The document discusses various geographical terms and features. It begins by defining monsoon as a seasonal shift in wind direction that brings different weather when a warm air mass forms over a heated continent. It also defines El Nino and La Nina in relation to warming and cooling of surface waters in the Eastern Pacific. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are described as the lines where the sun is directly overhead at noon on the summer and winter solstices in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Several other terms are defined such as peninsula, isthmus, trade winds, alluvial soil, and features like the Deccan Plateau, Brahmaputra River, Coromandel Coast, and Kosi

1. Geography – The Fundas

2. 1. XXXX is a seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction,
that usually brings with it a different kind of weather. The
persistent wind flow is driven by a warm air mass with low
pressure at the surface that forms over the continent as it
is warmed by the sun. Air from the relatively higher
pressure air mass over the ocean flows toward the low
pressure over land.
Monsoon

3. 2. What are El Nino and La Nina commonly
associated with, besides natural disasters?
El Nino is associated with warming of surface waters in
Eastern Pacific and La Nina is associated with cooling of
surface waters in Eastern Pacific.

4. 3. What are Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?
The tropics are the two imaginary lines where the sun is directly
overhead at noon on the two solstices - near June and December 21.
The sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Cancer on June 21
(the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the
beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere) and the sun is directly
overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21 (the
beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of
summer in the Southern Hemisphere).

5. 4. What is a peninsula?
A peninsula is a land mass that juts out into the sea, or is
surrounded by water on three sides.

6. 5. This soil is formed from the deposition of silt carried by
rivers and is found e.g., in the Great Northern plains from
Punjab to the Assam valley. Name the soil.
Alluvial Soil

7. 6. What is an Isthmus?
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger
land areas.
The Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of North
and South America (the Americas), and the Isthmus of Suez
in Egypt connects Africa and Asia (or Eurasia).

8. 7. What are Trade Winds?
The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds
found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower
section of the troposphere near the Earth's equator.
The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere
and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter
and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Historically, the trade winds have
been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries; and
enabled European empire expansion into the Americas, and trade routes to become
established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

9. Geography – India

10. 8. India is supposed to have been formed after
separation from which prehistoric super continent?
India is entirely contained on the Indian Plate, a major
tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the
ancient continent Gondwanaland.

11. 9. Deccan plateau is typically made of which rock?
Igneous rock – Basalt / Granite

12. 10. How is the southernmost point in the Indian
main land, Kanyakumari , also known as?
Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, 8.06890°N 77.55230°E

13. 11. Which is the highest fully contained mountain in
India?
Nanda Devi, 7816 m, Uttaranchal

14. 12. Which river is known as Yarlung Zangbo too?
Brahmaputra

15. 13. Which imaginary line passes through India?
Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn.
Tropic of Cancer

16. 14. Which part of India is known as the Coromandel
Coast?
The Coromandel Coast is the
name given to the
southeastern coast of the
Indian peninsula.

17. 15. Which is largest river island in India?
Majuli Island in Assam is the largest river Island in India.
Majuli is in the Brahmaputra River, and is about 200
kilometres east from Guwahati, the capital of Assam. Majuli
was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra
and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. The total area of the
island was 1250 sq.km but due to erosion its present area is
557 sq km.

18. 16. What is Chilka lake?
Chilka Lake (Chilika Lake) is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri,
Khurda and Ganjam districts of Orissa state on the east coast of India, at the
mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal. It is the largest coastal
lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the World.
A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or brackish water separated
from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed barrier beach, sandbank of
marine origin, coral reef, or similar feature.

19. 17. Which river is called the Sorrow of Bihar?
Kosi

20. 18. What connects Bay of Bengal to Gulf of Mannar?
The Palk Strait is a 40-85 mi (64-137 km) wide strait that
lies between India's Tamil Nadu state and the island
nation of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal to the
northeast with the Gulf of Mannar to the south. The
strait receives several rivers, most notably the Vaigai
River of Tamil Nadu.

21. Geography – The World

22. 19. Which world famous trees are these?

23. 20. Which is the highest mountain in South
America?
Aconcagua, 6962 m, Argentina

24. 21. Which ocean has the deepest place on earth,
Challenger Deep - Mariana Trench at 10,923 m?
Pacific Ocean

25. 22. Which is the world's highest volcano?
Ojos del Salado, 6893 m, Catamarca, Argentina -
Atacama, Chile

26. 23. Which is the largest land locked country in the
world?
Kazakhstan, 2727300 sq km

27. 24. Which is the largest inland sea / lake in the
world?
Caspian Sea, 371000 sq km

28. 25. Which is the largest sea in the world?
South China Sea, 2974600 sq km

29. 26. Which is the world's largest peninsula?
Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United
Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen and is surrounded by
the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the
Persian Gulf

30. 27. Which is the longest line of latitude on the
earth?
Equator

31. 28. Which world famous geographical feature is
this?

32. 29. Which is the world's largest glacier outside polar
and sub polar regions?
Siachen Glacier has the distinction of being the largest
glacier outside the polar and the sub-polar regions. It is
also the largest glacier in India. Siachen glacier is 75.6
km long and 2.8 km wide.

33. 30. What world famous geographical feature is this?
Tropic of Cancer

34. Extra

35. 31. What is an estuary?
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or
streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean
environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves,
and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh
water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high
levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries
among the most productive natural habitats in the world