This document reviews novel antihypertensive drugs used in clinical practice. It discusses how blood pressure is controlled and the causes and types of hypertension. It also examines the mechanisms of hypertension and the renin-angiotensin system. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs are described, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and vasodilators. Specific drugs within these classes like losartan, candesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, olmesartan are compared in terms of their pharmacokinetics, dosage, and receptor binding affinities. The extensive synthetic work on
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, effects on the heart, treatment targets, and drug treatment options. It notes that primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and outlines trial findings showing benefits of tight blood pressure control, especially in patients with diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications, typically starting with diuretics, with the goal of controlling blood pressure to under 140/85 mmHg.
Reporting of adverse drug reactions caused while using antihypertensive drugs...SriramNagarajan17
This document reviews adverse drug reactions caused by antihypertensive medications. It discusses how various classes of antihypertensive drugs like thiazides, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers can cause adverse effects like dizziness, hypotension, erectile dysfunction, hyperkalemia, dry cough, and others. The study analyzed data from journals and found that cardiovascular adverse drug reactions were most frequent, and that beta-blockers were most often associated with adverse reactions. It concludes that while antihypertensive drugs treat hypertension, they can also cause adverse effects that should be reported and treated to help physicians safely select the best therapy for patients.
Approach to Hypertension - Combination therapy.pptxdrsbansal2000
1) Combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes is more effective at lowering blood pressure and helping more patients achieve target blood pressure goals than initiating treatment with a single drug alone (monotherapy).
2) Several major clinical trials have demonstrated that initiating treatment for hypertension with combination therapy results in greater reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to traditional stepped-care approaches starting with monotherapy.
3) Combination therapy may also help improve patient adherence and reduce withdrawals from therapy due to adverse effects compared to multiple medication changes involved in stepped-care approaches.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics. It begins with definitions of hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then discusses mechanisms of controlling blood pressure, including the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The rest of the document covers classifications and mechanisms of various classes of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics, along with their therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. These classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. The document also addresses resistant hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and use of antihypertensives during pregnancy.
The document provides guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in primary health care settings in Iraq in 2013. It defines hypertension and outlines recommendations for evaluating patients, assessing risk factors, stratifying risk, setting treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacologic treatment options. Evaluation of hypertensive patients includes assessing risk factors, identifying secondary causes, and evaluating for target organ damage. The guidelines emphasize the importance of controlling hypertension to reduce risks of cardiovascular and renal complications.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, effects on the heart, treatment targets, and drug treatment options. It notes that primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and outlines trial findings showing benefits of tight blood pressure control, especially in patients with diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications, typically starting with diuretics, with the goal of controlling blood pressure to under 140/85 mmHg.
Reporting of adverse drug reactions caused while using antihypertensive drugs...SriramNagarajan17
This document reviews adverse drug reactions caused by antihypertensive medications. It discusses how various classes of antihypertensive drugs like thiazides, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers can cause adverse effects like dizziness, hypotension, erectile dysfunction, hyperkalemia, dry cough, and others. The study analyzed data from journals and found that cardiovascular adverse drug reactions were most frequent, and that beta-blockers were most often associated with adverse reactions. It concludes that while antihypertensive drugs treat hypertension, they can also cause adverse effects that should be reported and treated to help physicians safely select the best therapy for patients.
Approach to Hypertension - Combination therapy.pptxdrsbansal2000
1) Combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes is more effective at lowering blood pressure and helping more patients achieve target blood pressure goals than initiating treatment with a single drug alone (monotherapy).
2) Several major clinical trials have demonstrated that initiating treatment for hypertension with combination therapy results in greater reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to traditional stepped-care approaches starting with monotherapy.
3) Combination therapy may also help improve patient adherence and reduce withdrawals from therapy due to adverse effects compared to multiple medication changes involved in stepped-care approaches.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics. It begins with definitions of hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then discusses mechanisms of controlling blood pressure, including the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The rest of the document covers classifications and mechanisms of various classes of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics, along with their therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. These classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. The document also addresses resistant hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and use of antihypertensives during pregnancy.
The document provides guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in primary health care settings in Iraq in 2013. It defines hypertension and outlines recommendations for evaluating patients, assessing risk factors, stratifying risk, setting treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacologic treatment options. Evaluation of hypertensive patients includes assessing risk factors, identifying secondary causes, and evaluating for target organ damage. The guidelines emphasize the importance of controlling hypertension to reduce risks of cardiovascular and renal complications.
Hypertension is a major public health concern affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and its prevalence is increasing. The document discusses guidelines for defining and classifying hypertension from organizations like JNC and WHO. It also summarizes lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments recommended for managing hypertension, including initial drug classes like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazides. The guidelines emphasize starting with one drug and titrating dosage before adding additional medications to control blood pressure.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
This document summarizes a study on hypertension prevalence in Pakistan. The study found a high prevalence of hypertension in older patients, which was attributed to lifestyle factors like smoking, an unhealthy diet high in fat, and lack of medical consultation. Literacy rates and health conditions in Pakistan are generally low. Improving education and healthcare access could help lower hypertension rates by promoting healthier behaviors. The document reviews definitions of hypertension, risk factors, prevention methods, and treatment options like lifestyle modifications and medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which is high blood pressure due to non-specific lifestyle and genetic factors, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure is below 130/80 mmHg while high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce health risks from hypertension.
Problem statement of Hypertension. Measurement of blood pressure. Recent diagnostic criteria and management guidelines. Prevention of Hypertension. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes,Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It becomes more prevalent with age.
- Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, obesity, sodium intake, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic overactivity.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, diet changes, and exercise, as well as pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Combination therapy is often used for more severe cases.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, can lead to damage of blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other conditions if left untreated. Treatment of hypertension involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, reducing alcohol intake, as well as drug therapy. This paper argues that incorporating both lifestyle modifications and medical treatment is crucial for effective management of high blood pressure.
Management of hypertension and treatment optionsdrsanjayjain
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly a billion people globally and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet low in salt and high in fruits and vegetables, engaging in regular exercise, managing stress, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol can help control blood pressure. If lifestyle changes are not enough, medication like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs may be prescribed. Guidelines recommend initially treating hypertension with a diuretic, calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor or ARB, with thiazide diuretics being most effective. The goal is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to lower health risks.
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION AND SCOPE OF HOMOEOPATHY
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
Abstract:
Hypertension (HTN) is an enormous health problem and is one of the biggest health challenges in the 21st century. Although the condition is common, readily detectable, and easily treatable, it is usually asymptomatic and often leads to lethal complications if left untreated. The prevalence of HTN is increasing rapidly in India driven by diverse health transitions. Apart from health implications it has huge societal, developmental and economic costs to resource constrained health systems, particularly developing nations like India. Further, hypertension is also a leading cause for hospitalizations and outpatient visits.
Reducing systolic and diastolic BP can decrease cardiovascular risk and this can be achieved by non-pharmacological (lifestyle measures) as well as pharmacological means (medicines). Homoeopathic system of medicine particularly individualized constitutional approach has significant beneficial effects on patients suffering from HTN and thus widely used in length and breadth of our nation as an alternative public health approach in curbing the increasing prevalence of HTN because of its cost effectiveness and minimal side effects.
In current scenario with rising burden of HTN posing a serious health threat to health care system of India, the present article makes a sincere attempt to present before its readers how to timely and effectively address a case of HTN at primary level health care set-up with homoeopathic medicines.
Author : The author has done her post-graduation from National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata in the subject Homoeopathic Repertory. She is presently working as Medical Officer in Dept. of ISM &Homoeopathy under Govt. of NCT Delhi.
E-mail id: smita.brahmachari@rediffmail.com.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and normal blood pressure readings. It covers the objectives of understanding hypertension, classifying blood pressure levels, identifying causes, measuring blood pressure appropriately, recommending lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment, and constructing monitoring plans. Risk factors for hypertension include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and more. Long-term complications if untreated include damage to organs like the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications to control blood pressure and reduce risks of health problems.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the most common diseases worldwide. It is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The document discusses the definition, classification, evaluation, causes, treatment, and prevention of hypertension. Prevention strategies recommended by WHO include reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, stress reduction, not smoking, and modifying lifestyle behaviors. Treatment aims to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg through lifestyle changes and lifelong medication if needed.
Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. In India, about 33% of urban and 25% of rural populations have hypertension, though only a fraction are aware of and successfully controlling their condition. Azilsartan is a new angiotensin II receptor blocker that has been shown to more effectively lower blood pressure than other ARBs. As the eighth approved drug in its class, Azilsartan may help improve blood pressure control for Indian patients with hypertension when it becomes available.
Interdisciplinary care plan7 class nur3400ssuserd93c47
This document provides background information on an interdisciplinary care plan for a patient named McKay Johnson who has been diagnosed with diabetes and heart disease. It includes details about Johnson's medical history and current condition based on examinations and lab results. It then outlines the nursing interventions and treatment goals that are part of Johnson's interdisciplinary care plan to manage his diabetes and heart condition. The care plan involves monitoring Johnson's symptoms, administering and adjusting his medications, educating him on his conditions and treatment, and ensuring he follows a healthy diet and lifestyle to control his health issues. The overarching goal is to lower Johnson's blood glucose, BMI, and other marker levels through this collaborative treatment approach.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and notes its increasing prevalence in many African countries. Hypertension rarely causes symptoms but can lead to serious health issues like heart disease and stroke if left untreated. The document discusses risk factors, types, classification, management through lifestyle changes and medication, and prevention of complications from hypertension.
Polypill for primary and secondary preventions of cardiovascularBhaswat Chakraborty
This document discusses cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and strategies for primary and secondary prevention. It summarizes that CVDs are caused by risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol. Modifying these risk factors can prevent CVDs. The document outlines that a polypill containing multiple drugs can provide primary prevention by lowering risk factors. Studies on Cadila Pharmaceuticals' polypill product Polycap found it reduced blood pressure and LDL cholesterol similarly to the individual drugs. Polycap was also found to have no drug interactions and preserve the bioavailability of components, establishing its potential for CVD prevention.
Hypertension is a major public health concern affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and its prevalence is increasing. The document discusses guidelines for defining and classifying hypertension from organizations like JNC and WHO. It also summarizes lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments recommended for managing hypertension, including initial drug classes like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazides. The guidelines emphasize starting with one drug and titrating dosage before adding additional medications to control blood pressure.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
This document summarizes a study on hypertension prevalence in Pakistan. The study found a high prevalence of hypertension in older patients, which was attributed to lifestyle factors like smoking, an unhealthy diet high in fat, and lack of medical consultation. Literacy rates and health conditions in Pakistan are generally low. Improving education and healthcare access could help lower hypertension rates by promoting healthier behaviors. The document reviews definitions of hypertension, risk factors, prevention methods, and treatment options like lifestyle modifications and medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which is high blood pressure due to non-specific lifestyle and genetic factors, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure is below 130/80 mmHg while high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce health risks from hypertension.
Problem statement of Hypertension. Measurement of blood pressure. Recent diagnostic criteria and management guidelines. Prevention of Hypertension. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes,Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It becomes more prevalent with age.
- Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, obesity, sodium intake, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic overactivity.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, diet changes, and exercise, as well as pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Combination therapy is often used for more severe cases.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, can lead to damage of blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other conditions if left untreated. Treatment of hypertension involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, reducing alcohol intake, as well as drug therapy. This paper argues that incorporating both lifestyle modifications and medical treatment is crucial for effective management of high blood pressure.
Management of hypertension and treatment optionsdrsanjayjain
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly a billion people globally and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet low in salt and high in fruits and vegetables, engaging in regular exercise, managing stress, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol can help control blood pressure. If lifestyle changes are not enough, medication like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs may be prescribed. Guidelines recommend initially treating hypertension with a diuretic, calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor or ARB, with thiazide diuretics being most effective. The goal is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to lower health risks.
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION AND SCOPE OF HOMOEOPATHY
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
Abstract:
Hypertension (HTN) is an enormous health problem and is one of the biggest health challenges in the 21st century. Although the condition is common, readily detectable, and easily treatable, it is usually asymptomatic and often leads to lethal complications if left untreated. The prevalence of HTN is increasing rapidly in India driven by diverse health transitions. Apart from health implications it has huge societal, developmental and economic costs to resource constrained health systems, particularly developing nations like India. Further, hypertension is also a leading cause for hospitalizations and outpatient visits.
Reducing systolic and diastolic BP can decrease cardiovascular risk and this can be achieved by non-pharmacological (lifestyle measures) as well as pharmacological means (medicines). Homoeopathic system of medicine particularly individualized constitutional approach has significant beneficial effects on patients suffering from HTN and thus widely used in length and breadth of our nation as an alternative public health approach in curbing the increasing prevalence of HTN because of its cost effectiveness and minimal side effects.
In current scenario with rising burden of HTN posing a serious health threat to health care system of India, the present article makes a sincere attempt to present before its readers how to timely and effectively address a case of HTN at primary level health care set-up with homoeopathic medicines.
Author : The author has done her post-graduation from National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata in the subject Homoeopathic Repertory. She is presently working as Medical Officer in Dept. of ISM &Homoeopathy under Govt. of NCT Delhi.
E-mail id: smita.brahmachari@rediffmail.com.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and normal blood pressure readings. It covers the objectives of understanding hypertension, classifying blood pressure levels, identifying causes, measuring blood pressure appropriately, recommending lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment, and constructing monitoring plans. Risk factors for hypertension include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and more. Long-term complications if untreated include damage to organs like the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications to control blood pressure and reduce risks of health problems.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the most common diseases worldwide. It is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The document discusses the definition, classification, evaluation, causes, treatment, and prevention of hypertension. Prevention strategies recommended by WHO include reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, stress reduction, not smoking, and modifying lifestyle behaviors. Treatment aims to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg through lifestyle changes and lifelong medication if needed.
Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. In India, about 33% of urban and 25% of rural populations have hypertension, though only a fraction are aware of and successfully controlling their condition. Azilsartan is a new angiotensin II receptor blocker that has been shown to more effectively lower blood pressure than other ARBs. As the eighth approved drug in its class, Azilsartan may help improve blood pressure control for Indian patients with hypertension when it becomes available.
Interdisciplinary care plan7 class nur3400ssuserd93c47
This document provides background information on an interdisciplinary care plan for a patient named McKay Johnson who has been diagnosed with diabetes and heart disease. It includes details about Johnson's medical history and current condition based on examinations and lab results. It then outlines the nursing interventions and treatment goals that are part of Johnson's interdisciplinary care plan to manage his diabetes and heart condition. The care plan involves monitoring Johnson's symptoms, administering and adjusting his medications, educating him on his conditions and treatment, and ensuring he follows a healthy diet and lifestyle to control his health issues. The overarching goal is to lower Johnson's blood glucose, BMI, and other marker levels through this collaborative treatment approach.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and notes its increasing prevalence in many African countries. Hypertension rarely causes symptoms but can lead to serious health issues like heart disease and stroke if left untreated. The document discusses risk factors, types, classification, management through lifestyle changes and medication, and prevention of complications from hypertension.
Polypill for primary and secondary preventions of cardiovascularBhaswat Chakraborty
This document discusses cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and strategies for primary and secondary prevention. It summarizes that CVDs are caused by risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol. Modifying these risk factors can prevent CVDs. The document outlines that a polypill containing multiple drugs can provide primary prevention by lowering risk factors. Studies on Cadila Pharmaceuticals' polypill product Polycap found it reduced blood pressure and LDL cholesterol similarly to the individual drugs. Polycap was also found to have no drug interactions and preserve the bioavailability of components, establishing its potential for CVD prevention.
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Pattern for Patients with Chronic Diseases...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
The document summarizes research on using various iterative schemes to solve fixed-point problems and inequalities involving self-mappings and contractions in Banach spaces. It defines concepts like non-expansive mappings, mean non-expansive mappings, and rates of convergence. The paper presents two theorems: 1) an iterative scheme for a sequence involving a self-mapping T is shown to converge to a fixed point of T, and 2) an iterative process involving a self-contraction mapping T is defined and shown to converge. Limiting cases are considered to prove convergence as the number of iterations approaches infinity.
This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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2. Bais, et al.: Novel anti-hypertensive drug used in clinical practice: A review
IJPBA/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 11/Issue 2 66
to the brain stem centers and modulation of efferent
sympathetic nerve activity of peripheral blood
vessels (norepinephrine release), to kidney(remain
release) to the heart (acetylcholine release).
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION[5,6]
Hypertension often has no symptoms. The only
way to detect it is to check it regularly, such as
headache, nosebleeds, blurred vision, palpitation,
dizziness, and tinnitus (ringing in the ear).
CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION[3,7-9]
The most common of them are as follows: Obesity,
alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, high sodium
intake, anxiety, diabetes, endocrine disorders such
as adrenal disorders, thyroid disorders, and Cushing
syndrome, and medications such as appetite
suppressants, corticosteroids, and birth control pills.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
(1) Primary hypertension:[10]
Individuals typically
suffer primary hypertension as a result of poor
lifestyle habits, while this type of hypertension
accounts for most of the cases diagnosed by
doctors. While medication may be required,
dietary changes, stress management, and physical
activity are essential elements of treatment.
(2) Secondary hypertension:[11]
Secondary
hypertension is the symptom of an underlying
medical condition such as kidney disease,
problems with the liver, congestive heart failure,
stress, sleep apnea, or endocrine disorders such
as hyperthyroidism or Cushing’s syndrome,
which produces elevated levels of hormones.
Renal artery stenosis is a frequent cause of
secondary hypertension. Treatment of secondary
hypertension involves controlling the underlying
medical condition or disease in addition to
prescribing antihypertensive drugs. (3) Alcohol-
induced hypertension:[12]
Heavy drinking of
alcohol may be one of the most common causes
of secondary hypertension. (4) Isolated systolic
hypertension:[13]
Isolated systolic hypertension
occurs in people as they grow older. The build-up
of plaque in the arteries makes it more difficult for
blood to flow through. Treating the elderly with
diuretics not only decreases the risk of developing
the cardiovascular disease but may also reduce
the risk of dementia and related depression.
(5) Pregnancy-induced hypertension:[14]
It
begins to suffer from hypertension after the 20th
week of pregnancy. In the majority of cases,
these women are overweight or obese. Women
who are diagnosed with pregnancy-induced
hypertension are at greater risk of preeclampsia
during pregnancy. Symptoms may include
headache, dizziness, swelling of the hands and
face, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the abdomen.
(6) Medication-induced hypertension:[15]
Non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, decongestants,
and weight loss supplements are common
OTC drugs that can cause an increase in BP.
Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive, and cancer
drugs are among the prescription medications,
for which high BP can be a side effect. These
drugs constrict blood vessels and can cause
kidney problems. (7) Malignant hypertension:[16]
Malignant hypertension is considered to be a
medical emergency as the BP can suddenly rise to
a dangerous level.[17-21]
MECHANISM OF HYPERTENSION
Three theories have been proposed to explain
this:[22]
• The inability of the kidneys to excrete sodium,
resulting in natriuretic factors such as atrial
natriuretic factor being secreted to promote salt
excretion with the side effect of raising total
peripheral resistance
• An overactive renin–angiotensin system (RAS)
leads to vasoconstriction and retention of
sodiumandwater.Theincreasein bloodvolume
plus vasoconstriction leads to hypertension
• An overactive sympathetic nervous system,
leading to increased stress responses.
RAS
The RAS or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates
3. Bais, et al.: Novel anti-hypertensive drug used in clinical practice: A review
IJPBA/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 11/Issue 2 67
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
History of treatment of hypertension[26]
hypertension and its drug therapy has been
remarkably improved in the past 50 years. Different
classes of drugs have received prominence with the
passage of time in this period. Before 1950, hardly
any effective and tolerated antihypertensive agent
was available. Veratrum and sodium thiocyanate
could lower BP but were toxic and difficult to
use. The ganglionic blockers developed in the
1950s were effective but inconvenient. The
therapeutic potential of hydralazine could not
be tapped fully because of marked side effects
when it was used alone. Guanethidine introduced
in 1961, was an improvement in ganglionic
blockers. The antihypertensives of the 1960–70s
were methyldopa, β blockers and diuretics were
consolidated in the 1970s and selective α-blocker
prazosin broke new grounds. The antihypertensives
of the 1980–1990s are angiotensin-II converting
enzyme inhibitors (ACE) and calcium channel
blockers. Angiotensin II antagonists are the
latest antihypertensives.[27,28]
Diuretics help the
kidneys eliminate excess salt and water from the
body’s tissues and blood.[27]
For example, loop
diuretics such as bumetanide, ethacrynic acid,
furosemide, torsemide, and thiazide diuretics are
epitizide, hydrochlorothiazide, and chlorothiazide
bendroflumethiazide. Thiazide-like diuretics
are indapamide and chlorthalidone metolazone,
potassium-sparing diuretics are amiloride,
triamterene, and spironolactone. Despite lowering
BP and water (fluid) balance.[23]
Aldosterone causes
the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption
of sodium and water into the blood. This increases
the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases
BP.[23,24]
These drugs are one of the main ways to
control high BP (hypertension), heart failure, kidney
failure, and the harmful effects of diabetes.[25]
4. Bais, et al.: Novel anti-hypertensive drug used in clinical practice: A review
IJPBA/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 11/Issue 2 68
reserpine. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists,
also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, AT1
-
receptor antagonists, or sartans, are a group of
pharmaceuticals which modulate the RAAS. Their
main use is in hypertension (high BP), diabetic
nephropathy (kidney damage due to diabetes), and
congestive heart failure [Figure 1].[28,29]
DRUG COMPARISON AND
PHARMACOKINETICS[30]
The mean BP reduction achieved with losartan in
a dosage of 50–150 mg once daily is 5.5–10.5 mm
Hg for systolic pressure and 3.5–7.5 mm Hg for
diastolicpressure.[31]
Ahydrochlorothiazide-losartan
combination (Hyzaar) is also available. This
combinationcontains12.5mgofhydrochlorothiazide
and 50 mg of losartan.[32]
Candesartan cilexetil has
been shown to be effective for the treatment of
hypertension [Table 1]. The affinity of candesartan
for the AT1
receptor is more than 10,000 times
greater than its affinity for the AT2
receptor. With
Valsartan taken in a dosage of 80–320 mg once
daily, the mean reduction in diastolic BP is 6–9 mm
Hg. Studies have shown that valsartan is as effective
as enalapril, lisinopril, and amlodipine in the
treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension.[33,34]
Figure 1: Factors affecting arterial pressure[22]
BP, alpha-blockers have a significantly poorer
endpoint and are no longer recommended as a
first-line choice in the treatment of hypertension.[27]
Calciumchannelblockers:Calciumchannelblockers
block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in
artery walls like dihydropyridine are amlodipine,
felodipine, isradipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine,
nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine and non-
dihydropyridines:diltiazem, and verapamil. ACE
inhibitors inhibit the activity of ACE, an enzyme
responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I
into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor,[28]
for
example, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril,
perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril, and
benazepril. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin
receptors are candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan,
losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan.
Vasodilators act directly on the smooth muscle
of arteries to relax their walls, so blood can move
more easily through them; they are only used in
hypertensive emergencies or when other drugs
have failed and even so are rarely given alone.[28]
Sodium nitroprusside, a very potent, short-acting
vasodilator, is most commonly used for the quick,
temporary reduction of BP in emergencies (such
as malignant hypertension or aortic dissection).[27]
Hydralazine and its derivatives are also used in the
treatment of severe hypertension, although they
shouldbeavoidedinemergencies.[27,28]
Centralalpha
agonists lower BP by stimulating alpha-receptors
in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing
blood flow,[28]
for example, clonidine, guanabenz,
methyldopa, moxonidine. Some adrenergic
neuron blockers are used for the most resistant
forms of hypertension, such as guanethidine and
Table 1: Drug comparison and pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II blocking agent[30]
Drug Trade
name
Biological
half-life (h)
Protein
binding (%)
Bioavailability
(%)
Renal/hepatic
clearance (%)
Food
effect
Daily dosage
(mg)
Losartan Cozaar 2 h 98.7 33 10/90 Minimal 50–100 mg
EXP 3174 6–9 h 99.8 – 50/50 – –
Candesartan Atacand 9h 99 15 60/40 No 4–32 mg
Valsartan Diovan 6 h 95 25 30/70 No 80–320 mg
Irbesartan Avapro 11–15 h 90–95 70 1/99 No 150–300 mg
Telmisartan Micardis 24 h 99 42–58 1/99 No 40–80 mg
Eprosartan Teveten 5 h 98 13 30/70 No 400–800 mg
Olmesartan Benicar 14–16 h 99 29 40/60 No 10–40 mg
5. Bais, et al.: Novel anti-hypertensive drug used in clinical practice: A review
IJPBA/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 11/Issue 2 69
The affinity of the valsartan for the AT1 receptor is
about 20,000 times greater than its affinity for AT2
receptor. In comparison, the affinity of losartan for
AT1 receptor is about 1000 times greater than its
affinity for AT2 receptors.[31]
Irbesartan is a safe
and effective angiotensin II receptor antagonist
with an affinity for the AT1 receptor that is more
than 8500 times greater than its affinity for AT2
receptor.[35]
Non-linear pharmacokinetics yield
a greater than proportional increase in plasma
telmisartan concentration with increasing dosage.
It is a newly synthesized molecule which requires
a very high daily dose as compared to other drugs
of this class of around 400–500 mg.[36]
It is orally
administered in the form of olmesartan medoxomil
in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Twenty
milligram or 40 mg olmesartan medoxomil is
combined with 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 40
mg with 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide.[33-40]
Adverse
effects:[41,42]
Orthostatic hypotension, dyspepsia,
decreased hemoglobin level, insomnia, renal
impairment, pharyngitis or nasal congestion, and
hyperkalemia.
CONCLUSION
The present work which was undertaken is novel
work on the synthesis of various medicinal
derivatives. We have made an attempt in reviewing
the literature on drug for their medicinal uses
with the help of chemical abstract, Journals and
internet surfing. The drugs were found to be non-
toxic and could be synthesized in good yield. The
active drugs were taken as lead for the treatment
of hypertension. The present work is an attempt
in this direction and the efforts have proved to be
fruitful and promising.
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