INTRODUCTION
DISEASE SPOTLIGHT
CLASSIFICATION OF CONVULSION
MACHANISM OF ANTICONVULSANT
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CONVULSANTS
DOSAGE AND DILUTION
NURSES PRECAUTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES
CONCLUSION
Hippocrates first suggested epilepsy was a brain disorder in 400 BC. It is defined as brief episodes of loss of consciousness due to abnormal brain neuron firing. Seizures can be focal or generalized. Common seizure types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, complex partial, and simple partial. Antiepileptic drugs work by modifying ion conductances like sodium channels, increasing GABA effects, or blocking glutamate receptors. Common antiepileptic drugs include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, ethosuximide, and phenobarbital. Adverse effects and drug interactions must be monitored with long-term antiepileptic treatment.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug used to treat seizures, bipolar disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, and other conditions. It works by decreasing synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Common side effects include drowsiness, headache, nausea, and skin rashes. As a nurse, it is important to advise patients to avoid driving or activities requiring alertness due to dizziness, not to drink alcohol while taking the drug, and to undergo regular monitoring due to potential side effects affecting the blood, heart, liver, kidneys, and bone marrow.
This document discusses antidepressants and their administration. It notes that antidepressants are used to treat depressive illness and are also called mood elevators. It provides details on dosages for anxiety/insomnia which are usually taken orally. Nurses must have a written order before administering any drugs and all medications given must be charted. Safety measures while giving drugs are also outlined. The document discusses the mechanism of action of antidepressants in blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. It lists indications, contraindications, side effects, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and the responsibilities of nurses when administering antidepressants. Patient teaching points are also provided.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Hippocrates first suggested epilepsy was a brain disorder in 400 BC. It is defined as brief episodes of loss of consciousness due to abnormal brain neuron firing. Seizures can be focal or generalized. Common seizure types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, complex partial, and simple partial. Antiepileptic drugs work by modifying ion conductances like sodium channels, increasing GABA effects, or blocking glutamate receptors. Common antiepileptic drugs include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, ethosuximide, and phenobarbital. Adverse effects and drug interactions must be monitored with long-term antiepileptic treatment.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug used to treat seizures, bipolar disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, and other conditions. It works by decreasing synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Common side effects include drowsiness, headache, nausea, and skin rashes. As a nurse, it is important to advise patients to avoid driving or activities requiring alertness due to dizziness, not to drink alcohol while taking the drug, and to undergo regular monitoring due to potential side effects affecting the blood, heart, liver, kidneys, and bone marrow.
This document discusses antidepressants and their administration. It notes that antidepressants are used to treat depressive illness and are also called mood elevators. It provides details on dosages for anxiety/insomnia which are usually taken orally. Nurses must have a written order before administering any drugs and all medications given must be charted. Safety measures while giving drugs are also outlined. The document discusses the mechanism of action of antidepressants in blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. It lists indications, contraindications, side effects, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and the responsibilities of nurses when administering antidepressants. Patient teaching points are also provided.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Antidepressants are a class of medication used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic pain conditions and to help manage addictions. Common side-effects of antidepressants include dry mouth, weight gain, dizziness, headaches, sexual dysfunction, and emotional blunting
Drugs used in hormonal disorders & supplementation etcMr. Dipti sorte
This document discusses drugs used for hormonal disorders and supplementation, contraception, and medical termination of pregnancy. It covers several categories of drugs including:
- Insulin and oral hypoglycemics used to treat diabetes by lowering blood glucose.
- Thyroid supplements and suppressants that control metabolic rate by increasing or decreasing thyroid hormone levels.
- Uterine stimulants and relaxants that respectively increase or decrease uterine contractions, used for labor induction/augmentation or to prevent preterm labor.
- Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, and abortifacients (drugs that induce abortion) are also mentioned.
Codeine is a commonly used antitussive (cough suppressant) that works by raising the stimulus threshold of the cough center in the brain. It is effective at reducing coughs by 40-60% compared to placebos. Codeine is also a mild opioid analgesic. Other antitussives include dextromethorphan (non-opioid), expectorants like guaifenesin to loosen mucus, and mucolytics like acetylcysteine that work to liquefy mucus in the respiratory tract.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Drugs used in skin disorders- Mr. Pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various skin disorders. It begins by defining common skin lesions and conditions like macules, papules, and eczema. It then describes several categories of drugs used to treat skin disorders, including topical preparations, antihistamines for pruritus, corticosteroids for inflammation, antifungals for mycosis, and antibiotics for acne. Specific drugs are provided as examples for each category. Common drug treatments are outlined for conditions like warts, minor cuts, and fungal infections affecting different body sites. The document concludes by listing several references.
This document discusses various classes of antiemetic, prokinetic, and digestant drugs. It covers:
1. The mechanisms and classifications of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists, and cannabinoids.
2. The mechanisms and uses of prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride.
3. Guidelines for using different classes of antiemetic drugs to treat conditions like nausea from cancer chemotherapy, morning sickness, and motion sickness.
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
This document provides information on antianxiety drugs. It discusses that anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state associated with unease from an unknown threat. Treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then describes various classes of antianxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, barbiturates, beta blockers, and antidepressants. The document focuses on benzodiazepines, explaining their mechanism of action by enhancing GABA through binding sites on GABA receptors. It discusses their therapeutic uses for anxiety disorders, seizures, muscle disorders and as amnesia for medical procedures. Potential adverse effects and drug interactions are also summarized.
Anticonvulsants are medications used to treat seizures and epilepsy. They work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, inhibiting sodium or calcium channels, or other mechanisms. Common anticonvulsants discussed include carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, valproate, and benzodiazepines like diazepam. Each drug has specific indications, mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, side effects, and contraindications.
Depression is a mental illness characterized by changes in mood and loss of interest. It has several potential causes like abuse, loss, isolation, stress, or unemployment. There are different types of depression including unipolar, reactive, endogenous, and bipolar. Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Common antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAO inhibitors. SSRIs are now the first-line treatment due to their safer side effect profile compared to older TCAs.
It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
Opioids are analgesics that relieve pain by stimulating mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid that is commonly used to treat severe acute pain such as that from burns, fractures, cancer, or myocardial infarction. Morphine acts by producing analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long term use. Adverse effects of morphine include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, itching, and the development of tolerance. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose.
The document discusses opioids, specifically morphine. It classifies opioids based on their receptor activity and source. Morphine is the most important alkaloid from opium and acts on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It has analgesic, sedative and respiratory depressive effects. Tolerance and dependence develop with prolonged use. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose. Nursing implications include close monitoring of respiration and for signs of tolerance with prolonged use.
This document provides information about sodium valproate, including its uses, pharmacology, therapeutic indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing implications. Sodium valproate is used to treat bipolar disorder and other mental health conditions. It is rapidly absorbed and has a half-life of 8-17 hours. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, liver problems, and bleeding issues. Nurses should monitor patients for therapeutic effects and side effects and educate patients about proper administration and risks during pregnancy.
This document provides information on continuing nursing education about antipsychotic medications. It discusses the typical uses of antipsychotics including conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and agitation. It also covers off-label uses. The document describes the typical and atypical drug classifications and their differences. Potential side effects are explained for both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Nursing interventions are suggested for managing common side effects like constipation, dry mouth, hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
This document provides information on seizure disorder (epilepsy). It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. It discusses causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment including EEG and imaging, management with anticonvulsant medications, surgical options, nursing care to prevent injury and maintain airway/breathing, nursing diagnoses, and complications. Prognosis is discussed, noting 50 million people worldwide live with epilepsy, with 10 million in India, and treatment gaps remain in developing countries.
Antidepressants are a class of medication used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic pain conditions and to help manage addictions. Common side-effects of antidepressants include dry mouth, weight gain, dizziness, headaches, sexual dysfunction, and emotional blunting
Drugs used in hormonal disorders & supplementation etcMr. Dipti sorte
This document discusses drugs used for hormonal disorders and supplementation, contraception, and medical termination of pregnancy. It covers several categories of drugs including:
- Insulin and oral hypoglycemics used to treat diabetes by lowering blood glucose.
- Thyroid supplements and suppressants that control metabolic rate by increasing or decreasing thyroid hormone levels.
- Uterine stimulants and relaxants that respectively increase or decrease uterine contractions, used for labor induction/augmentation or to prevent preterm labor.
- Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, and abortifacients (drugs that induce abortion) are also mentioned.
Codeine is a commonly used antitussive (cough suppressant) that works by raising the stimulus threshold of the cough center in the brain. It is effective at reducing coughs by 40-60% compared to placebos. Codeine is also a mild opioid analgesic. Other antitussives include dextromethorphan (non-opioid), expectorants like guaifenesin to loosen mucus, and mucolytics like acetylcysteine that work to liquefy mucus in the respiratory tract.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Drugs used in skin disorders- Mr. Pannehabdou panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat various skin disorders. It begins by defining common skin lesions and conditions like macules, papules, and eczema. It then describes several categories of drugs used to treat skin disorders, including topical preparations, antihistamines for pruritus, corticosteroids for inflammation, antifungals for mycosis, and antibiotics for acne. Specific drugs are provided as examples for each category. Common drug treatments are outlined for conditions like warts, minor cuts, and fungal infections affecting different body sites. The document concludes by listing several references.
This document discusses various classes of antiemetic, prokinetic, and digestant drugs. It covers:
1. The mechanisms and classifications of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists, and cannabinoids.
2. The mechanisms and uses of prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride.
3. Guidelines for using different classes of antiemetic drugs to treat conditions like nausea from cancer chemotherapy, morning sickness, and motion sickness.
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
This document provides information on antianxiety drugs. It discusses that anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state associated with unease from an unknown threat. Treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then describes various classes of antianxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, barbiturates, beta blockers, and antidepressants. The document focuses on benzodiazepines, explaining their mechanism of action by enhancing GABA through binding sites on GABA receptors. It discusses their therapeutic uses for anxiety disorders, seizures, muscle disorders and as amnesia for medical procedures. Potential adverse effects and drug interactions are also summarized.
Anticonvulsants are medications used to treat seizures and epilepsy. They work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, inhibiting sodium or calcium channels, or other mechanisms. Common anticonvulsants discussed include carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, valproate, and benzodiazepines like diazepam. Each drug has specific indications, mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, side effects, and contraindications.
Depression is a mental illness characterized by changes in mood and loss of interest. It has several potential causes like abuse, loss, isolation, stress, or unemployment. There are different types of depression including unipolar, reactive, endogenous, and bipolar. Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Common antidepressants include SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAO inhibitors. SSRIs are now the first-line treatment due to their safer side effect profile compared to older TCAs.
It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
Opioids are analgesics that relieve pain by stimulating mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid that is commonly used to treat severe acute pain such as that from burns, fractures, cancer, or myocardial infarction. Morphine acts by producing analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long term use. Adverse effects of morphine include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, itching, and the development of tolerance. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose.
The document discusses opioids, specifically morphine. It classifies opioids based on their receptor activity and source. Morphine is the most important alkaloid from opium and acts on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It has analgesic, sedative and respiratory depressive effects. Tolerance and dependence develop with prolonged use. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose. Nursing implications include close monitoring of respiration and for signs of tolerance with prolonged use.
This document provides information about sodium valproate, including its uses, pharmacology, therapeutic indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing implications. Sodium valproate is used to treat bipolar disorder and other mental health conditions. It is rapidly absorbed and has a half-life of 8-17 hours. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, liver problems, and bleeding issues. Nurses should monitor patients for therapeutic effects and side effects and educate patients about proper administration and risks during pregnancy.
This document provides information on continuing nursing education about antipsychotic medications. It discusses the typical uses of antipsychotics including conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and agitation. It also covers off-label uses. The document describes the typical and atypical drug classifications and their differences. Potential side effects are explained for both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Nursing interventions are suggested for managing common side effects like constipation, dry mouth, hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
This document provides information on seizure disorder (epilepsy). It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. It discusses causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment including EEG and imaging, management with anticonvulsant medications, surgical options, nursing care to prevent injury and maintain airway/breathing, nursing diagnoses, and complications. Prognosis is discussed, noting 50 million people worldwide live with epilepsy, with 10 million in India, and treatment gaps remain in developing countries.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. There are several types of seizures including generalized seizures that involve the whole brain and partial seizures that involve only one area. Epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors, head injuries, infections, or other conditions. It is usually managed through anti-epileptic drug therapy like phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, and phenobarbital which work by modifying sodium channels, calcium channels, or GABA activity in the brain. Careful diagnosis, drug selection and monitoring are important for effective management of epilepsy.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities for patients receiving antipsychotics. It notes that antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic symptoms and various organic, functional, mood, childhood, and medical disorders. Their mechanisms of action involve blocking dopamine receptors. Adverse effects include extrapyramidal symptoms like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as autonomic, seizure, and sedation side effects. Nurses must monitor for and manage these side effects, ensure safe medication administration, and educate patients.
The document defines syncope as a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It classifies syncope into cardiac, reflex/neurocardiogenic, and orthostatic hypotension categories based on etiology. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias like bradycardia or structural issues like aortic stenosis. Reflex syncope includes vasovagal which can be triggered by emotions or orthostatic stress, and carotid sinus syncope caused by pressure on the carotid sinus. Orthostatic hypotension syncope results from autonomic dysfunction or drugs/illnesses that cause volume depletion.
The document provides information about different types of seizures:
1. Status epilepticus is a condition where seizures continue for more than 30 minutes or seizures occur without recovery in between.
2. Several types of seizures are defined, including absence seizures (petit mal), atonic seizures (drop attacks), clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, tonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal).
3. Simple partial seizures can affect motor function, senses, autonomic functions, or thinking/emotions, while the person remains conscious. Complex partial seizures involve impaired consciousness in addition to symptoms.
Some slides are taken from different textbooks of medicine like Davidson, Kumar and Clark and Oxford, and some from other presentations made by respected tutors. I'm barely responsible for compilation of various resources per my interest. These resources are free for use, and I do not claim any copyright. Hoping knowledge remains free for all, forever.
This document discusses unconsciousness and coma. It defines consciousness and unconsciousness, and describes different levels or degrees of unconsciousness including excitatory, somnolent, and stupor. Potential causes of unconsciousness include structural brain lesions, metabolic disorders, infections, and psychogenic factors. Clinical manifestations may include inability to respond, slurred speech, confusion and dizziness. Diagnostic assessments include the Glasgow Coma Scale, CT scan, MRI, and EEG. Management involves first aid, medical care like ventilation and treating the underlying cause, and nursing care such as monitoring vitals, providing care, and preventing complications.
The document summarizes anticholinergic agents used in psychiatry. It discusses how they work by blocking acetylcholine receptors, their use in treating extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics, and precautions around their anticholinergic effects on various organ systems. The most commonly used anticholinergic agents for these psychiatric purposes are trihexyphenidyl, benztropine, biperiden, and procyclidine.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary from brief lapses of awareness to severe and prolonged convulsions. Management involves anti-seizure medications and lifestyle modifications. Nurses play an important role in patient education and safety during seizures.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary from brief lapses of awareness to severe and prolonged convulsions. Management involves anti-seizure medications and lifestyle modifications. Nurses play an important role in patient education and safety during seizures.
This slides contains all you need to know about "Status Epilepticus" in a nutshell. It includes definition, investigation, emergency management of status epilepticus. This educational material is suitable for med students, paramedics, nurses & neurology residents.
This document provides information on epilepsy including its definition, incidence, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment and diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and the nurses' role in caring for patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy is defined as a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects approximately 50 million people globally and 2-4 million people in the US. The risk factors include genetic predisposition, brain injuries, infections, tumors and other neurological conditions. Treatment involves long-term medication and potentially surgery to remove the epileptic focus in some cases. Nurses play an important role in patient safety, education, and supporting long-term management of the condition.
Seizure disorders can be caused by genetic, developmental, acquired, or unknown factors. There are two main types of seizures - partial and generalized. Nursing management of seizures involves careful observation and documentation of seizure activity and symptoms before, during, and after seizures. It also includes prevention of injuries, psychological support, and post-seizure care such positioning and monitoring for complications. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency characterized by prolonged or repeated seizures without recovery in between, and requires rapid treatment to stop seizures and ensure adequate oxygenation.
This document discusses psychopharmacology and provides information on various types of psychiatric drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychopharmacology and the definition of psychotropic drugs. It then classifies psychiatric drugs and discusses specific drug classes in more detail, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. For each drug class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and nursing management considerations.
Emergency medications are used to treat life-threatening conditions and save patients' lives. They work by controlling symptoms, normalizing vital functions, and diverting patients from risks. Common categories include anti-cholinergics, inotropic agents, muscle relaxants, diuretics, anti-epileptics, neuroleptics, anti-asthmatics, corticosteroids, local anesthetics, sedatives and induction agents, opioid analgesics, anti-emetics, anti-hypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, intravenous fluids, and tetanus prophylaxis. As an emergency nurse, it is important to be familiar with these medications and their uses, dosages
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1) Extrapyramidal effects such as Parkinson-like symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia that can occur with antipsychotic drugs.
2) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by high fever, muscle rigidity and confusion.
3) Precautions for stopping medications that affect the nervous system like migraine medications and barbiturates which should be tapered to avoid rebound symptoms.
Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity lasting longer than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than 30 minutes. It requires immediate treatment to prevent neurological damage. Initial treatment involves airway management, IV access, glucose/thiamine administration, and first line anti-seizure medications like lorazepam, midazolam, or diazepam. Second and third line agents are used if seizures continue. Continuous EEG monitoring is important for detecting both overt and subtle seizures. Prompt treatment is crucial as delays can reduce effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history of antipsychotics beginning in the late 19th century. It describes first and second generation antipsychotics and provides examples of common drugs. The document defines antipsychotics and outlines their classifications. It discusses the indications, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, contraindications, and side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Finally, it provides nursing implications for managing common side effects and patient education guidelines.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. OBJECTIVES
◦ INTRODUCTION
◦ DISEASE SPOTLIGHT
◦ CLASSIFICATION OF CONVULSION
◦ MACHANISM OF ANTICONVULSANT
◦ CLASSIFICATION OF ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
◦ CONTRAINDICATIONS
◦ ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CONVULSTANTS
◦ DOSAGE AND DILUTION
◦ NURSES PRECAUTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES
◦ CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
◦ Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic or as antiseizure) are
drugs used to manage epilepsy, the most prevalent neurological
disorder.
◦ Anticonvulsant agents of choice depends on the type of
convulsion, age of the patient, patient tolerance, and specific
patient characteristics
4. DISEASE SPOTLIGHT: CONVULSION
◦ CONVULSION is a collection of different syndromes, all of which is characterized
by sudden discharge of excessive electrical energy from nerve cells located
within the brain.
◦ Nature of convulsion depend on the location of the cells that initiate the
electrical discharge as well as the neutral pathways which were stimulated.
◦ Convulsion can be PRIMARY (No underlying cause) or SECONDARY (brought
about by external factors like head injury)
5. DISEASE SPOTLIGHT: Epilepsy
◦ Epileptic Seizure is paroxysmal discharge of cereberal neurons associated with a
clinical event apparent to an observer or, as an abnormal sensation perceived
bythe patient.
◦ Epilepsy affects 0.5% of the population
◦ It is characterized by recurrent seizures
6. CLASSIFICATION OF CONVULSION
Primary generalized seizure the abnormal
electrical discharges originate from the
diencephalic activating system and spread
simultaneously to all areas of brain
Partial seizure originates from a
paroxysmal discharge in a focal area
of cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
7. CLASSIFICATION OF CONVULSION
GENERARIZED CONVULSION
◦ Tonic - clonic convulsion – it involves involuntary muscle
contraction (tonic) followed by relaxation appearing as an
aggressive spasm (clonic)
◦ Absence convulsion – it is an abrupt and brief period of loss of
consciousness.
◦ Myoclonic convulsion- it is short, sporadic period of muscle
contractions that last for several minutes.
◦ Febrile convulsion-self limited related to high grade fever
◦ Jacksonian convulsion –begin in one area of the brain and
involve only one part of the body but this later on spread to
other parts until a generalized tonic clonic convulsion has
developed.
PARTIAL (FOCAL) CONVULSION
◦ Simple partial convulsion- It occurs in a single
area of the brain and may involve a single
muscle movement or sensory alteration.
◦ Complex partial convulsion- it is a type which
occurs by late teenage years and involves a
series of reactions or emotional changes and
complex sensory changes.
8. MACHANISM OF ANTICONVULSANTS
◦ Drugs used for treatment of convulsion exert their therapeutic
effects by blocking channels in the cell membrane or by altering
their receptor sites.
◦ As a result, nerve membrane become stabilized
◦ Their work involves the entire nervous system
◦ So sedation is an expected result
9. Classification of anticonvulsant drugs
◦ 1. HYDANTOINS
It is used to treat partial and generalized tonic – clonic seizures and
prevention of seizers during neurosurgery.
◦ E.g: fosoline (fosphenytoin ),phenytoin (epsolin.eptoin)
◦ Route – Oral or IV
◦ Metabolism in liver and excrete through the kidney (urine)
10. Classification of anticonvulsant drugs
2. BARBITUTARES
◦ It is used for tonic – clonic seizures and also acute episode of seizures caused
by status epilepticus
◦ It will depresses lower brainstem, cerebral cortex and motor conduction
◦ It is also used as an anxiolytic or hypnotic agent
◦ E.g.; phenabarbital(gardenal).
◦ Route: oral, IM, subcutaneous, IV
◦ Metabolism in liver and excrete by kidney (urine)
11. Classification of anticonvulsant drugs
3. BENZODIAZEPINES
◦ It is used to treat myoclonic seizures and status epilepticus
◦ It can be used as agent to relieve anxiety before operative interventions
◦ E.g.; lorazepam ,diazepam
◦ route: oral, IM, IV, rectal
◦ Metabolism in liver and excrete by kidney (urine)
12. Classification of anticonvulsant drugs
4. SUCCINIMIDES
Used to treat absence seizers and reduction of frequency of attacks
Eg: phensuximide, paramethadione
Route: oral
Metabolism in liver and excrete through the kidney (urine) and liver (bile)
13. CONTRAINDICATIONS
◦ Anticonvulsant medication should be used with
caution for those patients who is on treatment of
anticoagulant like aspirin and those who are
hypersensitivity reaction to drugs.
15. DOSAGE AND DILUTION
◦ Dose 20-30mg per kilogram
◦ Anticonvulsant medication must dilute in
100ml normal saline or ringer lactate (RL) OR
5% DEXTROSE
◦ Anticonvulsant medication must be given
over 15-20 minutes .
16. Nurses precautions and responsibilities
◦ Follow ten rights of medication(what are they?
◦ Monitor for side effects
◦ Initiate seizures
◦ Monitor urine out put
◦ Monitor vital signs and record it accordingly
◦ Monitor renal and liver functions
◦ Watch for side effects
◦ Protect patient environment from hazards and surroundings
◦ Listen to the patient carefully and take extra precaution if required
17. Nurses responsibilities cont…
◦ When administering phenytoin iv dilute in Normal saline because dextrose causes the medication precipitation
◦ Monitor drug toxicity
◦ Administer phenytoin by intravenously very slowly between 25-30mg/minutes
◦ Advice patient to take medication with milk to prevent gastrointestinal irritation
◦ Advice to wear medic alert bracelet
◦ Watch for adverse drug reactions.
18. CONCLUSION
◦ Choice of drug and dose according to type of convulsion and need of individual patients
◦ Initiate treatment early starting with low dose and gradually increase it.
◦ Withdrawal can cause increased seiuzre frequency and severity
◦ In general, barbiturate and benzodiazepines are the most difficult to discontinue
◦ If a patient is convulsion free for 3-4 years, gradual discontinuance might be considered
19. References
S., B., M.,2019. Anti-Convulsant Drugs. [online]
Available at: https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/anticonvulsant-medication
[accessed 28 February 2021].
https://www.slideshare.net/johnywilbert/anticonvulsive-
medication