antiviral drug used in oral medicine

1. ANTIVIRAL DRUGS IN
ORAL MEDICINE
PREPARED BY;
ZHEEN MUHSIN

2. • Antivirals are usually nucleoside analogues, which compete with
natural nucleosides to block virus DNA synthesis, or pro-drugs
which generally produce greater bioavailability of the active agent.

3. ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
• Most antivirals achieve maximum benefit if given early in the disease.
• Most acute viral infections resolve naturally, though in immunocompromised persons they
may be severe, wide- spread or persistent.
• Antiviral resistance is now becoming a significant problem to immunocompromised
persons, especially those with a severe immune defect.
• Some antivirals active against herpesviruses and some active against retroviruses, such as
HIV.

4. CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Anti herpes virus drugs; aciclovir, penciciclovir , famiciclovir , Valaciclovir.
2.antiretro virus drugs;
a.Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
b.Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
c.Protease inhibitors
d.Entry inhibitors
e.CCR5 receptor antagonists

5. ANTIHERPES VIRUS
• These drugs are active against herpes groups of DNA viruses which include
herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), varicella-zoster
virus (VZV), epstien-Bar virus (EBV) and cytomegalo virus (CMV).

6. 1.ACICLOVIR
• Aciclovir, a guanosine analogue selectively phosphorylated to active form by
herpesvirus thymidine kinases has proven efficacy in herpes simplex virus (HSV)
infections, including herpes labialis and is fairly safe, though neurotoxic if given
intravenously. Acyclovir is not effective against cytomegalovirus (which has no
such thymidine kinase).

7. • tablet (200 mg) Oral suspension (200 mg/5 mL) Tablet (400, 800 mg)
• 400 mg or 200 mg 5 times daily for 5 days.
• Precautions renal dysfunction or co-administration of nephrotoxic drugs
• Common side effects headache, nausea, abdominal pain, arthralgia, fatigue, pharyngitis,
rash

8. 2.PENCICLOVIR
• Penciclovir :similar mechanism of action to that of aciclovir
• It is generally more effective topically than topical aciclovir, is cheaper than aciclovir but
only available as a cream
• Cream (1%)
• Apply to lesion every 2 h while awake for 4 d

9. 3-FAMCICLOVIR
. Famciclovir, a pro-drug of penciclovir, is particularly useful against HSV and varicella-
zoster virus (VZV), but produces DNA mutations that may predispose to cancer of
the breast or testis .
• Common side effects
• Headache, nausea, abdominal pain, arthralgia, fatigue, pharyngitis, rash

10. 4-VALACICLOVIR
• Is a prodrug of aciclovir; it has the advantage of a 2 or 3 times daily dosing only.
• Precautions renal dysfunction or co-administration of nephrotoxic drugs
• Common side effects headache, nausea, abdominal pain, arthralgia, fatigue, pharyngitis,
rash .

12. ANTIRETROVIRALAGENTS
• Antiretroviral therapy (ART) includes agents developed in the past decades, and though
effective all are liable to fairly severe adverse reactions and resistance and many can cause
drug interactions

13. • THANK YOU