts as a
Placentation in mammal,classification of placenta and function
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy in mammals to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. It is a discoid, circular organ around 15-20 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm thick that weighs approximately 500g at term. The placenta has both fetal and maternal surfaces, with the fetal surface covered by the amnion and bearing the umbilical cord, and the maternal surface being rough and spongy where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta serves critical functions like nutrient, gas and waste exchange between mother and fetus, acting as an endocrine organ and barrier between
Placenta
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
Placenta development
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
Embryology part 11
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8.placenta
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between maternal and fetal blood. It develops from the fetal trophoblast and maternal endometrium. By the second month, the trophoblast develops into the chorionic villi, which come into contact with maternal blood in the intervillous spaces. The placenta allows for gas exchange, nutrient transport, and provides hormonal support to maintain pregnancy. At term, it is discoid in shape, 15-25 cm in diameter, and weighs 500-600 grams.
Fetal and Placental Development (Dr.Rafi Rozan)
The document summarizes fetal development from conception through the third trimester of pregnancy. It describes the key stages and timeframes of development, including the formation of major organs in the first few months. The roles and development of the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta are also outlined. The circulatory systems of the uterus, placenta, and fetus are explained.
Placenta
The placenta develops from the chorionic villi and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. During development, the chorionic villi mature from early mesenchymal villi to immature and mature intermediate villi and finally to terminal villi. By the third trimester, the placenta has highly vascularized and smaller terminal villi. The placenta should be examined at autopsy in cases of fetal or maternal conditions like stillbirth, prematurity, infection, or abnormalities to identify any pathological processes that may have interfered with placental function.
placenta-copy-180311082522.pdf
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient/gas exchange and waste removal. It consists of both fetal and maternal tissues. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis and their blood vessels come into close contact but do not mix. This allows oxygen, nutrients and waste to pass between the mother and fetus by diffusion or transport across the placental barrier. The placenta serves critical respiratory, nutritive, excretory and endocrine functions to support the growth and development of the fetus throughout pregnancy.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
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The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
Placenta Development ppt By Zeki PH 2016.pptx
The placenta is an essential organ that develops during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in supporting fetal growth and development.
Development of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
Placenta
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
By124 physiology of_the_placenta_-_peter_bush_9th_december_2014
The placenta develops from extraembryonic membranes and allows for nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus through specialized structures. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy to support rapid fetal growth. It develops villi filled with fetal blood that project into the maternal blood-filled intervillous space, maximizing the surface area for transport. The placenta also acts as an endocrine organ, producing hormones to maintain pregnancy and adapt the mother's body. Its syncytiotrophoblast layer forms an immunological barrier to avoid rejection of paternal antigens.
PLACENTA,MEMEBRANES AND AMNIOTIC FLUID FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS.pptxA
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy to allow nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. It attaches to the upper uterine wall and consists of fetal and maternal surfaces. The fetal surface has the umbilical cord attachment and visible blood vessels, while the maternal surface is rough and spongy. The placenta performs critical functions like nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, hormones production, and acts as a barrier between the mother and fetus. Complications can include abnormal attachment or multiple lobes. The amniotic fluid provides protection for the fetus and allows for movement. Its volume peaks at term pregnancy, then decreases, and abnormalities in volume can affect fetal development.
Human Placenta Birth Lactation
The document discusses the development of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes during pregnancy. It describes how the chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac form and their functions. It also explains the structure and functions of the human placenta. The three trimesters of pregnancy are outlined, describing fetal development in each. The process of birth and the roles of hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins are summarized. Lactation and milk production triggered by prolactin is also mentioned.
Abnormalities of placenta & cord.pptx
The placenta is partly maternal and party fetal in origin. It is the connecting link between mother and fetus. The survival of the fetus depends on the integrity and efficiency of placenta.
Placenta if developed from Chorionic Frondosum and deciduas.
It begins at 6 wk and completed by 12th wk.
Soemetimes, there is marked variation in the morphology including size, shape and weight of the placenta.
some of the common abnormalities are-
large placenta, small placenta, placenta marginata, placenta succenturaita
pleacenta extrachorialis
placenta membranecea, battledore placenta, bipartite tripartite placenta
Human Embryology II
This document summarizes key events in human embryonic development during the third week. It describes how the primitive streak forms and gives rise to the three germ layers. It also discusses how the notochord, neural tube, and somites begin to develop as the embryo undergoes folding to take on a cylindrical shape. Additionally, it provides an overview of initial organ formation and the establishment of the primitive cardiovascular system during this critical period of embryogenesis.
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Placentation in mammal,classification of placenta and function
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy in mammals to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. It is a discoid, circular organ around 15-20 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm thick that weighs approximately 500g at term. The placenta has both fetal and maternal surfaces, with the fetal surface covered by the amnion and bearing the umbilical cord, and the maternal surface being rough and spongy where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta serves critical functions like nutrient, gas and waste exchange between mother and fetus, acting as an endocrine organ and barrier between
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The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing foetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: the fetal placenta which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta , which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus.
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The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
Embryology part 11
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8.placenta
The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between maternal and fetal blood. It develops from the fetal trophoblast and maternal endometrium. By the second month, the trophoblast develops into the chorionic villi, which come into contact with maternal blood in the intervillous spaces. The placenta allows for gas exchange, nutrient transport, and provides hormonal support to maintain pregnancy. At term, it is discoid in shape, 15-25 cm in diameter, and weighs 500-600 grams.
Fetal and Placental Development (Dr.Rafi Rozan)
The document summarizes fetal development from conception through the third trimester of pregnancy. It describes the key stages and timeframes of development, including the formation of major organs in the first few months. The roles and development of the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta are also outlined. The circulatory systems of the uterus, placenta, and fetus are explained.
Placenta
The placenta develops from the chorionic villi and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. During development, the chorionic villi mature from early mesenchymal villi to immature and mature intermediate villi and finally to terminal villi. By the third trimester, the placenta has highly vascularized and smaller terminal villi. The placenta should be examined at autopsy in cases of fetal or maternal conditions like stillbirth, prematurity, infection, or abnormalities to identify any pathological processes that may have interfered with placental function.
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The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient/gas exchange and waste removal. It consists of both fetal and maternal tissues. The fetal chorionic villi embed into the maternal decidua basalis and their blood vessels come into close contact but do not mix. This allows oxygen, nutrients and waste to pass between the mother and fetus by diffusion or transport across the placental barrier. The placenta serves critical respiratory, nutritive, excretory and endocrine functions to support the growth and development of the fetus throughout pregnancy.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
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The placenta is an essential organ that develops during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in supporting fetal growth and development.
Development of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
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All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
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The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy to allow nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. It attaches to the upper uterine wall and consists of fetal and maternal surfaces. The fetal surface has the umbilical cord attachment and visible blood vessels, while the maternal surface is rough and spongy. The placenta performs critical functions like nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, hormones production, and acts as a barrier between the mother and fetus. Complications can include abnormal attachment or multiple lobes. The amniotic fluid provides protection for the fetus and allows for movement. Its volume peaks at term pregnancy, then decreases, and abnormalities in volume can affect fetal development.
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The document discusses the development of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes during pregnancy. It describes how the chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac form and their functions. It also explains the structure and functions of the human placenta. The three trimesters of pregnancy are outlined, describing fetal development in each. The process of birth and the roles of hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins are summarized. Lactation and milk production triggered by prolactin is also mentioned.
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Placenta if developed from Chorionic Frondosum and deciduas.
It begins at 6 wk and completed by 12th wk.
Soemetimes, there is marked variation in the morphology including size, shape and weight of the placenta.
some of the common abnormalities are-
large placenta, small placenta, placenta marginata, placenta succenturaita
pleacenta extrachorialis
placenta membranecea, battledore placenta, bipartite tripartite placenta
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Gastrointestinal Infections
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Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
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Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
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Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
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ANY.docx
- 1. PLACENTA The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ – discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, larynthine structure attached to the uterine wall and establishes connection between the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. Structure of placenta It has two surfaces/components - Fetal surface: from chorion frondosum is smooth and shiny because it is covered by an amniotic membrane. The umbilical cord is attached centrally to this surface. At term about four –fifths of the placenta is of fetal origin. Maternal surface: from decidua basalis is rough and spongy, reddish, and has 15 – 20 elevated/polygonal areas called cotyledons with deep grooves/fissues in between made by the decidual septa. Maternal blood gives it a dull red colour. Only the decidua basalis and the blood in the intervillous space are of maternal in origin. By the end of the 4th month, the decidua basalis is almost entirely replaced by the fetal part of the placenta. During the 4th and 5th month, the decidua forms a number of decidual septa, which project into the intervillous space. The placenta consists of two plates— 1. The chorionic plate lies internally and lined by amniotic membrane. The umbilical cord is attached to this plate. 2. The basal plate lies to the maternal aspect. Between the two plates lies the intervillous space containing the stem villi and their branches the space being filled with maternal blood.