After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Bevels and flares are very important components of resin restoration procedure. This presentation focuses on bevels and flares in restorative procedure.
Retentive features of a cavity
Indications and contraindication
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of pins
Cemented pins
Friction locked pins
Self threaded pins –(TMS)
Thread mate system
Regular , minim, manikin, minuta
Standard, self shearing, two in one, link series, link plus
Factors involved
Mechanical aspect
Anatomical aspect
Mechano-anatomical principles
Mechanical aspects of Pin-Retained restoration
Pins and tooth structure
Stressing capabilities of pins
Retention of pins in dentin
Microcracking and crazing
Pins and restorative materials
Effect of pins on strength of restorative materials
Retention of pins to restorative material
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
Endodontic emergencies include Pre-treatment emergency of which hot tooth is a commonly encountered situation.
This ppt is contains concise pickup notes on Hot tooth.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Bevels and flares are very important components of resin restoration procedure. This presentation focuses on bevels and flares in restorative procedure.
Retentive features of a cavity
Indications and contraindication
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of pins
Cemented pins
Friction locked pins
Self threaded pins –(TMS)
Thread mate system
Regular , minim, manikin, minuta
Standard, self shearing, two in one, link series, link plus
Factors involved
Mechanical aspect
Anatomical aspect
Mechano-anatomical principles
Mechanical aspects of Pin-Retained restoration
Pins and tooth structure
Stressing capabilities of pins
Retention of pins in dentin
Microcracking and crazing
Pins and restorative materials
Effect of pins on strength of restorative materials
Retention of pins to restorative material
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodonticsAhmed Ali
dental Monoblock obturation technique or concept in endodontics which are classified into primary ,secondary & tertiary based upon resin , now the bioceramics
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
Endodontic emergencies include Pre-treatment emergency of which hot tooth is a commonly encountered situation.
This ppt is contains concise pickup notes on Hot tooth.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy by Dr Santosh Martandesantoshmds
Review and Essay Material on Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Illustrative Contents for proper presentation on all aspects of NSPT. The Presentation helps in drafting A to Z of NSPT. Readers are encouraged to add newer studies and ideas under each aspect of NSPT.
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated or eroded gingival lesion. Various etiologic factors are present for the appearance of such lesions. Despite of considering etiology, treatment is oftenly provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Apart from steroid application, another optionable treatment is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue. As antioxidants posses various advantageous properties, it can be considered as a first treatment option for desquamative gingivitis. The presented case report of desquamative gingivitis is successfully treated using systemic antioxidants in the form of commercially available „oxitard capsule‟.
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated or eroded gingival lesion. Various etiologic factors are present for the appearance of such lesions. Despite of considering etiology, treatment is oftenly provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Apart from steroid application, another optionable treatment is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue. As antioxidants posses various advantageous properties, it can be considered as a first treatment option for desquamative gingivitis. The presented case report of desquamative gingivitis is successfully treated using systemic antioxidants in the form of commercially available „oxitard capsule‟.
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated or eroded gingival lesion. Various etiologic factors are present for the appearance of such lesions. Despite of considering etiology, treatment is oftenly provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Apart from steroid application, another optionable treatment is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue. As antioxidants posses various advantageous properties, it can be considered as a first treatment option for desquamative gingivitis. The presented case report of desquamative gingivitis is successfully treated using systemic antioxidants in the form of commercially available „oxitard capsule‟
LSTR 3mix MP important efficacy particularly antibacterial and periapical le...Dr.Aklaqur Rahman Chayon
Author:-
Dr Nurjahan Afsary
BDS(DU),Post graduation training in
Conservative dentistry.Dhaka dental College.
Consultant dental surgeon at AR DENTAL Maxillofacial care Research and training center ,N oral health and dental care.
Co-author:-
Dr Aklaqur Rahman BDS(Dhaka dental College)
LSTR 3mix MP important efficacy particularly antibacterial and periapical lesions during conservative treatment in the dentistry like RCT and other endodontics management;Case Studies
Classification of peri-implant diseases and condition, implant failures causes, Peri-implant mucositis and its management, Peri-implantitis and its classification, clinical features, Treatment (Surgical and Non-surgical) And management. Implant success rate and conclusion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS IN ENDODONTICS
Indications for systemic antibiotics in Endodontics
Contra-indications for systemic antibiotics in Endodontics
• Types of antibiotics, recommended dosages and
duration
• TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS IN ENDODONTICS
• ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN ENDODONTICS
• REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
• Endodontic infections, resulting in pulpitis or apical
periodontitis, are polymicrobial, involving a combination of
gram-positive, gram-negative, facultative anaerobes and strict
anaerobic bacteria.
• Most endodontic infections are confined within the tooth and
can be successfully managed by established local operative,
treatment drainage, or tooth extraction without the need for
local or systemic antibiotics.
• However, when there is evidence of systemic involvement and
gross, rapid, and diffuse spread of infection, antibiotics may
be indicated as an adjunct to local treatment.
4. • Prevention of bacterial contamination in traumatic injuries
affects the prognosis of the affected teeth.
• Minimisation of the bacterial load during the healing phase is
beneficial in the management of injuries and systemic or
topical antibiotics can play an important role.
• The use of antibiotics to disinfect the root canal system has
been commonplace in regenerative endodontic procedures
(REPs) in immature teeth with necrotic pulps and apical
periodontitis. However, their continued use is being
questioned.
• In healthy individuals, any bacteraemia generated by
endodontic treatments are rapidly scavenged and cause no
complications, but in susceptible individuals, antibiotics can
be given prophylactically to prevent local postoperative
infections and metastatic spread of infection.
5. SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS IN ENDODONTICS
Indications for systemic antibiotics in Endodontics
• Adjunctive systemic antibiotic treatment in conjunction with
endodontic therapy is indicated in the following:
1. Acute apical abscess in medically compromised patients.
2. Acute apical abscess with systemic involvement (localized
fluctuant swellings, elevated body temperature >38°C,
malaise, lymphadenopathy, trismus.
3. Progressive infections (rapid onset of severe infection in less
than 24 h, cellulitis or a spreading infection, osteomyelitis)
where onward referral to oral surgeons may be necessary.
4. Replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. In these cases,
topical administration of antibiotics may also be indicated .
5. Soft tissue trauma requiring treatment (e.g. sutures,
debridement).
6. Contra-indications for systemic antibiotics in Endodontics
• Most endodontic infections are confined within the tooth and
can be successfully managed by established local operative
treatment, drainage, or tooth extraction without the need for
local or systemic antibiotics. Thus, adjunctive systemic
antibiotic treatment during endodontic therapy is not
indicated in the following :
1. Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (pain, with no other
symptoms and signs of infection).
2. Pulp necrosis
3. Symptomatic apical periodontitis (pain, pain to percussion
and biting and widening of periodontal ligament space)
4. Chronic apical abscess (teeth with sinus tract and periapical
radiolucency).
5. Acute apical abscess without systemic involvement (localized
fluctuant swellings).
7. • From current knowledge and based on the International
Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines ,
antibiotic administration is not indicated in the treatment of
tooth fractures, concussion, subluxation, luxation injuries, and
extrusion.
8. Types of antibiotics, recommended dosages &
duration
Drug of choice Loading dose Maintenance dose Duration
Penicillin VK* 1000 mg 500 mg q4-6h 3 – 7
days
Amoxicillin 1000 mg 500 mg q8h or 875
mg q12h
3 – 7
days
Amoxicillin with
clavulanic acid
1000 mg 500 mg q8h or 875
mg q12h
3 – 7
days
Clindamycin** 600 mg 300 mg
q6h
3 – 7
days
Clarithromycin** 500 mg 250 mg q12h 3 – 7
days
Azithromycin** 500 mg 250 mg q24h 3 – 7
days
Metronidazole 1000 mg 500 mg
q6h
3 – 7
days
9. • Clinical improvement in symptoms must be the guide for the
duration of antibiotic treatment.
• As soon as the symptoms have resolved and there is clinical
evidence of healing, the antibiotic therapy should be
discontinued.
• Treatment duration of 3–7 days is often sufficient to control
the infection, but patients should be seen after 2 or 3 days to
determine whether treatment should be stopped or
continued.
• As part of general antibiotic stewardship, it is currently
recommended to prescribe antibiotics for 3 days and review
the patient; further antibiotics should only be prescribed if
indicated clinically.
10. TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS IN
ENDODONTICS
• There is no scientific evidence to support the use of topical
antibiotics in pulp capping procedures or in root canal
disinfection.
• Moreover, microorganisms isolated from root canals are
resistant against tetracyclines and their use may promote
fungal growth and cause discolouration of teeth when used as
intracanal topical medicaments.
• The antibiotic mixture composed of ciprofloxacin,
metronidazole and minocycline (100 µg/mL of each antibiotic,
300 µg/mL of mixture) known as triple antibiotic paste (TAP)
or “3mix”, has been used as intracanal therapy to achieve
disinfection and resolution of infection in regenerative
endodontic procedures.
11. • However, the use of TAP containing minocycline as intracanal
dressings in REP may cause dentine discolouration.
• The replacement of minocycline with cefaclor can reduce the
risk of discolouration. However, the European Society of
Endodontology position statement on revitalization
procedures advocates the use of calcium hydroxide instead of
antibiotics to avoid discolouration.
• In the absence of strong evidence to support the use of
antibiotics in regenerative endodontic procedures, their use
should be avoided .
• After avulsion of immature teeth with open apices, topical
application of tetracyclines (minocycline or doxycycline, 1 mg
per 20 mL of saline for 5 minutes) onto the root surface
before reimplantation increases the chance of root canal
revascularization and periodontal healing, reducing the
incidence of tooth resorption
13. PATIENT GROUP INDICATIONS
Impaired immunologic function
(Leukaemia, HIV/AIDS, end-stage renal
disease, dialysis, uncontrolled diabetes,
chemotherapy, steroids or immunosuppressive
post-transplant medications, or inherited
genetic defects)
Non-surgical root canal treatment and,
especially, endodontic surgery,
considering:
State and control of the disease
Risk of infection-related complications
Risk of adverse drug reaction
If doubt, the management of patient should
be discussed with a physician
Risk of developing infective endocarditis
(Patients with complex congenital heart
defects, prosthetic cardiac valve or a history
of infective endocarditis)
Non-surgical root canal treatment
Endodontic surgery
Prosthetic joint replacement Non-surgical root canal treatment
Endodontic surgery
During the first three months after joint
operations
Patients whose jawbones are exposed to high-
dose irradiation
Non-surgical root canal treatment
Endodontic surgery
Patients receiving intravenous
bisphosphonate treatment
Endodontic surgery
14. Patient group Antibiotic Route
Dose Timing
before
procedure
Adults Children
Standard general
prophylaxis
Amoxicillin PO 2 g 50 mg/kg 1 hour
Unable to take
oral medication
Ampicillin IV o
IM
2 g 50 mg/kg Within 30
min
Allergic to penicillin Clindamycin PO 600 mg 20 mg/kg 1 hour
Cephatexin or
cephadroxil
PO
2 g 50 mg/kg 1 hour
Azithromycin
or
clarithromycin
PO
500 mg 15 mg/kg 1 hour
Allergic to penicillin /
amoxicillin /
ampicillin and unable
to take oral
medications
Clindamycin IV 600 mg 20 mg/kg Within 30
min
Cafazolin IV 1 g 25 mg/kg Within 30
min
15. REFERENCES
• Agnihotry A, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Farman AG, Al-Langawi JH (2016)
Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004969.pub4.
• Al-Ahmad A, Ameen H, Pelz K, Karygianni L, Wittmer A, Anderson AC,
Spitzmüller B, Hellwig E (2014) Antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm
formation of different bacteria isolated from endodontic infections associated
with root-filled teeth. Journal of Endodontics 40, 223-30.
• American Association of Endodontists (AAE) (1999) Prescription for the
future: responsible use of antibiotics in endodontic therapy. AAE Endodontics
Colleagues for Excellence 1–8.
• Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Day P, Heithersay G, Trope M, Diangelis AJ, Kenny
DJ, Sigurdsson A, Bourguignon C, Flores MT, Hicks ML, Lenzi AR, Malmgren B,
Moule AJ, Tsukiboshi M (2012) International Association of Dental
Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2.
Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dental Traumatology 28, 88-96.
• Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Andreasen FM (2006) Traumatic intrusion of
permanent teeth. Part 3. A clinical study of the effect of treatment variables
such as treatment delay, method of repositioning, type of splint, length of
splinting and antibiotics on 140 teeth. Dental Traumatology 22, 99-111.
16. • Bax R (2007) Development of a twice daily dosing regimen of amoxicillin/
clavulanate. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 30, Suppl
2:S118–S121.
• Berbari EF, Osmon DR, Carr A, et al. (2010) Dental procedures as risk
factors for prosthetic hip or knee infection: a hospital-based prospective
case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 50, 8–16
• Chen BK, George R, Walsh LJ (2012) Root discolouration following short-
term application of steroid medicaments containing clindamycin,
doxycycline or demeclocycline. Australian Endodontic Journal 38, 124-8.
• Cvek M, Cleaton-Jones P, Austin J, Lownie J, Kling M, Fatti P (1990) Effect
of topical application of doxycycline on pulp revascularization and
periodontal healing in reimplanted monkey incisors. Endodontics and
Dental Traumatology 6, 170-6.
• Dannemann C, Gratz KW, Riener MO, Zwahlen RA (2007) Jaw
osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonate therapy: a severe secondary
disorder. Bone 40, 828-34.
• Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, Khraisat AS, Shehabi AA
(2010) Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Therapeutic
and Clinical Risk Management 6, 301–6.
17. • Diangelis AJ, Andreasen JO, Ebeleseder KA, Kenny DJ, Trope M, Sigurdsson
A, Andersson L, Bourguignon C, Flores MT, Hicks ML, Lenzi AR, Malmgren
B, Moule AJ, Pohl Y, Tsukiboshi M (2012) International Association of
Dental Traumatology. International Association of Dental Traumatology
guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures
and luxations of permanent teeth. Dental Traumatology 28, 2-12.
• Diogenes A, Henry MA, Teixeira FB, Hargreaves KM (2013) An update on
clinical regenerative endodontics. Endodontic Topics 28, 2–23.
• European Society of Cardiology (2015) ESC Guidelines for the management
of infective endocarditis.European Heart Journal 36, 3075–123.
• European Society of Endodontology (2006) Quality guidelines for
endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of
Endodontology. International Endodontic Journal 39, 921–30.
• European Society of Endodontology (2016) European Society of
Endodontology position statement: revitalization procedures.
International Endodontic Journal 49, 717-23.
• Galler KM (2016) Clinical procedures for revitalization: current
knowledge and considerations.International Endodontic Journal 49, 926-
36.
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If Penicillin VK alone is not effective after 48-72 h, metronidazole (loading dose 1000 mg followed by (500 mg q6h) can be used in combination with Penicillin VK or Penicillin VK is switched to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or clindamycin.
** If the patient is allergic to penicillin.