Anti Federalist Papers No 44, What Congress Can Do, Liberty Education Series, http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for the uncommon.
Anti Federalist Papers No. 46 – "WHERE THEN IS THE RESTRAINT?" http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us for more American history. Liberty Education Series
Anti Federalist Papers No. 30-31 - TaxationChuck Thompson
Anti Federalist Papers No's 30 and 31. A Virginian on Issues of Taxation. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Article IV of the US Constitution outlines requirements for relations between states. It requires states to give full faith and credit to legal proceedings of other states, and guarantees citizens of each state the privileges and immunities of citizens in other states. It also establishes procedures for returning fugitives from justice and fugitive slaves to the states they fled from, and outlines the process for admission of new states and Congressional power over US territories. Article IV further guarantees each state a republican form of government and federal protection from invasion and domestic violence upon request.
John Adams appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace for Washington D.C. However, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. This led to the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, marking the first time it struck down a law for being unconstitutional. This established the Supreme Court's ability to review laws and executive actions and determine their constitutionality under the U.S. Constitution.
There are a great many people today who do a great many things that are of incalculable value and offer lots of valid insights about the troubled world we live in today. Many even have some good ideas for what we can do to help stem the flood tide of evil encompassing us.
But very few, prior to Pastor Rick Tyler of Heritage Christian Church and the Reformed Church of Israel have offered up a comprehensive plan of action that hits on all eight cylinders so to speak for how the remnant can take a truly meaningful stand and wade into this battle of our time to WIN. Not merely persevere through it.
There are no silver bullets, but there are many real, tangible things that can be done with minimal resources that can produce real, tangible results.
The question is whether like-minded people can, as our forefathers once did, resolve to mutually pledge their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor in pursuance of that end and give sacrificially to the cause of truth and liberty and defending the Kingdom of Christ on earth.
The document summarizes key aspects of laws and courts in the United States. It discusses that legislatures make statutes, agencies make regulations, and courts make precedent. It also describes that federal law supersedes state law based on the Supremacy Clause. The court system is structured with trial courts at the bottom, appellate courts in the middle, and the Supreme Court at the top. Federal courts hear cases involving federal law, disputes between states, and disputes between citizens of different states, while state courts hear all other cases.
The document summarizes the structure and organization of the three levels of the federal court system in the United States according to Article III of the US Constitution. It establishes that the judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and any inferior courts established by Congress. It outlines the jurisdiction and roles of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in most cases and original jurisdiction in those involving states or ambassadors. Below the Supreme Court are 13 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94 District Courts that make up the first level where most cases are tried.
Constitutional Law Your Ironclad Guarantee of FreedomChuck Thompson
This document discusses various aspects of constitutional law, including:
- The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution over other laws according to Article VI of the Constitution.
- Protections provided by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and protection from unreasonable searches.
- The principle that unconstitutional statutes are void and unenforceable from the date of enactment based on the 1803 Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision.
- Citations from American Jurisprudence discussing the interpretation and application of the Constitution, including the principle that citizens are not bound to obey unconstitutional laws.
Anti Federalist Papers No. 46 – "WHERE THEN IS THE RESTRAINT?" http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us for more American history. Liberty Education Series
Anti Federalist Papers No. 30-31 - TaxationChuck Thompson
Anti Federalist Papers No's 30 and 31. A Virginian on Issues of Taxation. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Article IV of the US Constitution outlines requirements for relations between states. It requires states to give full faith and credit to legal proceedings of other states, and guarantees citizens of each state the privileges and immunities of citizens in other states. It also establishes procedures for returning fugitives from justice and fugitive slaves to the states they fled from, and outlines the process for admission of new states and Congressional power over US territories. Article IV further guarantees each state a republican form of government and federal protection from invasion and domestic violence upon request.
John Adams appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace for Washington D.C. However, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. This led to the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, marking the first time it struck down a law for being unconstitutional. This established the Supreme Court's ability to review laws and executive actions and determine their constitutionality under the U.S. Constitution.
There are a great many people today who do a great many things that are of incalculable value and offer lots of valid insights about the troubled world we live in today. Many even have some good ideas for what we can do to help stem the flood tide of evil encompassing us.
But very few, prior to Pastor Rick Tyler of Heritage Christian Church and the Reformed Church of Israel have offered up a comprehensive plan of action that hits on all eight cylinders so to speak for how the remnant can take a truly meaningful stand and wade into this battle of our time to WIN. Not merely persevere through it.
There are no silver bullets, but there are many real, tangible things that can be done with minimal resources that can produce real, tangible results.
The question is whether like-minded people can, as our forefathers once did, resolve to mutually pledge their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor in pursuance of that end and give sacrificially to the cause of truth and liberty and defending the Kingdom of Christ on earth.
The document summarizes key aspects of laws and courts in the United States. It discusses that legislatures make statutes, agencies make regulations, and courts make precedent. It also describes that federal law supersedes state law based on the Supremacy Clause. The court system is structured with trial courts at the bottom, appellate courts in the middle, and the Supreme Court at the top. Federal courts hear cases involving federal law, disputes between states, and disputes between citizens of different states, while state courts hear all other cases.
The document summarizes the structure and organization of the three levels of the federal court system in the United States according to Article III of the US Constitution. It establishes that the judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and any inferior courts established by Congress. It outlines the jurisdiction and roles of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in most cases and original jurisdiction in those involving states or ambassadors. Below the Supreme Court are 13 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94 District Courts that make up the first level where most cases are tried.
Constitutional Law Your Ironclad Guarantee of FreedomChuck Thompson
This document discusses various aspects of constitutional law, including:
- The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution over other laws according to Article VI of the Constitution.
- Protections provided by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and protection from unreasonable searches.
- The principle that unconstitutional statutes are void and unenforceable from the date of enactment based on the 1803 Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision.
- Citations from American Jurisprudence discussing the interpretation and application of the Constitution, including the principle that citizens are not bound to obey unconstitutional laws.
This document is a decision and order from a United States District Court regarding the subversion of common law by rules. It argues that in 1938, the Supreme Court enacted rules merging equity and common law claims into "civil actions", claiming common law rules caused injustice. However, the document asserts this was an act of treason, as rules cannot overturn the natural law embodied in common law. It maintains that judges are bound only by the Constitution and natural law, and that "civil law" enacted by Congress and rules created by courts improperly restrict rights endowed by our Creator. The document concludes that rules are not law and cannot change the fact that courts are bound by common law principles of equity and maxims.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the three branches of the US federal government as established by the Constitution:
1) The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which has the power to enact laws, declare war, approve appointments, and conduct investigations. Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and Senate.
2) The executive branch is headed by the President, who enforces laws and acts as commander-in-chief. The President can sign or veto bills, negotiate treaties, issue executive orders, and pardon crimes.
3) The judicial branch consists of federal courts that interpret laws and the constitution. Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Supreme Court is the highest
The document provides an overview of the American judicial system and constitutional limitations on judicial power. It discusses the dual court system with separate federal and state court hierarchies. Key points include:
- The US Constitution established both federal and state court systems, with 95% of cases handled in state courts.
- Federal courts have limited jurisdiction over cases concerning federal law and constitutional questions, while state courts have general jurisdiction.
- The Supreme Court has the final say on the meaning of the US Constitution.
The Hartford Convention met in 1814 to discuss New England's grievances with the War of 1812 and propose constitutional amendments, including apportioning representation and taxes based on free population only, requiring two-thirds congressional approval for embargoes or interdicting trade, and limiting eligibility for the presidency. The convention recommended further action if their demands were not met.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. Article I establishes the legislative branch and gives powers to Congress. Article II establishes the executive branch and gives powers to the presidency. Article III establishes the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. Article IV describes relations between states and guarantees protections. Article V establishes the process for amending the Constitution. Article VI establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. Article VII describes the ratification process for establishing the Constitution.
Articles Of Confederation And Perpetual UnionLorrene
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union established the first governing document of the United States and created a weak national government with few powers. It lacked the ability to tax and had to request funds from states. It gave each state equal representation and established rights for states and individuals to move freely between states.
The Fourteenth Amendment was Never Constitutionally Ratified — Thus, Anchor B...Jonathan Henderson
The document argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was never constitutionally ratified and thus its protections do not apply to "anchor babies" or undocumented immigrants. It claims the Fourteenth Amendment failed to receive the necessary number of state ratifications to be added to the Constitution. It references debates around the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification process and cites analyses and congressional records that argue the amendment was not properly ratified and thus is not legally part of the Constitution. The document uses this argument to claim protections like birthright citizenship and due process do not apply to undocumented immigrants or their children born in the US.
The document summarizes the key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, including that it had a unicameral legislature without separation of powers, the central government was too weak with most power held by states, Congress could not tax or regulate commerce between states, and amendments required unanimous approval which made changes impossible. It then provides an overview of the key aspects of the US Constitution, outlining the establishment of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches along with their powers, and how states relate to the federal government. Amendments 1-10 are summarized as the Bill of Rights protecting individual freedoms, followed by brief descriptions of Amendments 11-27.
The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to address issues with the Articles of Confederation. Delegates debated plans like the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan before agreeing to the Great Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation of states in the Senate. The Convention also compromised on counting slaves for representation and continuing the international slave trade. The resulting Constitution established a representative democratic republic with separation of powers and checks and balances between the three branches of government. It was ratified by nine states and went into effect in 1788.
The Constitution is an Enforceable Contractable1appeal
The US Constitution is a contract between the governement and the US Citizen enforceable by a court of law.
See the Constitution here: http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm
The document discusses the expansion of executive power in the U.S. under the Constitution. It identifies the express powers given to the President in Article 2, such as commander-in-chief and appointment powers. It also analyzes how these powers have been expanded with help from Congress through broad delegations of authority. Areas of conflicting power between the President and Congress are discussed, such as war powers. The question of whether an "Imperial President" has been created is also raised.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the United States, including African Americans. It prohibited states from denying citizens equal protection under the law. It also prevented those who aided the Confederacy from holding public office. The amendment stated that while the U.S. would pay pensions, it would not assume the debts of the Confederacy or provide compensation for emancipated slaves. The 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, attempting to prevent Southern states from discriminating against black voters through Jim Crow laws that circumvented the 15th Amendment and denied African Americans political power.
The document discusses several key principles of the US Constitution, including:
- The full faith and credit clause requires states to respect other states' laws, records, and judicial rulings, though not things like gambling laws. Homosexual marriage is currently challenging this clause.
- The amendment process is difficult, requiring approval from both Congress and 3/4 of states, which is why some issues are addressed through laws and court decisions instead of amendments.
- Interpretation of the Constitution has been controversial, with strict constructionists believing the original intent is important while broad constructionists allow for more creative interpretation, similar to debates over biblical interpretation.
- There is no explicit right to privacy but it is considered a natural
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to due process and protections for criminal defendants under the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the importance of due process, the two due process clauses in the 5th and 14th Amendments, and examples of how due process has been applied and defined by the Supreme Court on a case-by-case basis. It also outlines various criminal procedural protections like habeas corpus, limits on laws, grand juries, double jeopardy, speedy and public trials, adequate defense, self-incrimination rights, bail, limits on punishments including the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and definitions and applications of capital punishment and treason.
The Journal of The Debates In The Convention Which Framed The Constitution of...Chuck Thompson
Volume two of the journal of debates that created the US Constitution. The real history that few are even aware that exists. Understand the true intentions of the founding fathers. Rare history.
Introduction to Fundamental Rights and Constitutional InterpretationUniversität Osnabrück
The document discusses American constitutional law topics related to interpretation and incorporation through the Second Amendment. It covers the source of rights, the scope of protections under the state action doctrine, methods of interpreting the constitution, the incorporation doctrine, and amending the constitution. Examples used include discussions of the Second Amendment in Heller and McDonald cases, which found it protects an individual right to gun ownership and incorporated that right against states.
POL 140, Chapter 4, "Federalism and the U.S. Constitution" atrantham
This document outlines key aspects of federalism in the United States, including the division of powers between the federal and state governments. It discusses the enumerated powers granted to Congress and reserved powers held by the states. The document also examines models of federalism, such as "layer cake" and "marble cake", and relationships defined in the Constitution like the supremacy clause and full faith and credit clause. Finally, it analyzes different approaches to federalism taken by presidential administrations.
Federalist No. 44 discusses two classes of federal powers granted by the Constitution: restrictions placed on states, and provisions giving efficacy to federal powers. Regarding restrictions on states, Madison examines clauses prohibiting states from entering treaties, coining currency, and imposing duties. He argues these restrictions preserve national authority and prevent economic discord between states. The essay also defends the "necessary and proper" clause, rejecting claims it grants overly broad powers, instead arguing it simply means powers incidental to express authorities are also authorized.
Top of FormLesson 3 CongressExpected OutcomesTo und.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Lesson 3: Congress
Expected Outcomes
To understand the structure and process of the Legislative Branch, and to be familiar with both sides of the debate surrounding electronic voting and other controversies.
Overview
The US Constitution provides for "separation of powers" and "checks and balances," but it is still fair to claim that the Founding Fathers anticipated that Congress would be the branch that gave clearest voice to the diverse opinions and aspirations of voters.
That's partly why its duties and responsibilities are included in Article I of the Constitution. The principal architect of the US Constitution, James Madison, made this clear in The Federalist Papers #51:
"But it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
James Madison also feared excessive power in the Congress, which is why he and others settled on the proposal for a "bicameral" legislative branch: a House of Representatives and a Senate. For a bill to become a law, it would have to pass both houses of Congress, which is difficult.
As James Madison continued:
"The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions."
While Madison and others were acutely aware of the potential tyranny of a single despot, king or even president, they were also cautious about the concept of "direct democracy," suspecting that Congress might become a vehicle for "tyranny of the majority." In such a tyranny, a majority would begin to restrict the rights of individuals and minorities.
A Joint Session of Congress
As James Madison wrote in The Federalist #10:
“A pure democracy can admit no cure for the mischief of faction. A common passion or interest will be felt by a majority, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party. Hence it is, that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have, in general, been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.”
He saw direct democracy as a danger to individual rights and advocated a representative democracy (also called a republic), in order to protect what he viewed as individual liberty from majority rule, or from the effects of such inequality within society.
"The tyranny of the Legislature is really the danger most to be feared, and will continue to be so for many years to come. The tyranny of the executive power will come in its turn, but at a more distant period."
-Thomas Jefferson
Alexis de Tocqueville, in Democracy in America, also raised the problem of an overly-strong le ...
Federalist Papers No 42, Powers of The Constitution cont.Chuck Thompson
Federalist Papers No 42, Powers of The Constitution cont. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester Virginia Links and News website. Visit us. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com
This document is a decision and order from a United States District Court regarding the subversion of common law by rules. It argues that in 1938, the Supreme Court enacted rules merging equity and common law claims into "civil actions", claiming common law rules caused injustice. However, the document asserts this was an act of treason, as rules cannot overturn the natural law embodied in common law. It maintains that judges are bound only by the Constitution and natural law, and that "civil law" enacted by Congress and rules created by courts improperly restrict rights endowed by our Creator. The document concludes that rules are not law and cannot change the fact that courts are bound by common law principles of equity and maxims.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the three branches of the US federal government as established by the Constitution:
1) The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which has the power to enact laws, declare war, approve appointments, and conduct investigations. Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and Senate.
2) The executive branch is headed by the President, who enforces laws and acts as commander-in-chief. The President can sign or veto bills, negotiate treaties, issue executive orders, and pardon crimes.
3) The judicial branch consists of federal courts that interpret laws and the constitution. Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Supreme Court is the highest
The document provides an overview of the American judicial system and constitutional limitations on judicial power. It discusses the dual court system with separate federal and state court hierarchies. Key points include:
- The US Constitution established both federal and state court systems, with 95% of cases handled in state courts.
- Federal courts have limited jurisdiction over cases concerning federal law and constitutional questions, while state courts have general jurisdiction.
- The Supreme Court has the final say on the meaning of the US Constitution.
The Hartford Convention met in 1814 to discuss New England's grievances with the War of 1812 and propose constitutional amendments, including apportioning representation and taxes based on free population only, requiring two-thirds congressional approval for embargoes or interdicting trade, and limiting eligibility for the presidency. The convention recommended further action if their demands were not met.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. Article I establishes the legislative branch and gives powers to Congress. Article II establishes the executive branch and gives powers to the presidency. Article III establishes the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. Article IV describes relations between states and guarantees protections. Article V establishes the process for amending the Constitution. Article VI establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. Article VII describes the ratification process for establishing the Constitution.
Articles Of Confederation And Perpetual UnionLorrene
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union established the first governing document of the United States and created a weak national government with few powers. It lacked the ability to tax and had to request funds from states. It gave each state equal representation and established rights for states and individuals to move freely between states.
The Fourteenth Amendment was Never Constitutionally Ratified — Thus, Anchor B...Jonathan Henderson
The document argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was never constitutionally ratified and thus its protections do not apply to "anchor babies" or undocumented immigrants. It claims the Fourteenth Amendment failed to receive the necessary number of state ratifications to be added to the Constitution. It references debates around the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification process and cites analyses and congressional records that argue the amendment was not properly ratified and thus is not legally part of the Constitution. The document uses this argument to claim protections like birthright citizenship and due process do not apply to undocumented immigrants or their children born in the US.
The document summarizes the key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, including that it had a unicameral legislature without separation of powers, the central government was too weak with most power held by states, Congress could not tax or regulate commerce between states, and amendments required unanimous approval which made changes impossible. It then provides an overview of the key aspects of the US Constitution, outlining the establishment of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches along with their powers, and how states relate to the federal government. Amendments 1-10 are summarized as the Bill of Rights protecting individual freedoms, followed by brief descriptions of Amendments 11-27.
The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to address issues with the Articles of Confederation. Delegates debated plans like the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan before agreeing to the Great Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation of states in the Senate. The Convention also compromised on counting slaves for representation and continuing the international slave trade. The resulting Constitution established a representative democratic republic with separation of powers and checks and balances between the three branches of government. It was ratified by nine states and went into effect in 1788.
The Constitution is an Enforceable Contractable1appeal
The US Constitution is a contract between the governement and the US Citizen enforceable by a court of law.
See the Constitution here: http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm
The document discusses the expansion of executive power in the U.S. under the Constitution. It identifies the express powers given to the President in Article 2, such as commander-in-chief and appointment powers. It also analyzes how these powers have been expanded with help from Congress through broad delegations of authority. Areas of conflicting power between the President and Congress are discussed, such as war powers. The question of whether an "Imperial President" has been created is also raised.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the United States, including African Americans. It prohibited states from denying citizens equal protection under the law. It also prevented those who aided the Confederacy from holding public office. The amendment stated that while the U.S. would pay pensions, it would not assume the debts of the Confederacy or provide compensation for emancipated slaves. The 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, attempting to prevent Southern states from discriminating against black voters through Jim Crow laws that circumvented the 15th Amendment and denied African Americans political power.
The document discusses several key principles of the US Constitution, including:
- The full faith and credit clause requires states to respect other states' laws, records, and judicial rulings, though not things like gambling laws. Homosexual marriage is currently challenging this clause.
- The amendment process is difficult, requiring approval from both Congress and 3/4 of states, which is why some issues are addressed through laws and court decisions instead of amendments.
- Interpretation of the Constitution has been controversial, with strict constructionists believing the original intent is important while broad constructionists allow for more creative interpretation, similar to debates over biblical interpretation.
- There is no explicit right to privacy but it is considered a natural
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to due process and protections for criminal defendants under the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the importance of due process, the two due process clauses in the 5th and 14th Amendments, and examples of how due process has been applied and defined by the Supreme Court on a case-by-case basis. It also outlines various criminal procedural protections like habeas corpus, limits on laws, grand juries, double jeopardy, speedy and public trials, adequate defense, self-incrimination rights, bail, limits on punishments including the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and definitions and applications of capital punishment and treason.
The Journal of The Debates In The Convention Which Framed The Constitution of...Chuck Thompson
Volume two of the journal of debates that created the US Constitution. The real history that few are even aware that exists. Understand the true intentions of the founding fathers. Rare history.
Introduction to Fundamental Rights and Constitutional InterpretationUniversität Osnabrück
The document discusses American constitutional law topics related to interpretation and incorporation through the Second Amendment. It covers the source of rights, the scope of protections under the state action doctrine, methods of interpreting the constitution, the incorporation doctrine, and amending the constitution. Examples used include discussions of the Second Amendment in Heller and McDonald cases, which found it protects an individual right to gun ownership and incorporated that right against states.
POL 140, Chapter 4, "Federalism and the U.S. Constitution" atrantham
This document outlines key aspects of federalism in the United States, including the division of powers between the federal and state governments. It discusses the enumerated powers granted to Congress and reserved powers held by the states. The document also examines models of federalism, such as "layer cake" and "marble cake", and relationships defined in the Constitution like the supremacy clause and full faith and credit clause. Finally, it analyzes different approaches to federalism taken by presidential administrations.
Federalist No. 44 discusses two classes of federal powers granted by the Constitution: restrictions placed on states, and provisions giving efficacy to federal powers. Regarding restrictions on states, Madison examines clauses prohibiting states from entering treaties, coining currency, and imposing duties. He argues these restrictions preserve national authority and prevent economic discord between states. The essay also defends the "necessary and proper" clause, rejecting claims it grants overly broad powers, instead arguing it simply means powers incidental to express authorities are also authorized.
Top of FormLesson 3 CongressExpected OutcomesTo und.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Lesson 3: Congress
Expected Outcomes
To understand the structure and process of the Legislative Branch, and to be familiar with both sides of the debate surrounding electronic voting and other controversies.
Overview
The US Constitution provides for "separation of powers" and "checks and balances," but it is still fair to claim that the Founding Fathers anticipated that Congress would be the branch that gave clearest voice to the diverse opinions and aspirations of voters.
That's partly why its duties and responsibilities are included in Article I of the Constitution. The principal architect of the US Constitution, James Madison, made this clear in The Federalist Papers #51:
"But it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
James Madison also feared excessive power in the Congress, which is why he and others settled on the proposal for a "bicameral" legislative branch: a House of Representatives and a Senate. For a bill to become a law, it would have to pass both houses of Congress, which is difficult.
As James Madison continued:
"The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions."
While Madison and others were acutely aware of the potential tyranny of a single despot, king or even president, they were also cautious about the concept of "direct democracy," suspecting that Congress might become a vehicle for "tyranny of the majority." In such a tyranny, a majority would begin to restrict the rights of individuals and minorities.
A Joint Session of Congress
As James Madison wrote in The Federalist #10:
“A pure democracy can admit no cure for the mischief of faction. A common passion or interest will be felt by a majority, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party. Hence it is, that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have, in general, been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.”
He saw direct democracy as a danger to individual rights and advocated a representative democracy (also called a republic), in order to protect what he viewed as individual liberty from majority rule, or from the effects of such inequality within society.
"The tyranny of the Legislature is really the danger most to be feared, and will continue to be so for many years to come. The tyranny of the executive power will come in its turn, but at a more distant period."
-Thomas Jefferson
Alexis de Tocqueville, in Democracy in America, also raised the problem of an overly-strong le ...
Federalist Papers No 42, Powers of The Constitution cont.Chuck Thompson
Federalist Papers No 42, Powers of The Constitution cont. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester Virginia Links and News website. Visit us. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com
Letter to JamesMadisonTO JAMES MADISON.Paris, December 20, 1.docxSHIVA101531
Letter to James
Madison
TO JAMES MADISON.
Paris, December 20, 1787.
Dear Sir,—My last to you was of October the 8th, by the Count de Moustier. Yours of July the
18th, September the 6th and October the 24th, were successively received, yesterday, the day
before, and three or four days before that. I have only had time to read the letters; the printed
papers communicated with them, however interesting, being obliged to lie over till I finish my
despatches for the packet, which despatches must go from hence the day after to-morrow. I have
much to thank you for; first and most for the cyphered paragraph respecting myself. These little
informations are very material towards forming my own decisions. I would be glad even to
know, when any individual member thinks I have gone wrong in any instance. If I know myself,
it would not excite ill blood in me, while it would assist to guide my conduct, perhaps to justify
it, and to keep me to my duty, alert. I must thank you, too, for the information in Thomas Burke’s
case; though you will have found by a subsequent letter, that I have asked of you a further
investigation of that matter. It is to gratify the lady who is at the head of the convent wherein my
daughters are, and who, by her attachment and attention to them, lays me under great obligations.
I shall hope, therefore, still to receive from you the result of all the further inquiries my second
letter had asked. The parcel of rice which you informed me had miscarried, accompanied my
letter to the Delegates of South Carolina. Mr. Bourgoin was to be the bearer of both, and both
were delivered together into the hands of his relation here, who introduced him to me, and
who, at a subsequent moment, undertook to convey them to Mr. Bourgoin. This person was an
engraver, particularly recommended to Dr. Franklin and Mr. Hopkinson. Perhaps he may have
mislaid the little parcel of rice among his baggage. I am much pleased that the sale of western
lands is so successful. I hope they will absorb all the certificates of our domestic debt speedily, in
the first place, and that then, offered for cash, they will do the same by our foreign ones.
The season admitting only of operations in the cabinet, and these being in a great measure secret,
I have little to fill a letter. I will, therefore, make up the deficiency, by adding a few words on the
Constitution proposed by our convention.
I like much the general idea of framing a government, which should go on of itself, peaceably,
without needing continual recurrence to the State legislatures. I like the organization of the
government into legislative, judiciary and executive. I like the power given the legislature to
levy taxes, and for that reason solely, I approve of the greater House being chosen by the people
directly. For though I think a House so chosen, will be very far inferior to the present Congress,
will be very illy qualified to legislate for the Union, for foreign nations, etc., yet this evil does
not weig ...
Constitutional Law National Power and Federalism ~ Sixth.docxmaxinesmith73660
Constitutional Law
National Power and Federalism
~ Sixth Edition
~ Christopher N. May and Allan Ides
Judicial Review
§I. I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
In the constitutional law course, we study the United States Constitution as it
has been interpreted and explained by the federal courts for more than 2 0 0
years. The Constitution itself is an amazingly short document. Stripped of its
amendments, the Constitution occupies fewer than a dozen pages in your
casebook. Even with its amendments, the document is barely 20 pages long.
Yet while the Constitution itself is extremely brief, the interpretation of it
can be exceedingly complex. The bulk of your constitutional law textbook
consists of cases in which a court-usually the U.S. Supreme Court-has
been asked to decide whether certain government decisions or practices
are invalid because they violate the requirements of the Constitution . This
process by which courts rule on the constitutionality of actions taken by
federal and state officials is known as judicial review.
Judicial review is the fountain of constitutional law. This is true for
several reasons. First, the process of judicial review has created the body
of reported decisions that we think of as the law of the Constitution. When we
wish to know whether or not the Constitution allows a particular govern-
mental practice, we usually look first to previous court decisions that have
interpreted the constitutional provisions in question. Without this steadily
accumulating body of case law, we would have little definitive guidance as
to the meaning of the Constitution.
Second, it is the process of judicial review that renders the Constitu tion
binding and enforceable as law. In the absence of judicial review, the Con-
stitution would be little more than a statement of normative principles and
I . judicial Review
ideals-similar to the Golden Rule or to the Universal Declaration of 2
Rights . Public officials w ould fmd it much easier to ignore the Cons ·
and statutes that were contrary to the Constitution might still be en:
Judicial review serves as a mechanism by which public officials m ay be -
pelled to perform their duties in accordance with the Constitution.
This chapter examines the doctrine of judicial review as it was r ~
oped by the Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century. In revie,•i.:::: -3
debate surrounding the legitimacy of this doctrine, we will see that:!l __ .
in the Constitution's text specifically authorizes the federal courts to ?"
the validity of actions taken by the other branches of the federal goye....~
or by the states. Yet the historical backdrop against which judicial ~e-.-,::
emerged makes clear that the doctrine is fully consistent with th e Fmc::
conception of a balanced democracy in which abuses of p ow er ·-·-
branch may be checked or prevented by actions of the coordinate bra.:::
In this chapter we will also explore the question of what sources a:J.,...
The Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress in 1798 aimed to restrict speech critical of the government and deport immigrants deemed dangerous. The Virginia Resolution argued these Acts were unconstitutional because the federal government's powers are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution. It protested the Acts as infringing on freedom of the press and expression.
ACC560 Week 3 Homework:
Chapter 4: Activity-Based Costing
Constitutional Law
National Power and Federalism
~ Sixth Edition
~ Christopher N. May and Allan Ides
Judicial Review
§I. I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
In the constitutional law course, we study the United States Constitution as it
has been interpreted and explained by the federal courts for more than 2 0 0
years. The Constitution itself is an amazingly short document. Stripped of its
amendments, the Constitution occupies fewer than a dozen pages in your
casebook. Even with its amendments, the document is barely 20 pages long.
Yet while the Constitution itself is extremely brief, the interpretation of it
can be exceedingly complex. The bulk of your constitutional law textbook
consists of cases in which a court-usually the U.S. Supreme Court-has
been asked to decide whether certain government decisions or practices
are invalid because they violate the requirements of the Constitution . This
process by which courts rule on the constitutionality of actions taken by
federal and state officials is known as judicial review.
Judicial review is the fountain of constitutional law. This is true for
several reasons. First, the process of judicial review has created the body
of reported decisions that we think of as the law of the Constitution. When we
wish to know whether or not the Constitution allows a particular govern-
mental practice, we usually look first to previous court decisions that have
interpreted the constitutional provisions in question. Without this steadily
accumulating body of case law, we would have little definitive guidance as
to the meaning of the Constitution.
Second, it is the process of judicial review that renders the Constitu tion
binding and enforceable as law. In the absence of judicial review, the Con-
stitution would be little more than a statement of normative principles and
I . judicial Review
ideals-similar to the Golden Rule or to the Universal Declaration of 2
Rights . Public officials w ould fmd it much easier to ignore the Cons ·
and statutes that were contrary to the Constitution might still be en:
Judicial review serves as a mechanism by which public officials m ay be -
pelled to perform their duties in accordance with the Constitution.
This chapter examines the doctrine of judicial review as it was r ~
oped by the Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century. In revie,•i.:::: -3
debate surrounding the legitimacy of this doctrine, we will see that:!l __ .
in the Constitution's text specifically authorizes the federal courts to ?"
the validity of actions taken by the other branches of the federal goye....~
or by the states. Yet the historical backdrop against which judicial ~e-.-,::
emerged makes clear that the doctrine is fully consistent with th e Fmc::
conception of a balanced democracy in which abuses of p ow er ·-·-
branch may be checked or prevented by actions of the coordinate bra.:::.
What is the difference between Madison and Hamiltons interpretation.pdfamirajsharma
What is the difference between Madison and Hamilton's interpretation of Article 1 section 8 of
the Constitution?
US Constitution Article I Section 8 - Powers of Congress
1. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay
the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all
Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the
Indian Tribes;
4. To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of
Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of
Weights and Measures;
6. To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United
States;
7. To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
8. To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors
and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
9. To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
10. To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against
the Law of Nations;
11. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures
on Land and Water;
12. To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer
Term than two Years;
13. To provide and maintain a Navy;
14. To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress
Insurrections and repel Invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part
of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States
respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according
to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding
ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress,
become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all
Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for
the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And
18. To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the
foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the
United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respective.
References must be from 2014 and above for all the questions.1.docxaudeleypearl
This document summarizes Daniel Webster's 1830 "Liberty and Union" speech defending the supremacy of the federal government and Constitution over individual states. Webster argues that the people, not state governments, are sovereign and created the federal government through the Constitution to exercise powers specifically delegated to it, like regulating interstate commerce. He asserts that states cannot nullify or block federal laws, and the Supreme Court is the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution. The speech was a response to South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification claiming states could invalidate tariff laws.
Alaska is more than 67% federally controlled lands. Hawaii has less than 20% and was granted land by the federal government. Why the difference? The Transfer of Public Lands is the Only Solution Big Enough to 1) fund education, 2) better care for our lands and forests, 3) protect access, 4) create jobs, and 5) grow our local, state, and national economies and tax base.
# 151053 Cust Cengage Au Hall Pg. No. iii Title Cri.docxAASTHA76
The document discusses the structure of the American legal system, specifically focusing on federalism and the division of power between federal and state governments. It explains that the US has a dual sovereignty system with both federal and state governments having authority over citizens. While most crimes fall under state jurisdiction, some areas like counterfeiting are exclusively under federal control. The expansion of federal power, especially through the Commerce Clause, has increased concurrent jurisdiction between federal and state governments. However, the Supreme Court has also reaffirmed the important role of states in regulating health, safety, and welfare through their police powers.
Biblical Principles of Government Should Government Be Inv.docxjasoninnes20
Biblical Principles of Government:
Should Government Be Involved?
YES NO
Is this an
issue of
injustice?
Inalienable Rights:
Does the injustice
equate to a violation
of life, liberty, and
property?
YES NO
Government
should be
involved.
Government
should not be
involved.
How can other
spheres in society be
involved to help solve
the problem?
Government
should not be
involved.
The United States Constitution
September 17, 1787
____________________
It quickly became apparent that the Articles of Confederation, ratified by all the states by
March 1781, was insufficient in several areas (Lowman, pp. 121-22). One of the main weaknesses
was that it had no means of enforcing laws, or to settle disputes arising out of national laws. This
placed the states in the position of being independent nations (Lowman, p. 122). The states had no
rights with one another that were easily protected, and neither did their citizens. Shays' Rebellion,
which occurred in Massachusetts in 1786, magnified this problem and was the event that caused
the founding fathers to discuss plans for a better system of government:
Shays' Rebellion was limited to Massachusetts, but it threw fear into the hearts of Americans
in general. It rudely awakened them to the truly desperate political and economic conditions
in America. George Washington, in a letter to John Jay, wrote that "our affairs are
drawing rapidly to a crisis. We have errors to correct; we have probably had too good an
opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation. Experience has taught us that
men will not adopt, and carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own
good, without the intervention of coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a
nation without lodging, somewhere, a power which will pervade the whole Union in as
energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states
[Emphasis added.] (Lowman, p. 124).
A convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, but under the leadership of George
Washington, the delegates pushed for a more ambitious plan: creating an entirely new system of
government:
The Convention had been called only for the purpose of revising the Articles of
Confederation. But most of the delegates realized from the beginning of their discussions
that this was not enough to solve the nation's pressing problems. What was needed was a
new and stronger national government. Since whatever action they took would only result in
a recommendation to the states and would not be binding on anyone, they made the bold
decision to put aside the Articles and draft a brand new Constitution for the United States.
In making the "Great Decision," they heeded the advice of George Washington, who is
reported to have told the delegates even before the Convention officially began: "It is too
probable that no plan we propose will b ...
Biblical Principles of Government Should Government Be Inv.docxtangyechloe
Biblical Principles of Government:
Should Government Be Involved?
YES NO
Is this an
issue of
injustice?
Inalienable Rights:
Does the injustice
equate to a violation
of life, liberty, and
property?
YES NO
Government
should be
involved.
Government
should not be
involved.
How can other
spheres in society be
involved to help solve
the problem?
Government
should not be
involved.
The United States Constitution
September 17, 1787
____________________
It quickly became apparent that the Articles of Confederation, ratified by all the states by
March 1781, was insufficient in several areas (Lowman, pp. 121-22). One of the main weaknesses
was that it had no means of enforcing laws, or to settle disputes arising out of national laws. This
placed the states in the position of being independent nations (Lowman, p. 122). The states had no
rights with one another that were easily protected, and neither did their citizens. Shays' Rebellion,
which occurred in Massachusetts in 1786, magnified this problem and was the event that caused
the founding fathers to discuss plans for a better system of government:
Shays' Rebellion was limited to Massachusetts, but it threw fear into the hearts of Americans
in general. It rudely awakened them to the truly desperate political and economic conditions
in America. George Washington, in a letter to John Jay, wrote that "our affairs are
drawing rapidly to a crisis. We have errors to correct; we have probably had too good an
opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation. Experience has taught us that
men will not adopt, and carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own
good, without the intervention of coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a
nation without lodging, somewhere, a power which will pervade the whole Union in as
energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states
[Emphasis added.] (Lowman, p. 124).
A convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, but under the leadership of George
Washington, the delegates pushed for a more ambitious plan: creating an entirely new system of
government:
The Convention had been called only for the purpose of revising the Articles of
Confederation. But most of the delegates realized from the beginning of their discussions
that this was not enough to solve the nation's pressing problems. What was needed was a
new and stronger national government. Since whatever action they took would only result in
a recommendation to the states and would not be binding on anyone, they made the bold
decision to put aside the Articles and draft a brand new Constitution for the United States.
In making the "Great Decision," they heeded the advice of George Washington, who is
reported to have told the delegates even before the Convention officially began: "It is too
probable that no plan we propose will b.
The solution is the constitution not artilce vmiscott57
With a surge of pressure being put on state legislators this year to apply for an Article V convention, here are three reasons to oppose all such constitutional convention applications.
This document contains the text of Article 1, Section 2 of the United States Constitution. It outlines how representatives are apportioned among the states based on population and establishes qualifications for representatives, including a minimum age of 25 years and 7 years of citizenship. It also describes how vacancies in representation are filled and the powers of the House of Representatives.
The United States Constitution is a agreement between Government of the United States and the US Citizen enforceable by the legal system.
Find the US Constitution here: http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm
The US Constitution is a written contract between Government of the US and the citizen enforceable by the court system.
See the Constitution of the United States here: http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm
The Constitution of the United States is a agreement between the governement and the US Citizen enforceable by a court of law.
See the Constitution of the United States here: http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm
The U.S. Constitution Essay
The British Constitution Essay example
Essay about The Constitution
Essay on US Constitution
Essay about Constitutional Democracy
Essay on US Constitution
US Constitution Essay
Essay about Constitution Rights
Similar to Anti Federalist Papers No 44, What Congress Can Do (20)
This document contains an oath for members of the Virginia Minute Men (And Women) militia to uphold the U.S. and Virginia Constitutions against all enemies and abide by the militia's rules. It requests that signed copies of the oath and membership be emailed to the militia's email address as either a PDF or picture. It also provides a template for a membership certificate for a member of the Virginia militia.
This document contains an index to laws and regulations for the government of the United States Army in 1815. It lists articles of war, acts of Congress, and general regulations on topics such as courts martial, desertion, pay, and organization of infantry, artillery, and other units. The index provides page references to the full text of these laws and regulations contained in the printed publication from which this document was drawn.
This document provides a table of contents for a book titled "The American Judiciary" by Simeon E. Baldwin. The table of contents lists 24 chapters divided into two parts. Part I discusses the nature and scope of judicial power in the United States, including the separation of judicial power from other branches of government and the force of precedents. Part II addresses the organization of state and federal courts and relations between different court systems. It also covers topics like trial procedures, appellate courts, and the appointment of judges.
Why climate change science does not matterChuck Thompson
The document argues that climate change science violates evolutionary science in two key ways. First, it fails to consider humanity's ability to adapt to environmental changes or go extinct and be replaced by something greater. Second, it ignores that evolution occurred through rapid progression followed by slower adaptation, so humanity could rapidly adapt to climate impacts. The document also notes that climate scientists and evolutionary scientists have not adequately considered how their disciplines intersect. It concludes that climate change may be part of natural evolutionary processes, so there is no need to worry about its impacts on humanity.
Default brief filed in court on February 19th, 2019. This legal brief calls for the arrest and conviction of Circuit Court Judge Jeffery W Shaw for a multitude of counts of fraud. Copy shows court stamps.
Book digitized by Google. Understanding exactly what the Federal Government of the United States has a right to tax by looking at a history of taxation. This book will open your eyes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Letter of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Horatio NelsonChuck Thompson
This document discusses the development of a new type of lightweight material called aerographite. Aerographite is an ultra-light carbon nanotube-based foam that is 100 times less dense than balsa wood. It was created by growing a highly porous network of carbon nanotubes on a template substrate then removing the template, leaving behind a nanotube structure that is over 99% air. Aerographite is one of the world's lightest solid materials and has potential applications in aircraft, batteries and insulation due to its unique combination of lightness, strength, and thermal properties.
Homeland Security Building RecommendationsChuck Thompson
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com This is the building security recommendations for schools from Homeland Security. 317 pages up to date and complete. Is your school safe?
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The Battle of Gettysburg. Civil war history for those who would like to learn more about the past of the United States. Free downloads to Slideshare members. Enjoy.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
Les Miserables, five volumes, complete by victor hugoChuck Thompson
This document provides a table of contents for Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. It lists the volumes, books, and chapters that make up the work. The novel is divided into 5 volumes, with each volume containing multiple books divided into chapters. Some key details include that Volume I is titled "Fantine" and contains 14 chapters across 2 books. Volume II is titled "Cosette" and includes 19 chapters across 7 books related to the Battle of Waterloo.
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The art of making whiskey is a very old book from 1819 and shows an excellent history on the craft of distilling spirits also known back then as living waters. Great information on how whiskey as well as gin used to be made. Free downloads.
This document is the preface to "The Practical Distiller" written by Samuel McHarry in 1809. It details McHarry's journey learning the distilling process from ignorance to developing a systematic approach through years of experimentation. He aims to improve the quality and reputation of domestic spirits by providing instructions to distill whiskey, gin, brandy and other spirits from American-grown products like rye, corn, apples and potatoes that are of equal or better quality than imported versions. McHarry hopes his published work will help distillers produce profitable and wholesome spirits while retaining wealth within the country.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
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Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
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Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Anti Federalist Papers No 44, What Congress Can Do
1. Gloucester, Virginia Crier
Anti Federalist Papers No. 44 – What Congress Can Do; What
A State Can Not
Special Edition Brought To You By: TTC Media Properties
Digital Publishing: May, 2014
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
Liberty Education Series
2. A writer in the Pennsylvania Packet, under the signature of A Freeman, has lately
entered the lists as another champion for the proposed constitution. Particularly he has
endeavored to show that our apprehensions of this plan of government being a
consolidation of the United States into one government, and not a confederacy of
sovereign independent states, is entirely groundless; and it must be acknowledged that
he has advocated this cause with as much show of reason, perhaps, as the subject will
admit.
The words states, several states, and united states are, he observes, frequently
mentioned in the constitution. And this is an argument that their separate sovereignty
and independence cannot be endangered! He has enumerated a variety of matters
which, he says, congress cannot do; and which the states, in their individual capacity,
must or may do, and thence infers their sovereignty and independence. In some of
these, however, I apprehend he is a little mistaken.
1. "Congress cannot train the militia. " This is not strictly true. For by the 1st Article
they are empowered "to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining" them; and
tho' the respective states are said to have the authority of training the militia, it must be
"according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. " In this business, therefore, they
will be no other than subalterns under Congress, to execute their orders; which, if they
shall neglect to do, Congress will have constitutional powers to provide for, by any
other means they shall think proper. They shall have power to declare what description
of persons shall compose the militia; to appoint the stated times and places for
exercising them; to compel personal attendance, whether when called for into actual
service, or on other occasions, under what penalties they shall think proper, without
regard to scruples of conscience or any other consideration. Their executive officer
may march and countermarch them from one extremity of the state to the other - and
all this without so much as consulting the legislature of the particular states to which
they belong! Where then is that boasted security against the annihilation of the state
governments, arising from "the powerful military support" they will have from their
militia?
2. "Congress cannot enact laws for the inspection of the produce of the country. "
Neither is this strictly true. Their power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations
and among the several states, and to make all laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying this power (among others vested in them by the constitution) into
execution," most certainly extends to the enacting of inspection laws. The particular
states may indeed propose such laws to them; but it is expressly declared, in the lst
article, that "all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
"
3. "The several states can prohibit or impose duties on the importation of slaves into
their own ports. " Nay, not even this can they do, "without the consent of Congress," as
is expressly declared in the close of the lst article. The duty which Congress may, and
3. it is probable will lay on the importation of slaves, will form a branch of their revenue.
But this impost, as well as all others, "must be uniform throughout the United States. "
Congress therefore cannot consent that one state should impose an additional duty on
this article of commerce, unless all other states should do the same; and it is not very
likely that some of the states will ever ask this favor.
4. "Congress cannot interfere with the opening of rivers and canals; the making or
regulation of roads, except post roads; building bridges; erecting ferries; building
lighthouses, etc. " In one case, which may very frequently happen, this proposition
also fails. For if the river, canal, road, bridge, ferry, etc. , be common to two states, or
a matter in which they may be both concerned, and consequently must both concur,
then the interference and consent of Congress becomes absolutely necessary, since it is
declared in the constitution that "no state shall, without the consent of Congress, enter
into any agreement or compact with another state. "
5. "The elections of the President, Vice President, senators and representatives are
exclusively in the hands of the states - even as to filling vacancies. " This, in one
important part, is not true. For, by the 2d article, "in case of the removal of the
President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the duties
of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may
by law provide for the case of removal, death, etc. , both of the President and Vice
President, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. "
But no such election is provided for by the constitution, till the return of the periodical
election at the expiration of the four years for which the former president was chosen.
And thus may the great powers of this supreme magistrate of the United States be
exercised, for years together, by a man who, perhaps, never had one vote of the people
for any office of government in his life.
6. "Congress cannot interfere with the constitution of any state. " This has been often
said, but alas, with how little truth - since it is declared in the 6th article that "this
constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance
thereof, and all treaties, etc. , shall be the supreme law of the land, and every state
shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding. "
But, sir, in order to form a proper judgment of the probable effects of this plan of
general government on the sovereignties of the several states, it is necessary also to
take a view of what Congress may, constitutionally, do and of what the states may not
do. This matter, however, the above writer has thought proper to pass over in silence. I
would therefore beg leave in some measure, to supply this omission; and if in anything
I should appear to be mistaken I hope he will take the same liberty with me that I have
done with him - he will correct my mistake.
1. Congress may, even in time of peace, raise an army of 100,000 men, whom they
4. may canton through the several states, and billet out on the inhabitants, in order to
serve as necessary instruments in executing their decrees.
2. Upon the inhabitants of any state proving refractory to the will of Congress, or upon
any other pretense whatsoever, Congress may can out even all the militia of as many
states as they think proper, and keep them in actual service, without pay, as long as
they please, subject to the utmost rigor of military discipline, corporal punishment, and
death itself not excepted.
3. Congress may levy and collect a capitation or poll tax, to what amount they shall
think proper; of which the poorest taxable in the state must pay as much as the richest.
4. Congress may, under the sanction of that clause in the constitution which empowers
them to regulate commerce, authorize the importation of slaves, even into those states
where this iniquitous trade is or may be prohibited by their laws or constitutions.
5. Congress may, under the sanction of that clause which empowers them to lay and
collect duties (as distinct from imposts and excises) impose so heavy a stamp duty on
newspapers and other periodical publications, as shall effectually prevent all necessary
information to the people through these useful channels of intelligence.
6. Congress may, by imposing a duty on foreigners coming into the country, check the
progress of its population. And after a few years they may prohibit altogether, not only
the emigration of foreigners into our country, but also that of our own citizens to any
other country.
7. Congress may withhold, as long as they think proper, all information respecting
their proceedings from the people.
8. Congress may order the elections for members of their own body, in the several
states, to be held at what times, in what places, and in what manner they shall think
proper. Thus, in Pennsylvania, they may order the elections to be held in the middle of
winter, at the city of Philadelphia; by which means the inhabitants of nine-tenths of the
state will be effectually (tho' constitutionally) deprived of the exercise of their right of
suffrage.
9. Congress may, in their courts of judicature, abolish trial by jury in civil cases
altogether; and even in criminal cases, trial by a jury of the vicinage is not secured by
the constitution. A crime committed at Fort Pitt may be tried by a jury of the citizens
of Philadelphia.
10. Congress may, if they shall think it for the "general welfare," establish an
uniformity in religion throughout the United States. Such establishments have been
thought necessary, and have accordingly taken place in almost all the other countries
in the world, and will no doubt be thought equally necessary in this.
11. Though I believe it is not generally so understood, yet certain it is, that Congress
may emit paper money, and even make it a legal tender throughout the United States;
and, what is still worse, may, after it shall have depreciated in the hands of the people,
5. call it in by taxes, at any rate of depreciation (compared with gold and silver) which
they may think proper. For though no state can emit bills of credit, or pass any law
impairing the obligation of contracts, yet the Congress themselves are under no
constitutional restraints on these points.
12. The number of representatives which shall compose the principal branch of
Congress is so small as to occasion general complaint. Congress, however, have no
power to increase the number of representatives, but may reduce it even to one fifth
part of the present arrangement.
13. On the other hand, no state can call forth its militia even to suppress any
insurrection or domestic violence which may take place among its own citizens. This
power is, by the constitution, vested in Congress.
14. No state can compel one of its own citizens to pay a debt due to a citizen of a
neighboring state. Thus a Jersey-man will be unable to recover the price of a turkey
sold in the Philadelphia market, if the purchaser shall be inclined to dispute, without
commencing an action in one of the federal courts.
15. No state can encourage its own manufactures either by prohibiting or even laying a
duty on the importation of foreign articles.
16. No state can give relief to insolvent debtors, however distressing their situation
may be, since Congress will have the exclusive right of establishing uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; and the particular states are
expressly prohibited from passing any law impairing the obligation of contracts.
DELIBERATOR