This document summarizes research on antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). It discusses key symptoms of ASPD such as manipulation, lack of empathy, and risk-taking behavior. The document also reviews research suggesting dysfunction in areas like the prefrontal cortex and amygdala may contribute to ASPD. Conduct disorder is described as a childhood precursor. Aggression, criminality, and high rates of re-offending in those with ASPD are also covered. The paper concludes by discussing relationships between ASPD and other disorders like borderline personality disorder and substance abuse.
Male Sexual Addiction by Dr. LaVelle Hendricks - Published in the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
Hello Sir
We are a premier academic writing agency with industry partners in UK, Australia and Middle East and over 15 years of experience. We are looking to establish long-term relationships with industry partners and would love to discuss this opportunity further with you.
Thanks & Regards
visit our website.
www.onlineassignmenthelp.com.au
www.freeassignmenthelp.com
www.btechndassignment.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk
www.cheapassignmenthelp.com
www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.net/
Larry K. Brown, M.D., Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island - presenting on the topic of Adolescent Sexual Behavior: What Does Reserch Say and What Can Clinicians Do? -- at the Sheppard Pratt Health System Wednesday Grand Rounds Series for Mental Health Professionals (in Towson, MD). Presentation delivered on January 20, 2010. Contact info@sheppardpratt.org for more information on CME presentations at Sheppard Pratt.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
Male Sexual Addiction by Dr. LaVelle Hendricks - Published in the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
Hello Sir
We are a premier academic writing agency with industry partners in UK, Australia and Middle East and over 15 years of experience. We are looking to establish long-term relationships with industry partners and would love to discuss this opportunity further with you.
Thanks & Regards
visit our website.
www.onlineassignmenthelp.com.au
www.freeassignmenthelp.com
www.btechndassignment.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk
www.cheapassignmenthelp.com
www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.net/
Larry K. Brown, M.D., Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island - presenting on the topic of Adolescent Sexual Behavior: What Does Reserch Say and What Can Clinicians Do? -- at the Sheppard Pratt Health System Wednesday Grand Rounds Series for Mental Health Professionals (in Towson, MD). Presentation delivered on January 20, 2010. Contact info@sheppardpratt.org for more information on CME presentations at Sheppard Pratt.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
Ampersand Academy - Course Curriculum for SAS
Training Centre Location: Ashok Nagar, Chennai.
Online Training is Also Available.
For More Details Please Visit: www.ampersandacademy.com
Research-Based Interventions: Dissociative Identity Disorder 1
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE PLEASE DO NO COPY DO NOT PLAGiarism
Research-Based Interventions: Dissociative Identity Disorder
“Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more identities or personality states, each with its relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and the self” (Vermetten, Schmahl, Lindner, Loewenstein, & Bremner, 2006). There are many characteristics used that accompany Dissociative Disorder (DID). One method to understanding would be to know how the disorders are classified and defined. DID may be conceptualized effectively using the diathesis-stress model. There are many different intervention strategies for this disorder as well. Over time researchers have discovered the most effective treatments and interventions that can be used regarding DID. When one dissociates, the person may not have conscious awareness of what is happening (Vermetten, Schmahl, Lindner, Loewenstein, & Bremner, 2006).
Peer-reviewed Articles
One limitless, longitudinal, naturalistic, and prospective study investigated childhood maltreatment (CM) in adult intimate partner violence (IPV) victims among Dissociative Disorder (DD) patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder with CM rates of 80-95% and severe dissociative symptoms (Webermann, Brand, & Chasson, 2014). The methods of this study include 275 DD outpatient therapy patients who completed a self-reported measure of dissociation (Webermann, Brand, & Chasson, 2014). Analyses assessed associations between CM typologies, trait dissociation, and IPV (Webermann, Brand, & Chasson, 2014). The results of this study include emotional and physical child abuse associated with childhood witnessing of domestic violence, physical, and emotional IPV (Webermann, Brand, & Chasson, 2014) Two-tailed independent samples t -tests and z-tests were used in this study to represent data as well. “As an effect size, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to predict the likelihood of a participant being in an abusive adult relationship if they experienced a particular type of CM” (Webermann, Brand, & Chasson, 2014, p. 5).
A double-blind study was conducted including 15 females with DID compared to 23 without psychopathology., chosen by self-disclosure results of a questionnaire along with a structured clinical interview by psychiatrists The objective was to examine the volumetric differences between amygdala and hippocampal volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, a disorder that has been associated with a history of severe childhood trauma (Vermetten, Schmahl, Lindner, Loewenstein, & Bremner, 2006). These researchers used MRI to measure volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus. The results included the volume of the hippocampus being 19.2 % smaller and the amygdala being 31.6% smaller in patients with DID when compared to the other subjects without psychopath ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Junxian KuangLaura SinaiENG099101572018In the essay O.docxtawnyataylor528
Junxian Kuang
Laura Sinai
ENG099/101
5/7/2018
In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs shares her experiences, attitudes towards life as a multiple sclerosis patient. First, she claims that the diseases she has faced are brain tumor and MS, and those diseases literally changed her fate. The relationships of her family member and the attitude of Nancy’s mother have affected by MS. Also, she writes about her identities in society, her friends who have the same physical issue, thoughts from disabled parents’ children, and her desire to travel. MS affected Nancy Mairs’s family member as well as her thoughts.
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Causes Aggression: A Test of the Theory
of Social Deprivation
Tobias Greitemeyer and Christina Sagioglou
University of Innsbruck
Seven studies (overall N � 3690) addressed the relation between people’s subjective socioeconomic
status (SES) and their aggression levels. Based on relative deprivation theory, we proposed that people
low in subjective SES would feel at a disadvantage, which in turn would elicit aggressive responses. In
3 correlational studies, subjective SES was negatively related to trait aggression. Importantly, this
relation held when controlling for measures that are related to 1 or both subjective SES and trait
aggression, such as the dark tetrad and the Big Five. Four experimental studies then demonstrated that
participants in a low status condition were more aggressive than were participants in a high status
condition. Compared with a medium-SES condition, participants of low subjective SES were more
aggressive rather than participants of high subjective SES being less aggressive. Moreover, low SES
increased aggressive behavior toward targets that were the source for participants’ experience of
disadvantage but also toward neutral targets. Sequential mediation analyses suggest that the experience
of disadvantage underlies the effect of subjective SES on aggressive affect, whereas aggressive affect was
the proximal determinant of aggressive behavior. Taken together, the present research found compre-
hensive support for key predictions derived from the theory of relative deprivation of how the perception
of low SES is related to the person’s judgments, emotional reactions, and actions.
Keywords: aggression, relative deprivation, social class, socioeconomic status
In most Western societies, wealth inequality is at its historic
height. For example, in the United States, the richest 1% possesses
more than 40% of the country’s wealth (Wolff, 2012). In Germany,
the biggest economy in the European Union, the median household
in the top 20% of the income class has 74 times more wealth than
the bottom 20% (European Central Bank, 2013). Although there is
widespread consensus among citizens that wealth inequality
should be reduced (Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014; Norton & Ari-
ely, 2011), the wealth gap is actually increasing. For example, in
the United States, in 2012 the top 0.1% (including ...
This paper will discuss serial killers and identify a research pro.docxherthalearmont
This paper will discuss serial killers and identify a research problem in regard to the topic. Generally, a serial killer can be defined as a person who has murdered three or more people within a time range of more than a month with some significant emotional cooling periods in between the events. Furthermore, this has to be in service of abnormal psychological gratification. However, over the years, various professionals such as mental health experts and law enforcement investigators have been trying to study serial killers in vain since they have never reached a consensus in regard to the issue in question. Therefore, the problem to be addressed by this study is that there is not enough information about the life of the serial killers before the killings started (Abe, 2017). Comment by EasyTiger: Try to form a concise problem statement that has it’s own paragraphs apart from the rest of the sections or in a section of its own. The problem statement should have a maximum of 500 words.
Understanding serial killers
Generally, from the studies, it is clear that the motivations for serial killers are quite complex and therefore, only an intensive psychological analysis on the individuals can help in providing some significant insight. This might include how and why the individuals in question became serial killers. Information from the analysis can then be used in preventing cases of serial killings in future. For example, since the various incidences of serial killing are known to have a number of similar features, these similarities can be used to identify a killer who is actively killing and, hence, prevent any other cases of homicide in the future. However, the problem is that many relevant authorities or rather bodies that are supposed to deal with cases of serial killing lack this vital information that might be instead used to curb any further homicidal incidents. However, in a bid to understand them, there are some areas that need to be discussed in detail that include: the motivations involved in serial killings, the psychological, and neurodevelopment disorders (Ioana, 2017).
Psychological Disorders
As much as the research into serial killers might still be in its infancy, current evidence indicates that psychological disorders play a significant role. This can be well understood by looking into the motivations of serial killers. Evidence shows that some of the motivations involved in serial killing include the need for perfection or power or the fear of rejection. As a result, a majority is usually much afraid of rejection and is usually also very insecure. They also avoid close or painful relationships. This is the reasons many of them are usually reported to having sex with their victims or even their corpses to reduce the chances of being rejected. Furthermore, they tend to prolong the suffering of their victims, especially when killing with the main aim of creating a sense of power over the victims. In addition, they also hold on ...
Forensic psychiatric issues in intellectual disabilityDr. Robert Kohn
Forensic psychiatrists and neuropsychiatrists are likely to encounter individuals with intellectual disability as they are over‐represented in the judicial system.
The AssignmentRespond to at least two of your colleag.docxtodd541
The Assignment:
Respond
to at least
two
of your colleagues by providing one alternative therapeutic approach. Explain why you suggest this alternative and support your suggestion with evidence-based literature and/or your own experiences with clients. In APA Format, Cite and Provide at least 2 references no more five year old for each responses.
Colleagues
Respond# 1
Paranoid Personality Disorder (301.0), which comes out of general personality disorder. These individuals have a constant distrust and suspicion of others around them, thinking that everyone has a motive against them. These patients start having problems from childhood and it presents in a variety of ways. Some of them are being apprehensive and doubtful of others thinking they are going to exploit, harm, or deceive them. Constantly preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of the people closest to them. Reluctant to confide with the fear that their information will be used maliciously against them. Persistently bears grudges, perceives attacks on their character when it is not so and quick to react with ager or counterattack (A.P.A., 2013).
These individuals or personality disorders are usually treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, which is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem-solving between the therapist and the patient (Wheeler, 2014). Depending on what other underlying issues or disorders they have, other therapeutic therapies can also be introduced but for the most part, CBT is the one that is used often for personality disorders. for PPD medication is usually not given and psychotherapy is the route, but depending on what other extreme symptoms the patient may have like anxiety or depression, then medications can be given for them. Unfortunately, these individuals don’t see that they have problems and usually don’t seek medical help, which makes for a poor quality of life for these individuals. It is common for them to have other comorbidities such as substance misuse disorder, major depressive disorder, agoraphobia and OCD (Vollm et al, 2011).
The essential feature here with these patients is distrust and being suspicious of others and their surroundings, therefore in order to be able to have any kind of therapeutic or therapist relationship with them one has to first get their trust completely. Make them feel that you are completely on their side by sharing with them that you respect what they believe but you don’t share it or have the same belief, that you have nothing that can harm them, that you are genuine and are there only for them (Carroll, 2018). Once that is established, which may take some time and patience on the therapist part, then little by little we can point various things out to them to help them see that what they perceived as evil is not it and from these little examples that are clarified then we can explain to them the disorder or problem they have.
Colle.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Similar to Antisocial Personality Disorder Meta Analysis (20)
1. Running head: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 1
Antisocial Personality Disorder: a Meta-Analysis
Jonathan McCormick
Messiah College
2. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 2
Antisocial Personality Disorder: a Meta-Analysis
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder related to a person's
behavior. ASPD is often directly related to psychopathy, and those with ASPD often demonstrate
behaviors such as "emotional shallowness and lack of guilt", and aggression which are parkers of
psychopathy (Blair, 2001). It is, however, important to note that psychopathy and ASPD are not
synonymous. Research suggests that roughly 9% of people in the U.S. have a personality
disorder as classified by the DSM-IV with roughly 0.6% of the total population having ASPD
(National Institute of Mental Health, 2007). ASPD is part of cluster B in the DSM-V and
previous versions, and is therefore similar in nature to disorders such as Borderline Personality
Disorder, but it is different in key ways.1
Key symptoms of ASPD include persistent exploitation of others through the use of lies
and/or manipulations, disregard for right vs. wrong—particularly as it pertains to the rights of
others—, impulsive actions, unnecessary risk-taking, disregard for own or others safety, and
failure to learn from punishment (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013; Merrill, 2012; Psych Central Staff,
2014). People with ASPD may exibhit exceptional wit and charm, flattery and manipulations of
others, complete lack of empathy or remorse, inflated sense of self, and callousness and cynicism
towards others emotions (Merrill, 2012; Psych Central Staff, 2014). ASPD is found more in men
than it is found in women (Straussner & Nemenzik, 2007).
Brain Dysfunction
Research suggests that ASPD may be partially caused by a dysfunction in the brain.
People with damage to the prefrontal cortex seem to have an increased risk of developing
reactive aggression (Blair, 2001; Gregory, et al., 2012). Furthermore, the more threatened the
person with high reactive aggression feels in a given situation, the more likely they are to be
1 This paragraph was inspired by Poole, A. (2013).
3. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 3
aggressive, particularly if their hypothalamus and periaqueductal grey areas are not functioning
properly. Blair (2001) asserts that another possibility is that persons with psychopathy may have
a disruption to their violence inhibition mechanism which works to inhibit violence in certain
situations. The area of the brain this relates to is the amygdala.
A study by Gregory, et al. (2012) revealed that gray matter volumes in men with ASPD
and psychopathic traits was significantly less than in men without psychotic traits, and those
without ASPD entirely. The study states that gray matter volume in areas involved in
"…empathic processing, moral reasoning, and processing of prosocial emotion such as guilt and
embarrassment may contribute to the profound abnormalities of social behavior observed in
psychopathy" (Gregory, et al., 2012). Finally, Gregory, et al. (2012) reports that men with ASPD
with psychopathic traits have significantly less gray matter in several regions of the brain when
compared to men without psychopathic traits, and those without ASPD.
Conduct Disorder
Conduct Disorder is a childhood disorder that manifests itself in the behavior of the child
with relation to socially unacceptable behavioral and emotional problems (American Academy
of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013). These children are considered delinquent or "bad" by
others. They manifest aggressive tendencies towards people and animals, deliberate destruction
of other's property, dishonesty, and serious violations of rules or laws.
In order to be diagnosed with ASPD, a person must have been diagnosed with Conduct
Disorder (CD) prior to age 15 (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Straussner & Nemenzik,
2007). CD is essentially the same diagnosis as ASPD, only for children. In order to be diagnosed
with CD, one must "…show at least three different forms of antisocial behavior for at least 6
months…" (Blair, 2001), as well as be under the age of 15. Furthermore, Conduct Disorder in
4. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 4
children can often be a predictor of ASPD in adulthood (Lahey, Loeber, Burke, & Applegate,
2005). It was found that 82% of adults with sociopathy had been previously diagnosed with CD.
Aggression and Criminality
Aggression
One of the more well-known traits of ASPD is aggressive behavior. The two major kinds
of aggression are proactive aggression and reactive aggression (Ross & Babcock, 2009;
Lobbestael, Cima, & Arntz, 2013). Proactive aggression is motivated by a need for control, and
reactive aggression is motivated by emotion.
Reactive aggression is impulsive and unplanned (Ross & Babcock, 2009). It is enacted in
a moment of high arousal and intense anger. People with ASPD who engage in reactive
aggression are usually reacting to a perceived insult or threat. This type of aggression is
congruent with the impulsive actions and disregard for the safety of others symptoms of ASPD.
Furthermore, it shows the person's lack of empathy and inflated sense of self.
In contrast, proactive aggression tends to be planned, committed without provocation,
and without anger (Ross & Babcock, 2009; Lobbestael, Cima, & Arntz, 2013). In this case the
violence is a means to an end, which is congruent with these people's manipulation of others to
serve their own purpose, their lack of remorse and empathy, and their callousness towards others
emotions. Often, in marriages or partnerships the violence is used as a way for the person with
ASPD to control their partner and resolve conflicts.
Oftentimes both of these types of aggression can be found in the same person (Ross &
Babcock, 2009; Lobbestael, Cima, & Arntz, 2013). While reactive aggression will often be found
without proactive aggression, it is rarer that proactive aggression be found in someone with no
history of reactive aggression. This suggests that aggression is better represented by a two-factor
5. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 5
model (both proactive and reactive aggression) rather than by a single-factor (one or the other,
but not both). Furthermore, callous and unemotional traits have been linked with severe
aggression in a study done by Stickle and Kirkpatrick (2009).
Criminality
Due to the necessity of violating other's rights for the diagnosis of ASPD, it is
intrinsically linked with criminal behavior. According to a study by Black, Gunter, Loveless,
Allen, and Sieleni (2010) roughly 35% of newly incarcerated offenders meet criteria for ASPD.
Research suggests that people with ASPD who are released from incarceration will offend again
(Howard, McArthy, Husband, & Duggan, 2013). In the study by Howard et al. (2013) it was
found that about 53% of released patients were re-convicted within 5 years. However, research
also shows that person's with ASPD who have high intelligence tend to commit less criminal acts
compared to those with lower intelligence scores (Wall, Sellbom, & Goodwin, 2013).
Related Disorders
Apart from Conduct Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is the disorder in
the DSM-V most closely associated with ASPD. It is characterized by "unstable moods, behavior,
and relationships" (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). Common symptoms include
extreme reactions to real or perceived abandonment, intense relationships, distorted and unstable
sense of self, impulsive behaviors, intense and unpredictable moods, intense and inappropriate
anger, and chronic feelings of emptiness. These people will often have symptoms triggered over
seemingly ordinary things—such as a friend canceling plans due to unforeseen circumstances.
BPD is more common in women than it is in men (Straussner & Nemenzik, 2007).
The symptom that BPD and ASPD have most in common is impulsive behavior. Both
disorders are marked by impulsivity and dangerous behaviors. However, there are factors that
6. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 6
differentiate the two. A study by Kurtz and DeShong (2013) found that BPD uniquely contained
negative urgency and lack of perseverance, while ASPD uniquely contained sensation seeking
and lack of premeditation.
Comorbidity
ASPD is often comorbid with Borderline Personality Disorder, and with substance use
disorders (DeShong & Kurtz, 2013; Howard, McArthy, Husband, & Duggan, 2013; Straussner &
Nemenzik, 2007). DeShong and Kurtz (2013) state that ASPD and BPD comorbidity is a
problem that complicates diagnosis. They also state that the two are "highly comorbid", and that
this might be partially due to the shared impulsivity criterion (DeShong & Kurtz, 2013).
Straussner and Nemenzik (2007) state that personality disorders and substance use
disorders are "…among the most commonly co-occuring mental health diagnoses" (p. 6). They
further state that those personality disorders in cluster B—which containes BPD and ASPD—are
the most commonly comorbid with substance use disorders. They found that roughly 24 – 43%
of opiod users also have ASPD.
This comorbidity is even more likely in prisons. Furthermore, Howard et al. (2013)
discovered that prediction of criminal recidivism was impacted heavily with ASPD/BPD
comorbid with Conduct Disorder and drug and alcohol abuse. They found that criminals with
ASPD or BPD were likely to reoffend faster if they had some form of comorbidity with
substance abuse.
Conclusion
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder in cluster B of the
DSM-V that is characterized primarily by criminal disregard for the rights of others,
manipulation of others for personal gain, impulsive and dangerous behavior, lack of empathy or
7. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 7
remorse, and callousness towards other's emotions. There is some research that suggests a
possible cause for ASPD in some cases may be a dysfunction in the brain, particularly due to
damage in the preftrontal cortex. Conduct disorder (CD) is a childhood form of ASPD, and is a
prerequisit disorder for ASPD. Many people with ASPD exhibit aggressive behavior in the form
of reactive aggression, proactive aggression, or both. Due to criminal disregard for other's rights
being a requirement of ASPD many people with this disorder are convicted criminals. ASPD is
closely related to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in that both show signs of impulsivity,
but they differ in the way the impulsive behaviors manifest themselves. Finally, ASPD is often
comorbid with BPD and substance use or abuse disorders, and this impacts how fast they will
reoffend after being released from incarceration.
8. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 8
References
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2013, August). Conduct Disorder.
Retrieved from American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.
Black, D. W., Gunter, T., Loveless, P., Allen, J., & Sieleni, B. (2010). Antisocial Personality
Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders: Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life. Annals
of Clinical Psychiatry, 113-120.
Blair, J. (2001). Neurocognitive Models of Aggression, the Antisocial Personality Disorders, and
Psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 727-731.
DeShong, H. L., & Kurtz, J. E. (2013). Four Factors of Impulsivity Differentiate Antsocial and
Borderline Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 144-156.
Gregory, P. S., Ffytche, MD, MRCPsych, D., Simmons, PhD, S., Kumari, PhD, V., Howard,
PhD, M., Hodgins, PhD, S., & Blackwood, MA, MD, MRCPsych, N. (2012). The
Antisocial Brain: Psychopathy Matters A Srtuctural MRI Investigation of Antisocial
Male Violent Offenders. JAMA Psychiatry.
Howard, R., McArthy, L., Husband, N., & Duggan, C. (2013). Re-offending in Forensic Patients
Released from Secure Care: The Role of Antisocial/Borderline Personality Disorder Co-
morbidity, Substance Dependence and Severe Childhood Conduct Disorder. Criminal
Behavior and Mental Health, 191-202.
Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., & Applegate, B. (2005). Predicting Future Antisocial
Personality Disorder in Males From a Clinical Assessment in Childhood. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 389-399.
9. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 9
Lobbestael, J., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2013). The Relationship Between Adult Reactive and
Proactive Aggression, Hostile Interpretation Bias, and Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Journal of Personality Disorders, 53-66.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2013, April 12). Antisocial Personality Disorder. Retrieved from Mayo
Clinic.
Merrill, M. D. (2012, November 10). Antisocial Personality Disorder. Retrieved from
MedlinePlus.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2007, October 18). National Survey Tracks Prevalence of
Personality Disorders in U.S. Population. Retrieved from National Institute of Mental
Health.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). Borderline Personality Disorder. Retrieved from
National Institute of Mental Health.
Psych Central Staff. (2014, May 4). Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms. Retrieved from
PsychCentral.
Ross, J. M., & Babcock, J. C. (2009). Proactive and Reactive Violence Among Intimate Partner
Violent Men Diagnosed with Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of
Family Violence, 607-617.
Steadham, J. A., & Rogers, R. (2013). Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression in Jail
Detainees: An Initial Examination. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 411-428.
Stickle, T. R., & Kirkpatrick, N. M. (2009). Callous-Unemotional Traits and Social Information
Processing: Multiple Risk-Factor Models for Understanding Aggressive Behavior in
Antisocial Youth. Law & Human Behavior, 515-529.
10. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS 10
Straussner, S. L., & Nemenzik, J. M. (2007). Co-Occuring Substance Use and Personality
Disorders: Current Thinking on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Social
Work Practice in the Addictions, 5-23.
Wall, T. D., Sellbom, M., & Goodwin, B. E. (2013). Examination of Intelligence as a
Compensatory Factor in Non-Criminal Psychopathy in a Non-Incarcerated Sample.
Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 450-459.