Tiwari R, Chakravarthi PS, Kattimani VS, Lingamaneni KP. A Perioral Soft Tissue evaluation after Orthognathic Surgery Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scan. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2018; 12:366-376. doi:10.2174/1874210601812010366.
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Tiwari R, Chakravarthi PS, Kattimani VS, Lingamaneni KP. A Perioral Soft Tissue evaluation after Orthognathic Surgery Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scan. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2018; 12:366-376. doi:10.2174/1874210601812010366.
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Iris Publishers - journal of ophthalmology | Demystifying Role of Ultrasound ...IrisPublishers
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare sonoelastographic findings in the retina– choroid–sclera (RCS) complex and vitreous in glaucomatous and healthy eyes.Methods: For this cross-sectional comparative study, 20 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. Ultrasound elastography measurements were taken with a sonographic scanner of the RCS complex, anterior vitreous (AV), posterior vitreous (PV), retrobulbar fat tissue (RFT), optic disc, and optic nerve in each eye.Results: The elasticity index of the RCS complex, RFT, optic disc, optic nerve, AV, and PV were similar in both groups (p > 0.05), though the AV/PV strain ratio in the group of patients with glaucoma was significantly higher (p = 0.04).Conclusion: Glaucoma increases the AV/PV strain ratio. In providing reproducible and consistent values, the real-time elastography technique may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms of glaucoma in some aspects.
Background: Nowadays, ICRS are a step in the treatment of keratoconus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the refractive effect and the tomographic and biomechanical parameters in keratoconus patients implanted with Ferrara ICRS, and their stability after 18 months.
Excepcional artigo produzido pela Dra. Jordana Sandes do CEROF, GO mostra os efeitos dos arcos de 140º em Ceratocones com valores de astigmatismo elevados.
Comparative Study of Visual Outcome between Femtosecond Lasik with Excimer La...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
IOL power calculation in post-myopic LASIK eyesHan Chieh Yu
Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is less accurate in eyes with prior myopic LASIK. Dozens of IOL calculation formulas were designed for use in this kind of eyes, but their accuracy still lags behind those used in virgin eyes. This keynote contains the reported performance of formulas listed on iolcalc.ascrs.org and refractive results of our case series using no-history formulas.
Determinants Of Visual Outcomes After Small Incision Cataract Surgery In Pati...Dr. Jagannath Boramani
Authors : Presenting author- Dr. Kumud Jeswani Co authors: Dr. Kuldeep Dole, Dr. Shruti Shah, Dr. Nilesh Kakade. PMBA ‘S H .V . Desai Eye Hospital, PUNE.
Doktor Vedat Kaya, Canan Aslı Utine, Sezen Harmancı Karakuş, Işılay Kavadarlı ve Ömer Faruk Yılmaz tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu makaleyi ilginize sunarız.
Investigation of deformation of the cornea during tonometry using FEM IJECEIAES
A three-dimensional finite element model of the human eye is developed to evaluate the force which will be applied over the surface of cornea during tonometry and gonioscopy tests. The standard tonometers and gonioscopy experiences deformation from 0.5mm to 3mm of the cornea is adopted during both point contact and boundary contact on the surface of the cornea. The results demonstrate the maximum force experienced by the tonometer with point contact at the center of the cornea for the maximum possible deformation of the cornea during tonometry. The study also analyzes for the force experienced by the tonometer or goniolens with boundary layer contact for the defined deformation of the cornea along the direction from cornea towards the retina.
Resultados preliminares do implante de um novo anel associado ao PRK para pre...Ferrara Ophthalmics
Dr. Sandro Coscarelli, Dr. Pablo Rodrigues, Dr. Guilherme Rocha e Dr. Leonardo Torquetti compilaram e compartilham seus resultados com o uso de Segmentos de Anel de Ferrara HM associado ao PRK para a correção da miopia de pacientes com corneas finas e contra indicados para as técnicas de Excimer Laser apenas.
Avaliação das alterações na curvatura anterior e posterior da Córnea, sua paquimetria, resultados visuais e refrativos após o Implante de Anel de Ferrara com o auxilio do Galilei.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Iris Publishers - journal of ophthalmology | Demystifying Role of Ultrasound ...IrisPublishers
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare sonoelastographic findings in the retina– choroid–sclera (RCS) complex and vitreous in glaucomatous and healthy eyes.Methods: For this cross-sectional comparative study, 20 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. Ultrasound elastography measurements were taken with a sonographic scanner of the RCS complex, anterior vitreous (AV), posterior vitreous (PV), retrobulbar fat tissue (RFT), optic disc, and optic nerve in each eye.Results: The elasticity index of the RCS complex, RFT, optic disc, optic nerve, AV, and PV were similar in both groups (p > 0.05), though the AV/PV strain ratio in the group of patients with glaucoma was significantly higher (p = 0.04).Conclusion: Glaucoma increases the AV/PV strain ratio. In providing reproducible and consistent values, the real-time elastography technique may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms of glaucoma in some aspects.
Background: Nowadays, ICRS are a step in the treatment of keratoconus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the refractive effect and the tomographic and biomechanical parameters in keratoconus patients implanted with Ferrara ICRS, and their stability after 18 months.
Excepcional artigo produzido pela Dra. Jordana Sandes do CEROF, GO mostra os efeitos dos arcos de 140º em Ceratocones com valores de astigmatismo elevados.
Comparative Study of Visual Outcome between Femtosecond Lasik with Excimer La...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
IOL power calculation in post-myopic LASIK eyesHan Chieh Yu
Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is less accurate in eyes with prior myopic LASIK. Dozens of IOL calculation formulas were designed for use in this kind of eyes, but their accuracy still lags behind those used in virgin eyes. This keynote contains the reported performance of formulas listed on iolcalc.ascrs.org and refractive results of our case series using no-history formulas.
Determinants Of Visual Outcomes After Small Incision Cataract Surgery In Pati...Dr. Jagannath Boramani
Authors : Presenting author- Dr. Kumud Jeswani Co authors: Dr. Kuldeep Dole, Dr. Shruti Shah, Dr. Nilesh Kakade. PMBA ‘S H .V . Desai Eye Hospital, PUNE.
Doktor Vedat Kaya, Canan Aslı Utine, Sezen Harmancı Karakuş, Işılay Kavadarlı ve Ömer Faruk Yılmaz tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu makaleyi ilginize sunarız.
Investigation of deformation of the cornea during tonometry using FEM IJECEIAES
A three-dimensional finite element model of the human eye is developed to evaluate the force which will be applied over the surface of cornea during tonometry and gonioscopy tests. The standard tonometers and gonioscopy experiences deformation from 0.5mm to 3mm of the cornea is adopted during both point contact and boundary contact on the surface of the cornea. The results demonstrate the maximum force experienced by the tonometer with point contact at the center of the cornea for the maximum possible deformation of the cornea during tonometry. The study also analyzes for the force experienced by the tonometer or goniolens with boundary layer contact for the defined deformation of the cornea along the direction from cornea towards the retina.
Resultados preliminares do implante de um novo anel associado ao PRK para pre...Ferrara Ophthalmics
Dr. Sandro Coscarelli, Dr. Pablo Rodrigues, Dr. Guilherme Rocha e Dr. Leonardo Torquetti compilaram e compartilham seus resultados com o uso de Segmentos de Anel de Ferrara HM associado ao PRK para a correção da miopia de pacientes com corneas finas e contra indicados para as técnicas de Excimer Laser apenas.
Avaliação das alterações na curvatura anterior e posterior da Córnea, sua paquimetria, resultados visuais e refrativos após o Implante de Anel de Ferrara com o auxilio do Galilei.
Facial asymmetry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Management of facial asymmetries /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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diagnostic aids part 3, photograph and radiograph.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Diagnostic Aids
Part 3
{Radiographs and Photographs}
{BMR and EMG}
Prepared by
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Radiographs
Means: A procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays pass through the body onto film or a computer, where the pictures are made
Types:
Intra-oral radiographs:
Periapical radiographs:
It is necessary for any orthodontic diagnosis for the following reasons:
The pattern and amount of root resorption of deciduous teeth
Presence or absence of permanent teeth, their size, shape, position and relative state of development
Congenital absence of teeth or presence of supernumerary teeth
Character of alveolar bone, lamina dura, and periodontal membrane
Morphology and inclination of permanent teeth roots
Pathological oral condition such as thickened periodontal membrane, periapical infection, root fractures, cysts, retained deciduous teeth
Abnormal path of eruption of permanent teeth
Malposition of individual as: rotation, which requires a larger space on the arch
Very useful in mixed dentition analysis
Recognition of exact position of impacted tooth by using method of parallax: that determine whether the unerupted tooth is located labially or palatally. Two periapical radiograph is taken with the film in the same position in each exposure, but the tube is moved in second exposure about 10cm. if the impacted tooth is moved in the same direction as the tube so the tooth is impacted palatally and the reverse is versa.
Bit-wing radiographs:
Is used mainly for detection of proximal cries, but it is of little value in orthodontic diagnosis
Occlusal film:
Occlusal projection is useful to locate the supernumerary teeth at the midline (mesiodens) and to determine accurately the position of impacted maxillary cuspids
Extra-oral radiographs:
Cephalometric radiographs:
Lateral cephalometric radiographs
PA cephalometric radiographs
Lateral oblique cephalogram:
The patient is directed by 45 degree and take the shot
Since dentofacial structure will be superimposed in the true lateral cephalometric projection, the lateral oblique direction is designed to gives a more accurate recording of the actual tooth position in either the left or right buccal segments depending on which side is approximately perpendicular to the central rays
The lateral oblique cephalogram combines most of advantages of the lateral views, intra-oral periapical survey and panoramic radiograph plus a standard cephalometric registration that makes possible measurements of bone size and eruptive movements so it is of particular size in analysis of developing dentition
Submental vertex cephalometric:
Is used to assess mandibular asymmetry in the transverse and anterior-posterior plane. It is an important aid in detecting asymmetry in the symphysis, body, ramus, and condyle of the mandible. In many cases of asymmetry, this view is important for evaluation of mandibular displacemen
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A very precise and intimate description on radiographic considerations in dental implants, since the advent of the first radiographic modality in 1905, the dental health care professionals have been striving to achieve clarity & excellence in the development & usage of dental radiographic imaging modalities.
I hope this presentation will make this wonderful topic more understandable and easier to digest in the minds of young and experienced dental health care professionals.
by Dr Ishaan Adhaulia
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Science and art that deals with the use of binocular vision for the observation of overlapping photographs or other perspective views and the method by which such views are produced
It is the technique used to create the illusion of depth by presenting two slightly different perspective of the same object to the eyes of viewer
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Recent advances in radiographic technique in orthodontics
anshuj artical
1. Assessment and Comparison of Facial Asymmetry by Photographic and Radiographic Measurements
JIAOMR
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Please provide department of Manjari Gandhi
Please check the highlighted text on page 165, it seems incomplete.
Assessment and Comparison of Facial
Asymmetry by Photographic and Radiographic
Measurements: Using Visual Studio 2005
Software and Posteroanterior Cephalogram
1
Ranjit Haridas Kamble, 2
Anshuj Thetay, 3
Pushpa Hazarey, 4
Ram Mundada, 5
Manjari Gandhi
1
Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital
Wardha, Maharashtra, India
2
Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, RKDF Dental College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
3
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital
Wardha, Maharashtra, India
4
Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital
Wardha, Maharashtra, India
5
Postgraduate Student, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
Correspondence: Ranjit Haridas Kamble, Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar
Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India, e-mail: ranjitkamble2506@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Introduction: As the demand for facial esthetics has increased, more patients nowadays complain of the development or the progression of
facial asymmetry. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the facial asymmetry with the help of facial photographs and its validity and
authenticity to be used as a valid clinical tool for clinical practice.
Materials and methods: Total 30 adults were selected in the age range of 18 to 25 years with facial asymmetry. Barium points were
marked on right and left medial and lateral canthus of eyes. Frontal view photographs and posteroanterior view radiographs were
taken of all individuals selected. With Visual Basic Studio 2005 software, photographs and radiographs were converted in OLE (server).
The obtained images were digitized by using AutoCAD software. The right and left halves were then compared on photographs and
radiographs in terms of area, perimeter, compactness and moment ratio. The data derived was subjected to Spearman rank correlation
statistical analysis. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05.
Result: On correlation of ratios between photographic and radiographic values, significant correlation was observed in terms of
area, compactness and moment ratio whereas perimeter showed nonsignificant relationship.
Conclusion: Photographs can be used as an effective diagnostic tool as comparable to radiographs for assessing facial asymmetry.
Keywords: Esthetics, Asymmetry, Photographs, Radiographs.
INTRODUCTION
The study of orthodontics is indissolubly connected with that
of art related to the human face; therefore, the subject of facial
esthetics is of paramount importance to an orthodontist. Facial
esthetics means symmetry and balance; it is the state of facial
equilibrium, the correspondence in size, form and arrangement
of facial features on the opposite side of the medial sagittal
plane. Symmetry may be defined as ‘equality or correspondence
in the form of parts distributed around a center or an axis, at the
two extremes or poles or on the two opposite sides ofthe body’.1,2
As the demand for facial esthetics has increased, more
patients are nowadays complain of the development or the
progression of facial asymmetry, moreover patients with no
obvious facial and dental asymmetries have been found to
exhibit skeletal size difference when left and right sides of the
face are compared.
Facial asymmetry may be associated with the mandibular
displacement and/or abnormal path of closure due to occlusal
prematurity. Because a misdiagnosis of facial asymmetry can
result in the wrong treatment for a patient, accurate evaluation
of facial asymmetry is crucial in orthodontic practice.
Marmay Y et al3
suggested using the perpendicular bisector
of the transverse distance between the foramina spinosum as a
reliable cranial midline for submentovertex radiographs.
Orthopantomogram (OPG) can be used to measure the
asymmetry of the face but in both these techniques there is a
problem of anatomic landmark identification because of bony
superimposition.
Zhang X et al4
studied correlation between cephalometric
and facial photographic measurements. Although statistically
significant, the correlations between analogous photographic
and cephalometric measures suggested that these modalities
Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, October-December 2011;23(4):00-00 163
2. Ranjit Haridas Kamble et al
measure different aspects of facial morphology and cannot be
used interchangeably.
Posteroanterior cephalometry is the most commonly used
means of measuring facial asymmetry. The existence of so many
approaches indicates that for everyday clinical purpose, none
is ideal. Problems of landmark identification because of bony
superimposition, and the reliability of measurements taken from
posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs are often
questionable.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques, such as stereo
photogrammetry,5
laser scanning or optical scanning6
and 3D
analysis7
including pitch (up-down deviation around anterior-
posterior axis), roll (up-down deviation around transverse axis)
and yaw (right-left deviation around vertical axis) description
involves costly equipment and are currently available only to a
few clinicians working in the specialized centers.
Fig. 1: Frontal view photograph
with barium points marked
Fig. 2: Posteroanterior view
radiograph
Hence, there is a need of a valid and reproducible method
for quantifying facial asymmetry which can be of clinical value
in day to day orthodontic practice. This will also help to evaluate
changes in facial asymmetry, either by growth, treatment or
relapse after treatment. The purpose of present study is to
evaluate the facial asymmetry with the help of facial photographs
and its validity and authenticity to be used as a valid clinical
tool for clinical practice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out in the Department of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar
Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
(Deemed University), Wardha, Maharashtra.
On approval from the ethical committee of Datta Meghe
Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), total 30
individuals were selected from the Outpatient Department of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sharad Pawar
Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha,
Maharashtra, India.
Adults in the age range of 18 to 25 years with facial
asymmetry on clinical examination were selected with no history
of trauma, bone disease, muscle dystrophy, congenital
abnormalities, cyst, tumors or any other pathological conditions
and they had no history of orthodontic treatment.
Barium points were marked on right and left medial and
lateral canthus of eyes (Fig. 1) so that the baseline can be kept
same in photographs as well as radiographs. As barium points
are radiopaque in nature, they can be distinguished easily on
the radiographs. All the individuals were asked to close lightly
on their back teeth to avoid expressive activity. Earrings and
eye glasses were removed and long hairs were tied back.
Frontal view photographs (Fig. 1) and posteroanterior view
radiographs (Fig. 2) were taken of all individuals selected. The
photographic method is a quantative method that is not only
valid and reproducible but also noninvasive, convenient to use,
low cost, less technique sensitive and takes soft tissue
morphology into consideration. Whereas the posteroanterior
164
cephalogram is a valuable tool in the study of right and left
structures since they are located at relatively equal distances
from the film and X-ray source. As a result, the effects of unequal
enlargement by the diverging rays are minimized and the
distortion is reduced. Comparison between sides is therefore
more accurate since the midline of the face and dentition can
be recorded and evaluated. PA view cephalogram was taken
with teeth in centric occlusion.
Frontal view photographs were taken using Nikon D70 SLR
camera under standardized conditions, i.e.
• Frankfort horizontal plane of the patient was kept parallel
to the floor using custom-made fluid level device
• Focal length of the lens was kept constant at 135 mm for all
the individuals
• Distance from camera lens to patient was 160 cm which
was kept constant by placing a scale on the floor and two
threads were dropped perpendicular to the floor of which
one was dropped from the nose and the other from the outer
part of the lens of the camera
• Shutter speed was 500
• Aperture (F stop) 11
• Two main Bowen Esprit lights with diffuse reflectors were
used as focus lights which were 6 feet high and adjusted at
45° angle to the patient to avoid shadows
• Bizygomatic width of each patient was measured with
spreading caliper so that the images can be kept of original
size when it is transferred to the computer.
The posteroanterior radiographs were scanned with Epson
Perfection V-700 photo (model J221A, Dual Lens System,
Digital Ice Technology) negative scanner in 1:1 ratio.
The obtained photographs and radiographs were transferred
to computer and were cropped in 6 × 4 inches with a resolution
of 300 pixel/inch by Adobe Photoshop 7. Then with Visual
Basic Studio 2005 software, photographs (Fig. 3) and
radiographs (Fig. 4) were converted in OLE (server). The
obtained images were digitized by using AutoCAD software.
Following landmarks were marked:
• Right and left outer canthus of eyes
• Right and left inner canthus of eyes
JAYPEE
3. JIAOMR
Assessment and Comparison of Facial Asymmetry by Photographic and Radiographic Measurements
The right and left halves were then compared on
photographs and radiographs in terms of area, perimeter,
compactness and moment ratio.
For three parameters,8
namely area, perimeter and
compactness, the ratio representing ideal symmetry is 1.00.
Accordingly, the ratio increases from 1.00 (right side dominant)
or decreases from 1.00 (left side dominant) representing the level
of asymmetry. For moment ratio, the deviations are zero-based.
The data derived was subjected to Spearman rank correlation
statistical analysis. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05.
Fig. 3: Photographs converted in OLE (server)
Fig. 4: Radiographs converted in OLE (server)
• Outline of face was digitized up to the barium point on the
lateral canthus of eyes by a series of mouse clicks in
photographs and radiographs
• Midline is obtained by bisecting the baseline.
RESULT
The values in Tables 1A and B showed both the methods viz
photographic and radiographic, are suggestive of similar type
of results. The mean value of area, perimeter and compactness
if increases in radiographs, it also increases in photographs.
There was no significant difference found in the mean values
of ratios, when right and left of photographs and radiographs
were compared for area, perimeter and compactness (Table 1A).
On correlation of ratios between photographic and
radiographic values (Table 1B) significant correlation of
area, compactness and moment ratio was observed
whereas perimeter shows nonsignificant relationship.
Hence, photographs can be used as an effective diagnostic
tool as comparable to radiographs for assessing facial
asymmetry.
DISCUSSION
Stedman’s medical dictionary defines symmetry as ‘equality
or correspondence in form of parts distributed around a center
or an axis, at the two extremes or poles, or on the two opposite
sides of the body’.1,2
Clinically, symmetry means balance while
significant asymmetry means imbalance.
Asymmetry is the degree of imbalance or deviation in both
qualitative and quantitative features in structure or relationship
and both. Clinical facial asymmetry in the craniofacial complex
ranges fromthe barelydetectable to gross discrepancies between
the right and left half of the face.
Tables 1A and B: Spearman rank correlation of ratios measured from photographs and PA cephalograms; (A) Descriptive statistics
(B) Correlation of photograph with radiograph PA view
A
Photograph Area Perimeter Compactness Moment ratio
Right side 20.17 ± 2.98 20.86 ± 1.56 22.22 ± 5.15 0.83 ± 0.05
Left side 20.22 ± 2.77 19.12 ± 2.72 18.41 ± 4.88 -
Radiograph PA view
Right side 18.93 ± 2.98 18.41 ± 1.89 18.70 ± 5.70 0.72 ± 0.09
Left side 19.09 ± 2.77 16.87 ± 2.34 15.21 ± 3.73 -
Ratio
Photograph 0.99 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.17 1.47 ± 0.52 -
Radiograph 0.99 ± 0.06 1.11 ± 0.19 1.46 ± 0.47 -
B
Photo against PA Statistics Area Perimeter Compactness Moment ratio
Ratio ρ (rho) 0.88 0.46 0.52 0.365
p-value 0.000 S, p < 0.05 0.060 NS, p > 0.05 0.003 S, p < 0.05 0.047S, p < 0.05
NS: Not Significant
Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, October-December 2011;23(4):00-00 165
4. Ranjit Haridas Kamble et al
Facial asymmetry being a common phenomenon, was
probably first observed by the artists of early Greek statutory
who recorded what they found in nature—normal facial
asymmetry. Asymmetry in craniofacial areas can be recognized
as differences in the size or relationship of the two sides of the
face. This may be the result of discrepancies either in the form
of individual bones or a malposition of one or more bones in
the craniofacial complex.9
The asymmetry may also be limited to the overlying soft
tissues. In diagnosis of facial and dental asymmetries, a thorough
clinical examination and radiographic examination are necessary
to determine the extent of the soft tissue, skeletal, dental and
functional asymmetry.
Diagnosis of asymmetries in orthodontics is important and
must be differentially diagnosed as being either the result of a
skeletal asymmetry, asymmetry within the dental arches,
discrepancies between centric occlusion and centric relation,
or a combination.
A detailed study of the various diagnostic records obtained
on the patient is necessary in order to determine the cause,
location and extent of the asymmetry.
Edler R et al10
conducted a study to compare mandibular
asymmetry with posteroanterior cephalometric and
photographic measurements. The results of present study were
similar with that of Edler R et al.10
Area, compactness and
moment ratio showed significant correlation whereas perimeter
ratio showed nonsignificant correlation between photographs
and radiographs.
Raymond E et al11
did clinical and computerized assessment
of mandibular asymmetry by eight experienced clinician to
evaluate new computerized system. They found that area,
compactness and center of area are potentially useful measures
of quantifying asymmetry. Perimeter ratio was not found to be
useful indicator of whether treatment was required. These
findings correlate with the present study.
CONCLUSION
As there is a significant correlation between the photographs
and radiographs in terms of area, compactness and moment
ratio, photography can be used as an important diagnostic tool
to measure facial asymmetry, to establish a proper orthodontic
treatment plan and in long-term monitoring of patients after
orthodontic or orthognathic correction. Perimeter ratio showed
statistically nonsignificant correlation between the photographs
and posteroanterior radiographs.
There are certain limitations to the present study such as,
• The perimeter type of measurement is more sensitive to
minor errors in outline digitization. For measurement of
perimeter greater accuracy is required so that there will be
fewer chances for errors
• The photographic setup used in this study is complex and
further work, using a simple approach is required.
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