ANTIHISTAMINES.pptx
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Histamine is a chemical produced in mast cells that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. Antihistamines work by competitively blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions, motion sickness, chemotherapy-induced vomiting, and drug-induced parkinsonism. First generation antihistamines are more sedating and have antimuscarinic effects while second generation antihistamines have less sedation but can cause arrhythmias. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with receptors 1-7 that is involved in anxiety, migraines, gastrointestinal function, and irritable bowel syndrome.
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Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics People's Dental Academy and Research Center
This document provides an overview of histamines and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and its effects mediated through four types of histamine receptors. It then focuses on H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines), describing their classification, pharmacological actions, and uses in treating allergic disorders and motion sickness. Newer non-sedating antihistamines are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications of antihistamines in dentistry, such as in treating allergic reactions to local anesthetics.Histamine formation
Histamine and antihistamines are discussed. Histamine is released from mast cells during allergic reactions and causes effects through H1, H2, and H3 receptors. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor, preventing histamine's effects. First generation antihistamines are sedating due to crossing the blood brain barrier, while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating as they do not cross as readily. Specific antihistamines discussed include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, and fexofenadine. H2 antagonists like cimetidine and famotidine competitively block the H2 receptor to inhibit gastric acid secretion
Antihistaminics divya
Histamine is a local hormone that is involved in physiological and pathological processes. It is stored in mast cells and released during allergic reactions. Histamine acts through four histamine receptors (H1-H4) and causes effects such as vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines are drugs that competitively block the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions. First generation antihistamines are sedating while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating but have fewer adverse effects. Histamine and antihistamines play important roles in allergic inflammation and disease.
هستامین.pptx
This document provides information about histamine and anti-histamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released in response to stimuli like allergens and causes effects through four main histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. Anti-histamines work by blocking the H1 and H2 receptors. First generation anti-histamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. They are used to treat allergies, hives, and gastric disorders.
AUTOCOIDS used in pharmacology- drugs, moa
Autoacids are locally acting hormones that include amines, eicosanoids, and peptides. Histamine is a major amine autoacid involved in allergic reactions through its H1, H2, and H3 receptors. It is stored in mast cells and basophils and released by immunological and non-immunological stimuli. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that acts through 12 receptor subtypes and is involved in platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, and nausea/vomiting through its 5-HT3 receptor. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes are involved in inflammation, platelet aggregation, bronchial tone, and uterine contractions. Vasoactive peptides such as brady
Histamine
Histamine is a biogenic amine found in many tissues that is involved in allergic and inflammatory processes as well as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils and released during allergic reactions. Histamine exerts its effects through four receptor subtypes (H1-H4), with H1 and H2 receptors having drugs that target them clinically. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and motion sickness, while H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. New drugs targeting H3 and H4 receptors may provide treatments for neurological and inflammatory conditions, respectively.
PHARMACOLOGY (HISTAMINE ITS ANTAGONISTS) pptx
This document discusses autacoids and histamine and antihistamines. It defines autacoids as locally acting substances produced by cells that have intense biological activity. Histamine is described as an autacoid mediator that is widely distributed and involved in allergic reactions. The document outlines the synthesis, release, mechanisms of action, effects and clinical uses of histamine. It also discusses antihistamines, describing first and second-generation H1 receptor antagonists, their mechanisms of action, uses in allergies and motion sickness, and potential adverse effects.
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This document provides an overview of histamines and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and its effects mediated through four types of histamine receptors. It then focuses on H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines), describing their classification, pharmacological actions, and uses in treating allergic disorders and motion sickness. Newer non-sedating antihistamines are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications of antihistamines in dentistry, such as in treating allergic reactions to local anesthetics.Histamine formation
Histamine and antihistamines are discussed. Histamine is released from mast cells during allergic reactions and causes effects through H1, H2, and H3 receptors. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor, preventing histamine's effects. First generation antihistamines are sedating due to crossing the blood brain barrier, while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating as they do not cross as readily. Specific antihistamines discussed include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, and fexofenadine. H2 antagonists like cimetidine and famotidine competitively block the H2 receptor to inhibit gastric acid secretion
Antihistaminics divya
Histamine is a local hormone that is involved in physiological and pathological processes. It is stored in mast cells and released during allergic reactions. Histamine acts through four histamine receptors (H1-H4) and causes effects such as vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines are drugs that competitively block the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions. First generation antihistamines are sedating while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating but have fewer adverse effects. Histamine and antihistamines play important roles in allergic inflammation and disease.
هستامین.pptx
This document provides information about histamine and anti-histamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released in response to stimuli like allergens and causes effects through four main histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. Anti-histamines work by blocking the H1 and H2 receptors. First generation anti-histamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. They are used to treat allergies, hives, and gastric disorders.
AUTOCOIDS used in pharmacology- drugs, moa
Autoacids are locally acting hormones that include amines, eicosanoids, and peptides. Histamine is a major amine autoacid involved in allergic reactions through its H1, H2, and H3 receptors. It is stored in mast cells and basophils and released by immunological and non-immunological stimuli. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that acts through 12 receptor subtypes and is involved in platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, and nausea/vomiting through its 5-HT3 receptor. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes are involved in inflammation, platelet aggregation, bronchial tone, and uterine contractions. Vasoactive peptides such as brady
Histamine
Histamine is a biogenic amine found in many tissues that is involved in allergic and inflammatory processes as well as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils and released during allergic reactions. Histamine exerts its effects through four receptor subtypes (H1-H4), with H1 and H2 receptors having drugs that target them clinically. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and motion sickness, while H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. New drugs targeting H3 and H4 receptors may provide treatments for neurological and inflammatory conditions, respectively.
PHARMACOLOGY (HISTAMINE ITS ANTAGONISTS) pptx
This document discusses autacoids and histamine and antihistamines. It defines autacoids as locally acting substances produced by cells that have intense biological activity. Histamine is described as an autacoid mediator that is widely distributed and involved in allergic reactions. The document outlines the synthesis, release, mechanisms of action, effects and clinical uses of histamine. It also discusses antihistamines, describing first and second-generation H1 receptor antagonists, their mechanisms of action, uses in allergies and motion sickness, and potential adverse effects.
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7.a. histamine & antihistaminics
Histamine is a biologically active amine released from mast cells and basophils in response to allergens and other stimuli, causing allergic reactions and lowering blood pressure. It binds to H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors mediate allergic symptoms, lowering blood pressure, bronchoconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and loratadine block H1 receptors, treating allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia with varying side effects. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine inhibit gastric acid secretion, treating ulcers and reflux. Second generation antihistamines have fewer anticholinergic and sedative side
Antihistamine presentation
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
Antihistaminic
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It provides details on histamine including its synthesis, storage, receptors, and role in allergic reactions and inflammation. It then describes first and second generation antihistamines that act as H1 receptor antagonists to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and other conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. The patient described has seasonal allergic rhinitis, so a second generation antihistamine with fewer side effects would be most suitable. First generation antihistamines that cause drowsiness should be avoided.
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This document discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of histamine and antihistamine drugs. It provides details on:
- The discovery and properties of histamine.
- Histamine synthesis from histidine, release from mast cells and other tissues, and metabolism by histamine-N-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase.
- The four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), their distribution, and role in various physiological effects.
- The pharmacological effects of histamine release including allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
- Classes of antihistamine drugs including H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, as well as mast cell stabilizers that inhibit histamine release
Histamines
This document discusses histamine, an amine that acts as a chemical messenger in many cellular responses. It is released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions and causes symptoms like congestion and itching. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor to reduce these symptoms. H2 blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the H2 receptor. Research continues on the roles and potential drug targets of other histamine receptors like H3, H4, and ligands that may treat conditions like sleep disorders, pruritus, and autoimmune disease.
Histamine and antihistamine drugs
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Antihistamine drugs work by blocking the effects of the chemical messenger histamine. Histamine is produced by mast cells and basophils and mediates various cellular responses like allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. First generation antihistamines are sedating but treat allergic conditions, while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating. Antihistamines have therapeutic uses for allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia by competing for histamine receptor sites. Side effects include sedation and anticholinergic effects. Histamine release can also be inhibited by glucocorticoids, mast cell stabilizers, adrenaline, and H1 receptor antagonists. Epinephrine is preferred for anaphylaxis
Pharmacology of AUTOCOIDS : HISTAMINE & ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory responses. It acts through four receptor subtypes: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. H2 receptors increase gastric acid secretion. Synthetic analogues that act as agonists or antagonists at specific receptor subtypes have therapeutic uses. Betahistine is an H1 agonist used for vertigo, while betazole and impromidine are H2 agonists that stimulate gastric acid secretion. Clozapine is an H4 agonist antipsychotic primarily used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
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This document provides information about histamine including its formation, locations in the body, pharmacological effects, and roles. It discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), their locations, functions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Histamine is formed from the amino acid l-histidine and is involved in various physiological processes like gastric acid secretion, sleep-wake regulation, and vascular dilation. It also mediates immune responses and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Autacoids BY DR mukesh.pptx
1) Autacoids are substances that act near their site of synthesis and include histamine, prostaglandins, and peptides.
2) Histamine is classified as an amine autacoid and is produced from histidine by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. It is involved in allergic responses and stored in mast cells and basophils.
3) First generation antihistamines are older drugs that are sedating and have antimuscarinic effects, while second generation antihistamines are newer, longer acting drugs with less sedation and no autonomic effects.
histamine
Introduction
Histamine and its synthesis
Histamine receptors and its features
Pharmacological action
Pathophysiological action
Anaphylaxis and its treatment
H1 receptor antagonist
Pharmacological actions
Therapeutic actions
Newer, nonsedative antihistaminics
H2 receptor antagonists
H3 receptor antagonist
Conclusion
References
Autacoids1
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
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Autocoids is an important topic in pharmacology studied in medical courses. Autocoids are biological factors act like local hormones.
b1. Histamine.pdf
Overview of Discussion-
Histamine
Synthesis, storage, release and destruction
Histamine receptors
Pharmacological actions
Pathophysiological roles
Uses
Histamine analogue
Histamine releasers
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Histamine is a biogenic amine found throughout the body. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells and basophils. Upon release, histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, exerting various effects. H1 receptor antagonists, also known as antihistamines, are used to treat allergic reactions by blocking the effects of histamine. Common first-generation antihistamines have anticholinergic effects which can cause sedation as a side effect. Newer second-generation antihistamines are more specific to H1 receptors with fewer side effects. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and found primarily in the
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Histamine is a biologically active amine released from mast cells and basophils in response to allergens and other stimuli, causing allergic reactions and lowering blood pressure. It binds to H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors mediate allergic symptoms, lowering blood pressure, bronchoconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and loratadine block H1 receptors, treating allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia with varying side effects. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine inhibit gastric acid secretion, treating ulcers and reflux. Second generation antihistamines have fewer anticholinergic and sedative side
Antihistamine presentation
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
Antihistaminic
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It provides details on histamine including its synthesis, storage, receptors, and role in allergic reactions and inflammation. It then describes first and second generation antihistamines that act as H1 receptor antagonists to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and other conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. The patient described has seasonal allergic rhinitis, so a second generation antihistamine with fewer side effects would be most suitable. First generation antihistamines that cause drowsiness should be avoided.
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Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Antihistamines by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
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This document discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of histamine and antihistamine drugs. It provides details on:
- The discovery and properties of histamine.
- Histamine synthesis from histidine, release from mast cells and other tissues, and metabolism by histamine-N-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase.
- The four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), their distribution, and role in various physiological effects.
- The pharmacological effects of histamine release including allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
- Classes of antihistamine drugs including H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, as well as mast cell stabilizers that inhibit histamine release
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This document discusses histamine, an amine that acts as a chemical messenger in many cellular responses. It is released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions and causes symptoms like congestion and itching. Antihistamines block the H1 receptor to reduce these symptoms. H2 blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the H2 receptor. Research continues on the roles and potential drug targets of other histamine receptors like H3, H4, and ligands that may treat conditions like sleep disorders, pruritus, and autoimmune disease.
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This document discusses autacoids and serotonin. It defines autacoids as biological agents that act locally at the site of synthesis and release, like local hormones. Two important amine autacoids are histamine and serotonin. Histamine is stored in mast cell granules and plays roles in hypersensitivity, tissue injury, and gastric acid secretion. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and acts as a neurotransmitter and in gastrointestinal functions. The document describes the receptors, biosynthesis, metabolism, and pharmacological actions of histamine and serotonin, as well as the mechanisms and uses of antihistamines and anti-serotonin drugs.
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This document provides information about histamine including its formation, locations in the body, pharmacological effects, and roles. It discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), their locations, functions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Histamine is formed from the amino acid l-histidine and is involved in various physiological processes like gastric acid secretion, sleep-wake regulation, and vascular dilation. It also mediates immune responses and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Autacoids BY DR mukesh.pptx
1) Autacoids are substances that act near their site of synthesis and include histamine, prostaglandins, and peptides.
2) Histamine is classified as an amine autacoid and is produced from histidine by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. It is involved in allergic responses and stored in mast cells and basophils.
3) First generation antihistamines are older drugs that are sedating and have antimuscarinic effects, while second generation antihistamines are newer, longer acting drugs with less sedation and no autonomic effects.
histamine
Introduction
Histamine and its synthesis
Histamine receptors and its features
Pharmacological action
Pathophysiological action
Anaphylaxis and its treatment
H1 receptor antagonist
Pharmacological actions
Therapeutic actions
Newer, nonsedative antihistaminics
H2 receptor antagonists
H3 receptor antagonist
Conclusion
References
Autacoids1
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
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Autocoids is an important topic in pharmacology studied in medical courses. Autocoids are biological factors act like local hormones.
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Synthesis, storage, release and destruction
Histamine receptors
Pharmacological actions
Pathophysiological roles
Uses
Histamine analogue
Histamine releasers
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Histamine is a biogenic amine found throughout the body. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells and basophils. Upon release, histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, exerting various effects. H1 receptor antagonists, also known as antihistamines, are used to treat allergic reactions by blocking the effects of histamine. Common first-generation antihistamines have anticholinergic effects which can cause sedation as a side effect. Newer second-generation antihistamines are more specific to H1 receptors with fewer side effects. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and found primarily in the
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Histamine is a chemical produced in mast cells that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. Antihistamines work by competitively blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions, motion sickness, chemotherapy-induced vomiting, and morning sickness. First generation antihistamines are more sedating and have anticholinergic effects while second generation have less sedation but can cause arrhythmias. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with receptors 1-7 and agonists are used to treat anxiety, migraines, and irritable bowel syndrome while antagonists treat carcinoid tumors and cold-induced urticaria.
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This document discusses antitussive drugs, which are used to suppress cough. It describes two types of antitussive drugs: centrally-acting drugs that work by inhibiting the cough center in the brain, and peripherally-acting drugs that reduce cough by acting on components of the cough reflex in the respiratory tract. Examples of commonly used centrally-acting antitussives include opioids, dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. Peripherally-acting antitussives include expectorants, bronchodilators, local anesthetics, and nasal decongestants. The document also discusses the mechanisms and side effects of various antitussive drugs.
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The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
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Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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ANTIHISTAMINES.pptx
- 2. HISTAMINE 1-It is a chemical produced in mast cells. Histidine Histamine MAO 2-It mediates cellular responses like: A- Allergic and inflammatory reactions B- Gastric acid secretion C- Neurotransmission in brain. 3-It has no clinical applications 4- Antihistamines have therapeutic applications.
- 3. HISTAMINE RECEPTORS H1: Pain and itching in the skin, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation H2: Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells in stomach, Cardio stimulant, To ↓ histamine release from mast cells H3: Presynaptic modulation of histamine in CNS H4: Leukocytes (eosinophil), mast cells Chemotactic responses
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-HISTAMINES H1-Antagonist: First generation anti-histamines: (More sedation) Chlorpheniramine Brompheniramine Cyclizine Meclizine Promethazine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Carbinoxamine
- 5. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-HISTAMINES H1-Antagonist: Second generation anti-histamines:(Less sedation) Fexofanadine Loratidine Desloratidine Cetrizine
- 6. ANTIHISTAMINES Mechanism of action: 1-H1 blockers are competitive antagonists of histamine at the H1-R 2-No effect on histamine release from storage sites First generation H1-R Muscarinic-R α1-R Serotonin-R Second generation H1-R
- 7. CLINICAL USES OF ANTIHISTAMINES 1-Allergic and inflammatory conditions: Allergic rhinitis Hay fever Allergic conjunctivitis Urticaria 2-Anti-motion sickness: Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, cyclizine, meclizine, promethazine 3-Chemotherapy-induced vomiting Diphenhydramine
- 8. CLINICAL USES OF ANTIHISTAMINES 4-Morning sickness in pregnancy: Doxylamine 5-Drug-induced parkinsonism: Diphenhydramine( parentrally) Acute suppression of extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antipsychotics 6-As local anesthetics: Diphenhydramine, Promethazine
- 9. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTI-HISTAMINES First generation 1-Sedation 2-Antimuscarinic effects Dry mouth and blurred vision, urinary retention, tachycardia 3-Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade Orthostatic hypotension (Promethazine) 4-Contact dermatitis Diphenhydramine 5-Excitation and convulsions in children
- 10. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTI-HISTAMINES Second generation: Headache Arrhythmias (Terfenadine)
- 11. SEROTONIN It is a local hormone, neurotransmitter Receptors: 1-7 Clinical uses: Serotonin agonist 1-BuspironeAnxiolytic 2-SumatriptanMigraine 3-Cisapride Gastro esophageal reflex and motility disorders 4-Tegaserod Irritable bowel syndrome
- 12. SEROTONIN Clinical uses: Serotonin antagonist Cyproheptadine 1-Carcinoid tumor 2-Cold induced urticaria Ondansetron For nausea and vomiting associated with surgery and chemotherapy
Editor's Notes
- First generation more lipid soluble and more effects on autonomic receptors
- Second generation: Less lipid soluble, less effects on autonomic receptors
- Second generation: Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria (DOC)