This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and advantages of various classes of antihypertensive drugs. The classes discussed include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, centrally acting drugs, and vasodilators. The document also discusses the mechanisms of action of these drug classes and concludes by emphasizing the importance of preventing and treating hypertension.

1. PRESENTED BY-
Sajal kumar chowdhury
4th Year, 7th Sem
ROLL- 24201916005
Under Guidance of Dr. Biswajit Basu
Bengal College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

2.  Introduction
 Classification of Drugs
 Mechanism of action
 Adverse effect
 Advantages
 Conclusion
 references

3. Antihypertensive drugs :-
Antihypertensive are a class of drugs that are
used to treat hypertension (high blood
pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to
prevent the complications of high blood
pressure, such as stroke and myocardial
infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of
the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the
risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease
by 21%, and reduce the likelihood
of dementia, heart failure,
and mortality from cardiovascular disease.
There are many classes of antihypertensives,
which lower blood pressure by different means.
Among the most important and most widely
used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium
channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II
receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.

4.  1. Diuretics :
Thiazides : Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide .
High ceiling : Furosemide
K+ sparing : Spironolactone , Amiloride .
 2. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors.
Captopril , Lisinopril , Ramipril .
 3. Angiotensin (AT1 receptor) blockers:
Losartan ,Valsartan ,Telmisartan .
 4. Direct renin inhibitor :
Aliskiren.
 5. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB):
Verapamil, Diltiazem. Nifedipine, Amlodipne

5.  6. ᵝ -adrenergic blockers:
Non selective: Propranolol
Cardioselective: Metoprolol atenolol
 7. ᵝ and α— adrenergic blockers:
Labetolol. Carvedilol
 8. α— adrenergic blockers:
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin,
phenoxybenzamine phentoiamine
 9. Centrally acting:
Clonidine, methyldopa
 10. Vasodilators:
Hydralazine , Minoxidil , Diazoxide

6.  MOA of Diuretics:-
Acts on kidneys to increased excreation on
Na and H2O
↓
Na and H2O decreased in blood volume
↓
Decreased BP

7.  MOA of ACE inhibitor:
Inhibit synthesis of Angiotensin II by inhibiting ACE
↓
decrease in (tpr) and blood volume
↓
fall in diastolic and systolic BP

8. MOA Of Angiotensin (AT1
receptor) Blockers:-
Inhibit the binding of Angiotensin II to AT1 in
many tissues
↓
This inhibitation prevent vasoconstritive and
asoconstrictive and aldosterone –secreting
effect
↓
It decreased vascular resistance and blood
pressure

9. MOA Of Direct Renin inhibitor :-
Blocks the RAAS at its point of activation
↓
Reduced plasma renin activity
↓
Reduced BP

10. MOA Of Calcium Channel
Blockers:-
Blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels
↓
Reducing entry of extracellular calcium into
cells
↓
Vasodilation
↓
Reduced BP

11. β- adrenergic blockers :-
Block the activity of a beta –receptor
↓
Decreased heart rate and force of
concentration
↓
Reduced high blood pressure

12. α and β –adrenergic blockers :-
Blocks β1 , β2 , α1 receptors within vascular smooth
muscle
↓
Decreased systemic arterial blood pressure and
systemic vascular resistance
↓
Decreased BP

13. MOA Of α –adrenergic blockes:-
Blocks α1 receptors in arterioles and venules thereby
produce vasodialation
↓
Reduce peripheral vascular resistance
↓
Decreased BP

14. MOA Of Centrally acting :-
Act on central α2A receptors
↓
decreased sympathetic outflow
↓
Fall in BP

15. MOA Of Vasodilators :-
relax the smooth muscle in blood vessels
↓
Decreased systemic vascular resistance
↓
Decreased BP

16. Adverse effect :
 tiredness.
 Dizziness.
 blurred vision.
 cold hands and feet.
 slow heartbeat.
 Excessive tiredness.
 Tingling scalp or skin
 Lightheadedness.
 Upset stomach.
 Stuffy nose.
 Fatigue.

17.  Advantages:-
Safe in Asthama , PVD
No tolerance
Used in pregnancy .
Prevent LV remodeling post –MI
Protects against diabetic renal
insufficiency

18. Conclusion :-
 Hypertension is easy to diagnose and easy
to treat
 Aim of the management is to save the
target organ from the deleterious effect
 Pharmacological armament of
antihypertensive drugs so rich that we
have wide range of options. And this
makes the physicians comfortable in varied
situations. Conversely one needs to be
judicious regarding the choice of the drug.
 Besides pharmacology we have other
choice and one has to be acquainted with
that choice
 Primary prevention of hypertension should
be highlighted and it should get more
priority than it is getting now .

19.  References :-
1]Tripathi KD: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology.
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publication (P) Limited, New
Delhi, Sixth Edition 2003
2]Dandia PC, Kulkarni SK: Introduction to
Pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, Seventh
Edition, 2012:294
3]Yuksel G, Saime P, Guven K, Nazan A: “Sublingual
valsartan in hypertensive urgency”. Turk J Med Sc
2001; 31:565-567.
4]Reddy SG, Sriniwas N: “Formulation and
evaluation of telmisartan sublingual tablet”. Int J
Innov Pharm Sc Res 2014; 2(11):2862-2871.
5]Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD, and Ainapure SS:
Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
Popular Publication, Mumbai, Eighteenth Edition
2003.

20.  First and foremost, I bow my head as a mark of thanks giving to
almighty God without whom nothing is possible. If, I have finished
this arduous task successfully, it is because of him who has been
with me all along the way, who gave me nice surrounding, good
friends, perfect teachers and excellent facilities to complete this
work successfully.
 In presenting the dissertation project “A REVIEW ON
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ” with a deep sense of gratitude I wish
to express my sincere thanks to my respected mentor Dr. Biswajit
basu , Asso. Professor, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Research, Durgapur-12, West Bengal for his guidance and
kind supervision of this project.
 I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mithun Bhowmick (Principal), and Mr.
S.K. Sharma, (Chairman), Bengal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research, Durgapur-12, West Bengal for their
genuine interest and active support in the project work. I am
thankful to them for providing me valuable advices and all the
facilities to complete the project work successfully.