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Annexes

The 2014 revision of World Urbanization Prospects by the United Nations indicates that 54% of the global population lives in urban areas, a figure expected to rise to 66% by 2050, particularly driven by rapid urbanization in Asia and Africa. Key countries, including India, China, and Nigeria, will account for a significant portion of this growth while many urban areas face challenges due to unplanned expansion and inequality. The report emphasizes the need for integrated policies that address the complexities of urban development and the urgency for sustainable solutions in an increasingly urbanized world.

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2014 REVISION highlights[ ] World Urbanization Prospects United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it com- piles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations employed in this report and the material presented in it do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with fig- ures. Suggested citation: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). Cover photo: Asst. Prof. Chen Siyuan (2014) “Rocinha IV” Published by the United Nations ISBN 978-92-1-151517-6 Copyright © United Nations, 2014 All rights reserved
ST/ESA/SER.A/352 Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Urbanization Prospects The 2014 Revision Highlights asdfUnited Nations New York, 2014
“Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire” UN/Basile Zoma
1 World Urbanization Trends 2014: Key Facts Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, with 54 per cent of the world’s popu- lation residing in urban areas in 2014. In 1950, 30 per cent of the world’s population was urban, and by 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population is projected to be urban. Today, the most urbanized regions include North- ern America (82 per cent living in urban areas in 2014), Latin America and the Caribbean (80 per cent), and Europe (73 per cent). In contrast, Africa and Asia remain mostly rural, with 40 and 48 per cent of their respective populations living in ur- ban areas. All regions are expected to urbanize further over the coming decades. Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the other regions and are projected to become 56 and 64 per cent urban, respectively, by 2050. The rural population of the world has grown slowly since 1950 and is expected to reach its peak in a few years. The global rural population is now close to 3.4 billion and is expected to decline to 3. bil- lion by 2050. Africa and Asia are home to nearly 90 per cent of the world’s rural population. India has the largest rural population (857 million), followed by China (635 million). The urban population of the world has grown rap- idly since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014. Asia, despite its lower level of urbanization, is home to 53 per cent of the world’s urban popu- lation, followed by Europe (14 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (13 per cent). Continuing population growth and urbaniza- tion are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world’s urban population by 2050, with 90 per cent of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa. Just three countries—India, China and Nigeria— together are expected to account for 37 per cent of the projected growth of the world’s urban popula- tion between 2014 and 2050. India is projected to add 404 million urban dwellers, China 292 million and Nigeria 212 million. Close to half of the world’s urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants, while only around one in eight live in the 28 mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. Tokyo is the world’s largest city with an agglom- eration of 38 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 25 million, Shanghai with 23 million, and Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants. By 2030, the world is projected to have 41 mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. Tokyo is projected to re- main the world’s largest city in 2030 with 37 mil- lion inhabitants, followed closely by Delhi where the population is projected to rise swiftly to 36 million. Several decades ago most of the world’s largest urban agglomerations were found in the more developed regions, but today’s large cities are concentrated in the global South. The fastest- growing urban agglomerations are medium-sized cities and cities with less than 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa. Some cities have experienced population decline in recent years. Most of these are located in the low-fertility countries of Asia and Europe where the overall population is stagnant or declining. Eco- nomic contraction and natural disasters have con- tributed to population losses in some cities as well. As the world continues to urbanize, sustainable development challenges will be increasingly con- centrated in cities, particularly in the lower-mid- dle-income countries where the pace of urbaniza- tion is fastest. Integrated policies to improve the lives of both urban and rural dwellers are needed.
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision2 Introduction In today’s increasingly global and interconnected world, over half of the world’s popula- tion (54 per cent) lives in urban areas although there is still substantial variability in the levels of urbanization across countries (figure 1). The coming decades will bring further profound changes to the size and spatial distribution of the global population. The con- tinuing urbanization and overall growth of the world’s population is projected to add 2.5 billion people to the urban population by 2050, with 90 per cent of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa. At the same time, the proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas is expected to increase, reaching 66 per cent by 2050. There is great diversity in the characteristics of the world’s urban environs: close to half of urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants, while nearly one in eight live in the 28 mega-cities of 10 million inhabitants or more. The number of mega-cities has nearly tripled since 1990; and by 2030, 41 urban agglomerations are projected to house at least 10 million inhabitants each. Whereas several decades ago most of the world’s largest urban agglomerations were found in the more developed regions, today’s large cities are concentrated in the global South, and the fastest-growing agglomerations are medium- sized cities and cities with 500,000 to 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa. Figure 1. Percentage of population residing in urban areas in 2014, selected countries or areas OceaniaNorthern AmericaLatin America and the CarribeanAfrica EuropeAsia 100 80 60 40 30 50 90 70 20 10 0 100 90 TrinidadandTobago Burundi PapuaNewGuinea Uganda Malawi Nepal SriLanka Niger SaintLucia SouthSudan Ethiopia Samoa Cambodia Swaziland SolomonIslands Eritrea Chad Micronesia(Fed.Statesof) Tonga AntiguaandBarbuda Kenya Vanuatu Afghanistan Tajikistan Lesotho Rwanda Comoros Guyana BurkinaFaso UnitedRepublicofTanzania ChannelIslands Barbados Mozambique Timor-Leste India Zimbabwe VietNam Bangladesh Myanmar Sudan Yemen Madagascar Grenada Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Guinea LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic Bhutan Pakistan Somalia Mali Togo SierraLeone BosniaandHerzegovina EquatorialGuinea CentralAfricanRepublic Mauritius Zambia Aruba DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo Egypt Angola Senegal Benin Belize Kiribati Philippines Maldives RepublicofMoldova Namibia Nigeria Mayotte Guinea-Bissau Thailand Liberia Turkmenistan Slovenia SaintVincentandtheGrenadines Guatemala Indonesia Kazakhstan Fiji Ghana Georgia Côted'Ivoire Seychelles Slovakia Cameroon Honduras Azerbaijan Romania China Jamaica Serbia FrenchPolynesia Albania TFYRMacedonia Botswana SyrianArabRepublic Haiti Nicaragua Proportion urban (per cent) Proportion urban (per cent)
3 The process of urbanization historically has been associated with other important economic and social transformations, which have brought greater geographic mobility, lower fertility, longer life expectancy and population ageing. Cities are important drivers of development and poverty reduction in both urban and rural areas, as they concentrate much of the national economic activity, government, commerce and transportation, and provide crucial links with rural areas, between cities, and across international borders. Urban living is often associated with higher levels of literacy and education, better health, greater access to social services, and enhanced opportunities for cultural and political participation. Nevertheless, rapid and unplanned urban growth threatens sustainable development when the necessary infrastructure is not developed or when policies are not implemented to ensure that the benefits of city life are equitably shared. Today, despite the comparative advantage of cities, urban areas are more unequal than rural areas and hundreds of mil- lions of the world’s urban poor live in sub-standard conditions. In some cities, unplanned or inadequately managed urban expansion leads to rapid sprawl, pollution, and environ- mental degradation, together with unsustainable production and consumption patterns. Urbanization is integrally connected to the three pillars of sustainable development: economic development, social development and environmental protection. The outcome of the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, “The future we want” (http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/), recognized both the plight of the urban poor and the need for sustainable cities as matters of great urgency for the United Nations development agenda. Building on that momentum, the third United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat III), planned for 2016, will bring together world leaders OceaniaNorthern AmericaLatin America and the CarribeanAfrica EuropeAsia 100 80 60 40 30 50 90 70 20 10 0 100 80 60 40 30 50 90 70 20 10 0 Croatia Gambia Mauritania Paraguay Morocco Poland Dem.People'sRepublicofKorea Armenia Portugal Ireland Ecuador Montenegro SouthAfrica SaoTomeandPrincipe CaboVerde Congo Austria Suriname ElSalvador Panama Lithuania Tunisia Cyprus Latvia Estonia Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof) Italy Iraq Ukraine NewCaledonia Algeria Hungary Mongolia Iran(IslamicRepublicof) Turkey CzechRepublic Bulgaria Switzerland RussianFederation Malaysia StateofPalestine Germany CostaRica Colombia Belarus Othernon-specifiedareas BruneiDarussalam Cuba Oman Djibouti Greece DominicanRepublic Peru Libya Mexico France Spain Norway WesternSahara UnitedStatesofAmerica Canada UnitedKingdom RepublicofKorea Bahamas SaudiArabia Jordan Finland FrenchGuiana UnitedArabEmirates Brazil Sweden NewZealand Gabon Denmark Lebanon Bahrain Martinique Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof) Australia Chile Curaçao Luxembourg Netherlands Argentina Israel Japan PuertoRico Iceland Guam Réunion Uruguay UnitedStatesVirginIslands Malta Belgium Kuwait Guadeloupe Qatar China,MacaoSAR Singapore China,HongKongSAR TrinidadandTobago Burundi PapuaNewGuinea Uganda Malawi Nepal SriLanka Niger SaintLucia SouthSudan Ethiopia Samoa Cambodia Swaziland SolomonIslands Eritrea Chad Micronesia(Fed.Statesof) Tonga AntiguaandBarbuda Kenya Vanuatu Afghanistan Tajikistan Lesotho Rwanda Comoros Guyana BurkinaFaso UnitedRepublicofTanzania ChannelIslands Barbados Mozambique Timor-Leste India Zimbabwe VietNam Bangladesh Myanmar Sudan Yemen Madagascar Grenada Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Guinea LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic Bhutan Pakistan Somalia Mali Togo SierraLeone BosniaandHerzegovina EquatorialGuinea CentralAfricanRepublic Mauritius Zambia Aruba DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo Egypt Angola Senegal Benin Belize Kiribati Philippines Maldives RepublicofMoldova Namibia Nigeria Mayotte Guinea-Bissau Thailand Liberia Turkmenistan Slovenia SaintVincentandtheGrenadines Guatemala Indonesia Kazakhstan Fiji Ghana Georgia Côted'Ivoire Seychelles Slovakia Cameroon Honduras Azerbaijan Romania China Jamaica Serbia FrenchPolynesia Albania TFYRMacedonia Botswana SyrianArabRepublic Haiti Nicaragua Proportion urban (per cent) Proportion urban (per cent) Note: Countries or areas with 90,000 inhabitants or more in 2014.
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision4 to review the global urban agenda and to forge a new model of urban development that integrates all facets of sustainable development, to promote equity, welfare and shared prosperity in an urbanizing world. Accurate, consistent and timely data on global trends in urbanization and city growth are critical for assessing current and future needs with respect to urban growth and for setting policy priorities to promote inclusive and equitable urban and rural devel- opment. In order to systematically track levels and trends in urbanization around the world, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations has issued, since 1988, biennial estimates and projections of the urban and rural populations of all countries and of the populations of major urban agglomerations. This report presents the highlights of the 2014 Revision of World Urbanization Pros- pects, which contains the latest estimates of the urban and rural populations of 233 coun- tries or areas from 1950 to 2014 and projections to 2050, as well as estimates of population size from 1950 to 2014 and projections to 2030 for all urban agglomerations with 300,000 inhabitants or more in 2014.1 The annex tables in these Highlights provide data on the estimated and projected urban and rural populations, the percentage of the population that live in urban areas and the annual growth rate of the percentage urban for 233 coun- tries or areas of the world. The tables also show the rank and annual growth rate of urban agglomerations with 5 million inhabitants or more in 2014. Data and methods The estimates of the proportion of the population that is urban and the size of urban agglomerations presented in World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision are based on national statistics. Population censuses are the most commonly used sources of data, although estimates obtained from population registers or administrative statistics are also incorporated for some countries. There is no common global definition of what constitutes an urban settlement. As a result, the urban definition employed by national statistical offices varies widely across countries, and in some cases has changed over time within a country. The criteria for clas- sifying an area as urban may be based on one or a combination of characteristics, such as: a minimum population threshold; population density; proportion employed in non-agricul- tural sectors; the presence of infrastructure such as paved roads, electricity, piped water or sewers; and the presence of education or health services. In estimating the proportion urban for World Urbanization Prospects, adjust- ments are made to the national estimates only to ensure consistency of the definitions of urban settlements within countries across time. No attempt is made to impose consist- ency in definitions across countries. Several efforts are underway at various institutions to produce globally comparable estimates of the urban population with uniform criteria to define urban areas based on satellite imagery of land cover or night-time lights, for example. However, these approaches have not generated, to date, the long historical time series of urbanization estimates required for this report. In interpreting the estimates and projections from World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, readers should keep in mind the heterogeneity of the urban definition across countries. 1 The full report, descriptions of the data, methodology, and complete data tables representing all coun- tries and areas, regions, income groups, development groups, and periods can be accessed at http://esa. un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm.
5 In compiling information on city population size, the Population Division has endeavoured to use data or estimates based on the concept of urban agglomeration. When those data are not consistently available, population data that refer to the city as defined by its administrative boundaries were used. However, when the administrative boundaries of cities remain fixed for long periods of time, they are likely to misrepresent the actual growth of a city with respect to both its territory and its population. For a number of cit- ies, the data available refer to two concepts: the city proper as defined by administrative boundaries and its metropolitan area. In those instances, the data referring to the met- ropolitan area were usually preferred because they are thought to approximate better the territory associated with the urban agglomeration. For any given city, an effort was made to ensure that the time series of population estimates derived from national sources con- forms to the same definition over time. Adjustments were made when necessary to achieve internal consistency. Since censuses are usually taken every 5 or 10 years, to fill the data gaps within the period 1950–2014, the estimates of the proportion urban and the city populations are interpolated or, for the interval between the last data point and 2014, the estimates are extrapolated from the last observed data point. For years beyond 2014, the proportion urban is projected to 2050 and the city populations are projected to 2030. The projection of the proportion urban is based on a projection of the urban-rural growth differential. It is assumed that the urban-rural growth difference for the most recent period available in a given country converges, over a period of 25 years, to a hypothetical urban-rural growth difference, or world norm, that is consistent with historical experience. The method to project city populations is similar, as the last observed city growth rate converges towards an expected value, estimated on the basis of the city population and the growth rate of the overall urban population in the country. The estimated and projected values of the proportion urban from 1950 to 2050 for each country or area were then applied to the total population as estimated or projected in the medium variant in World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision (United Nations, 2013a) in order to obtain country-level estimates of the urban and rural populations. The 2014 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects updates and supersedes all previous esti- mates and projections of urban and rural populations and of urban agglomerations pub- lished by the United Nations.
“Urbanization in Asia” UN Photo/Kibae Park
7 Trends in urbanization Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas. In 2007, for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population, and the world population has remained predominantly urban thereafter (figure 2). The planet has gone through a process of rapid urbanization over the past six decades. In 1950, more than two- thirds (70 per cent) of people worldwide lived in rural settlements and less than one-third (30 per cent) in urban settlements. In 2014, 54 per cent of the world’s population is urban. The urban population is expected to continue to grow, so that by 2050, the world will be one- third rural (34 per cent) and two-thirds urban (66 per cent), roughly the reverse of the global rural-urban population distribution of the mid-twentieth century (also see Annex Table I). Figure 2. Urban and rural population of the world, 1950–2050 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 Population(millions) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1950 Urban Rural Levels of urbanization vary greatly across regions. In 2014, high levels of urbaniza- tion, at or above 80 per cent, characterized Latin America and the Caribbean and North- ern America. Europe, with 73 per cent of its population living in urban areas, is expected to be over 80 per cent urban by 2050 (figure 3). Africa and Asia, in contrast, remain mostly rural, with 40 per cent and 48 per cent of their respective populations living in urban areas. Over the coming decades, the level of urbanization is expected to increase in all regions (also referred to as major areas), with Africa and Asia urbanizing faster than the rest. Nevertheless, these two regions, which are projected to reach 56 and 64 per cent urban by mid-century, respectively, are still expected to be less urbanized than other regions of the world. A majority of the world’s population lives in urban areas
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision8 Figure 3. Urban and rural population as proportion of total population, by major areas, 1950–2050 In 2014, sixteen countries still have low levels of urbanization, i.e. below 20 per cent. The largest among them, with total populations of 10 million inhabitants or more, include Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, South Sudan and Uganda in Africa and Nepal and Sri Lanka in Asia (see Map 1). By 2050, all of these countries are expected to become signifi- cantly more urbanized, with as much as twice their respective proportions urban in 2014. In contrast, 59 countries are already more than 80 per cent urban. Among those with populations of at least 10 million inhabitants, the most highly urbanized countries are Belgium (98 per cent urban), Japan (93 per cent), Argentina (92 per cent) and the Nether- lands (90 per cent). By 2050, 89 countries are expected to become more than 80 per cent urban. When interpreting the differences in levels of urbanization across countries, it is important to keep in mind the heterogeneity of the urban definition across countries. Africa and Asia are urbanizing more rapidly than other regions of the world. The rate of urbanization, measured as the average annual rate of change of the percentage urban, is highest in Asia and Africa, where currently the proportion urban is increasing by 1.5 and 1.1 per cent per annum, respectively. Regions that already have relatively high levels of urbanization are urbanizing at a slower pace, at less than 0.4 per cent annually (figure 4). In general, the pace of urbanization tends to slow down as a population becomes more urbanized. Urbanization has occurred in all major areas, yet Africa and Asia remain mostly rural 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 0 20 40 60 80 100 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 0 10 20 30 40 100 90 80 70 60 50 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Carribean Northern America Oceania Urban population Proportionoftotalpopulation(percent)Proportionoftotalpopulation(percent) Rural population 90 70 50 30 10 40.0 47.5 73.4 79.5 81.5 70.8
Trends in urbanization 9 Map 1. Percentage urban and location of urban agglomerations with at least 500,000 inhabitants, 2014 Note: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concern- ing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. There has been considerable variation across regions in rates of urbanization since 1950. The rate of urbanization in Asia fluctuated widely, mainly as a result of a stagnation of the urbanization process in China in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and its subsequent upturn. Europe, Northern America and Oceania, on the other hand, each experienced a period of stable urbanization, and overall their rate of urbanization has been slow over the last two decades. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the rate of urbanization has declined smoothly over the past six decades. Africa is currently urbanizing faster than in the late 1990s and is expected to be the fastest urbanizing region from 2020 to 2050. Urbanization in developing countries has proceeded faster than in developed countries, but the correlation of the rate of urbanization with economic growth has been weaker than in developed countries (United Nations, 2013b). -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Oceania Northern America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Asia Africa 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 Averageannualrateofchange(percent) Figure 4. Average annual rate of change of the percentage urban by major areas, 1950–2050 The pace of urbanization has varied over time and across major areas Urban agglomerations Megacities of 10 million or more Large cities of 5 to 10 million ed cities of 1 to 5 million Cities of 500 000 to 1 million Percentage urban 80 or over 60 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 40 Less than 20
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Low income countries Lower-middle-income countries Upper-middle-income countries High-income countries 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 Proportionurban(percent) While the high-income countries of today have been highly urbanized for several dec- ades,upper-middle-incomecountrieshaveexperiencedthefastestpaceofurbanizationsince 1950. In 1950, a majority (57 per cent) of the population in high-income countries already lived in urban areas (figure 5). Their level of urbanization is expected to rise further, from 80 per cent today to 86 per cent in 2050. By contrast, in the upper-middle-income countries of today, only 20 per cent of the population lived in urban areas in 1950, but these countries urbanized rapidly and are now 63 per cent urban. This percentage is expected to rise to 79 per cent urban by 2050. Countries such as Brazil, China, Iran and Mexico are in this group, and have experienced both rapid urbanization and rapid growth of gross national income. Figure 5. Proportion urban by income groups, 1950–2050 In the lower-middle- and low-income countries, the pace of urbanization has been slower until now. Nevertheless, this group of countries is expected to experience faster urbanization than others in the coming decades. In 2014, the proportion of the population living in urban areas was 39 percent in lower-middle-income countries and 30 per cent in low-income countries. By 2050, these countries are expected to reach, on average, 57 and 48 per cent urban, respectively. The rural population of the world has grown slowly since 1950 and is expected to reach its peak in a few years. Approximately 3.4 billion people currently live in rural areas around the world. That number is expected to remain relatively constant in the coming years. However, sometime after 2020, the world’s rural population will start to decline and is expected to 3.2 billion in 2050. This global trend is driven mostly by the dynamics of rural population growth in Africa and Asia, which is home today to nearly 90 per cent of the world’s rural population (figure 6a). The rural popula- tion of the world resides in a relatively small number of countries. India has the largest rural population (857 million), followed by China (635 million). Together, these two countries account for 45 per cent of the world’s rural population. Bangladesh, Indo- nesia and Pakistan follow, each with over 100 million rural inhabitants. In Africa, the largest rural populations are located in Nigeria (95 million) and Ethiopia (78 million). Between 2014 and 2050, the rural population is expected to increase in about one third of the countries of the world. The largest increases w ill be registered in Nigeria (50 million), Ethiopia and Uganda (39 and 38 million). The remaining two thirds of coun- tries are expected to have stable or declining rural populations. The largest declines are expected in China, with a decline of 300 million, equivalent to more than one half of their rural population in 2014, and in India, where the number of rural residents is expected to decline by 52 million. Upper-middle-income countries have experi- enced the fastest pace of urbanization Note: The country classification by income level is based on 2012 GNI per capita from the World Bank and it is kept unchanged throughout the estimates and projections.
Trends in urbanization 11 The urban population of the world is expected to increase by more than two thirds by 2050, with nearly 90 per cent of the increase to take place in the urban areas of Africa and Asia. The world’s urban population is now close to 3.9 billion and is expected to reach 6.3 billion in 2050. Asia, despite its lower level of urbanization, is today home to 53 per cent of the urban population in the world. Europe has the second highest share of the world’s urban population, at 14 per cent, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 13 per cent (figure 6b). Over the next four decades, Africa and Asia will experience a marked increase in their urban populations. By mid-century, the urban population of Africa is likely to triple and that of Asia to increase by 61 per cent. As a consequence, close to 90 per cent of the increase in the world’s urban population will take place in the urban areas of Africa and Asia. In 2050, most of the urban population of the world will be con- centrated in Asia (52 per cent) and Africa (21 per cent). 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 Distributionofruralpopulation(percent) Oceania Northern America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Figure 6a. A vast majority of the world’s rural inhabitants live in Asia, but projected growth is fastest in Africa Oceania Northern America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Africa Asia 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2050 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 Distributionofurbanpopulation(percent) Figure 6b. Asia will continue to host nearly one half of the world’s urban population
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision12 Just a few countries are home to half of the world’s urban population. China has the largest urban population (758 million), followed by India (410 million). These two countries account for 30 per cent of the world’s urban population and, with another five countries, the United States of America (263 million), Brazil (173 million), Indonesia (134 million), Japan (118 million) and the Russian Federation (105 million), account for more than half of the world’s urban population. Future increases in the world’s urban population are also expected to be highly con- centrated in just a few countries (figure 7). Taken together, China, India and Nigeria are projected to account for 37 per cent of the increase of nearly 2.5 billion people in the urban population by 2050. Between 2014 and 2050, the urban areas are expected to grow by 404 million people in India, 292 million in China and 212 million in Nigeria. Seven other countries, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan, and the United States of America, are projected to contribute more than 50 million each to the urban increment and will constitute together another 20 per cent of the total increase in urban population. In a few countries, the urban population will decrease, despite projected increases in the level of urbanization. The larg- est declines between 2014 and 2050 are projected for Japan, with a decline of 12 million urban dwellers and for the Russian Federation, expected to decline by 7 million. Figure 7. Contribution to the increase in urban population by country, 2014 to 2050 China and India will contribute more than one third of the global urban population increase between 2014 and 2050 Note: The countries shown are projected to contribute 25 million or more to the global urban increment between 2014 and 2050. The category “Other countries” includes countries with urban increments of less than 25 million each. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Other countries Democratic Republic of the Congo China India nearly 2.5 billion urban population increase by 2050 50% Nigeria Indonesia United States of America Pakistan Urbanpopulationincrease(millions) Iraq Angola Viet Nam Sudan Iran (Islamic Republic of) Uganda Kenya Egypt Mexico Brazil Philippines Ethiopia United Republic of Tanzania Bangladesh
13 Cities Megacities are notable for their size and concentration of economic activity, but are home to only about one in eight of the world’s urban dwellers. In 1990 there were 10 cities with more than 10 million inhabitants (figure 8), and these so-called “megacities” were home to 153 million people, representing less than 7 per cent of the global urban population. Today, the number of megacities has nearly tripled to 28, the population they contain has grown to 453 million, and these agglomerations now account for 12 per cent of the world’s urban dwellers. Tokyo is the world’s largest city with an agglomeration of 38 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 25 million, Shanghai with 23 million, and Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants. By 2020, Tokyo’s population is projected to begin to decline, although it will remain the world’s largest agglomeration in 2030 with 37 million inhabitants, followed closely by Delhi, whose population is projected to rise swiftly to 36 million (figure 9). While Osaka (Kinki Major Metropolitan Area) and New York-Newark were the world’s second and third largest urban agglomerations in 1990, by 2030 they are projected to fall in rank to the 13th and 14th positions, respectively (Annex Table II). Figure 8. Global urban population growth is propelled by the growth of cities of all sizes Large cities with 5 to 10 million inhabitants account for a small, but growing pro- portion of the global urban population. In 2014, just over 300 million people live in the 43 “large” cities with 5 to 10 million inhabitants, which include such cities as Santiago (Chile), Madrid (Spain), and Singapore. Large cities currently account for 8 per cent of the urban population of the world. The number of such cities is expected to grow to 63 by 2030 and house more than 400 million people, representing close to 9 per cent of the global urban population. The proportion of the urban population concentrated in megacities and cities with 5 to 10 million inhabitants in 2014 varies widely across major areas, from 0 per cent in Oceania to 25 per cent in Northern America (figure 10). 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Megacities of 10 million or more Large cities of 5 to 10 million Medium-sized cities of 1 to 5 million Cities of 500 000 to 1 million Urban areas smaller than 500 000 203020141990 294 cities 239 cities 21 cities 10 cities 28 cities 43 cities 417 cities 525 cities 731 cities 558 cities 63 cities 41 cities Population(millions)
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision14 Figure 10. Population distribution by city size varies across major areas in 2014 Most megacities and large cities are located in the global South. China alone has six megacities and ten cities with populations between 5 and 10 million in 2014, and it will add one more megacity and six more large cities by 2030. Four of India’s cities with 5 to 10 million inhabitants presently are projected to become megacities in the coming years (Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad), for a total of seven megacities pro- jected in the country by 2030. Outside of China and India, Asia has seven other megacities and eleven other large cities in 2014. Cairo, Kinshasa and Lagos are the only megacities in Africa in 2014, but three more are expected to emerge by 2030, as Dar es Salaam (Tanza- nia), Johannesburg (South Africa), and Luanda (Angola) are each projected to surpass the 10 million mark. The number of large cities with populations between 5 and 10 million in Africa is also expected to increase, from three in 2014 to twelve in 2030. In Latin America, Bogotá (Colombia) and Lima (Peru) are projected to grow beyond the 10 million mark by 2030, joining the four current megacities of the region: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Rio de 0 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Al-Qahirah (Cairo) New York-Newark Beijing Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka) Mumbai (Bombay) São Paulo Ciudad de México (Mexico City) Shanghai Delhi Tokyo 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 Population(thousands) 5000 0 20 40 60 80 100 90 70 50 30 10 Northern AmericaOceaniaLatin America and the Caribbean AsiaAfricaEurope Megacities of 10 million or more Large cities of 5 to 10 million Medium-sized cities of 1 to 5 million Cities of 500 000 to 1 million Urban areas smaller than 500 000 Shareofurbanpopulation(percent) Figure 9. The ten largest urban agglomerations in 2014 show varied growth patterns both in the recent past and in future projections
Cities 15 Janeiro, and São Paulo. Notably, there are varying degrees of uncertainty in the projec- tions of cities, with greater uncertainty for cities like Kinshasa or Luanda where census data have not been collected or reported in decades. One in five urban dwellers worldwide lives in a medium-sized city with 1 million to 5 million inhabitants. While considered medium-sized by global standards, these cit- ies are, in fact, the largest cities in 79 countries or areas. Examples include Sydney (Aus- tralia), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), and Montevideo (Uruguay). The global population living in medium-sized cities nearly doubled between 1990 and 2014, and is expected to increase by another 36 per cent between 2014 and 2030, growing from 827 million to 1.1 billion. The number of people living in cities of between 500,000 and 1 million inhabitants is expected to grow at a similar pace, increasing from 363 million in 2014 to 509 million in 2030, but continuing to hold only around 10 per cent of the global urban population. In 2014 close to one half of the world’s urban population lives in settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants. While this proportion is projected to shrink over time, by 2030 these small cities and towns will still be home to around 45 per cent of urban dwellers. The proportion of the urban population in small cities varies considerably across regions. Close to two thirds of Europe’s urban dwellers reside in small urban places as do more than half of Africa’s urban dwellers. In contrast, just one third of urban residents in Northern America live in settlements with fewer than 500,000 people. Regional differ- ences also reflect differences in settlement patterns, as well as variations in the definition of urban areas across countries and regions. The fastest growing urban agglomerations are medium-sized cities and cities with less than 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa. Between 2000 and 2014 the world’s cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants grew at an average annual rate of 2.4 per cent. However, 43 of these cities grew more than twice as fast, with average growth rates in excess of 6 per cent per year (figure 11). Of these, 4 are located in Africa, 38 in Asia (18 in China alone), and 1 in Northern America. By way of comparison, Suzhou, in China’s Jiangsu Province, is the only city with more than 5 million inhabitants to have experi- enced such rapid growth. In general, most of the world’s fastest growing urban agglom- erations are smaller cities: agglomerations with 500,000 to 1 million inhabitants in 2014 account for 26 of the 43 fastest-growing cities, while another 16 are medium-sized cities with between 1 million and 5 million inhabitants. Some cities have experienced population decline since 2000, most of which are located in low-fertility countries of Asia and Europe with stagnating or declining popu- lations. A few cities in Japan and the Republic of Korea (for example, Nagasaki and Busan) have experienced population decline between 2000 and 2014. Several cities in the Russian Federation and Ukraine have lost population since 2000 as well. In addition, several capital cities around the world have seen their populations decline between 2000 and 2014, includ- ing Bratislava (Slovakia), Riga (Latvia), Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Yerevan (Armenia). In addition to low fertility, emigration has also contributed to smaller popula- tion sizes in some of these cities. Economic contraction and natural disasters have contributed to population loss in some cities. In the United States, for example, Buffalo and Detroit each experienced net losses of population between 2000 and 2014, concurrent with a loss of industry and jobs in those cities, while New Orleans experienced population decline in the wake of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina.
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision16 Figure 11. The world’s fastest growing cities are in Africa and Asia −2024681012 Major area Averageannualcitygrowthrate(percent),2000−2014 Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Northern America Oceania City size class Megacities of 10 million or more Large cities of 5 to 10 million e iu − i e citie o 1 to illion Cities of 500 000 to 1 million
17 Policy implications As the world continues to urbanize, sustainable development challenges will be increas- ingly concentrated in cities, particularly in the lower-middle-income countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest. At the same time, cities offer opportunities to expand access to services, such as health care and education, for large numbers of people in an economically efficient manner. Providing public transportation, as well as housing, elec- tricity, water and sanitation for a densely settled population is typically cheaper and less environmentally damaging than providing a similar level of services to a predominantly rural household. Urban dwellers also have access to larger and more diversified labour markets, and enjoy healthier lives overall. Governments must implement policies to ensure that the benefits of urban growth are shared equitably and sustainably. The Rio +20 Conference outcome, “The future we want”, recognized that cities can lead the way towards economically, socially and environ- mentally sustainable societies, but that a holistic approach to urban planning and manage- ment is needed to improve living standards of urban and rural dwellers alike. Sustainable urbanization requires that cities generate better income and employment opportunities, expand the necessary infrastructure for water and sanitation, energy, transportation, information and communications; ensure equal access to services; reduce the number of people living in slums; and preserve the natural assets within the city and surrounding areas. Diversified policies to plan for and manage the spatial distribution of the popu- lation and internal migration are needed. History has shown that policies that aim to restrict rural-urban migration are ineffective at forestalling city growth, and can even produce economic, social and environmental harms. In recent years, a growing number of countries have been favouring other strategies for rural and urban development, such as allocating land rights, managing land use, land redistribution, creating regional develop- ment zones and promoting economic diversification and competitiveness in rural areas through the mobilization of investment and the improvement of rural livelihoods.2 Policies aimed at a more balanced distribution of urban growth, avoiding excessive concentration in just one or two very large urban agglomerations within a single coun- try, can also support sustainable development. These policies, as well as those promoting the growth of intermediate-size cities common in Latin America, can help to address the problems of excessive centralization of economic and administrative functions, while also responding to the challenges of providing urban infrastructure and basic social services for the urban poor, and mitigating the negative environmental impacts often associated with large and rapidly growing urban agglomerations. 2 United Nations (2008) World Population Monitoring, focusing on population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development. Report of the Secretary-General to the forty-first session of the Commission on Population and Development, E/CN.9/2008/3
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision18 Accurate, consistent and timely data on global trends in urbanization and city growth are critical for assessing current and future needs with respect to urban growth and for setting policy priorities to promote inclusive and equitable urban and rural devel- opment. In order to systematically track levels and trends in urbanization around the world and to monitor progress in sustainable development goals in urban and rural areas, Governments, with the support of international cooperation, should continue their efforts to produce more extensive and better quality data on the size, distribution and character- istics of the population. Successful sustainable urbanization requires competent, responsive and account- able governments charged with the management of cities and urban expansion, as well appropriate use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for more efficient service delivery. There is a need for building institutional capacities and applying inte- grated approaches so as to attain urban sustainability.
19 References United Nations (1974). Methods for the Projection of Urban and Rural Population. Population Studies, No. 55 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.74.XIII.3). __________ (1980). Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth. Population Studies No. 68 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.79.XIII.9). __________ (2013a). World Population Prospects: The Revision 2012. Volume 1, Comprehensive Tables (United Nations publications ST/ESA/SER.A/336). __________ (2013b). World Economic and Social Survey: Sustainable Development Challenges (E/2013/50/Rev. 1 ST/ESA/344). UN-Habitat (2012) State of the World’s Cities, 2012/2013. Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 978- 92-1-132494-5
Annex TableI Urbanandruralpopulation,proportionurbanandaverageannualrateofchangeoftheproportionurban Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 WORLD 2285031 3880128 6338611 3035786 3363656 3212333 43 54 66 0.9 More developed regionsa 830952 980403 1113500 317326 275828 189610 72 78 85 0.3 Less developed regionsb 1454079 2899725 5225111 2718460 3087828 3022723 35 48 63 1.2 Least developed countriesc 107335 283855 895701 402019 635275 914889 21 31 49 1.7 Less developed regions, excluding least developed countriesd 1346744 2615870 4329410 2316440 2452553 2107834 37 52 67 1.3 Less developed regions, excluding China 1126378 2115652 4148069 1854345 2446901 2684617 38 46 61 0.9 High-income countriese 834931 1035404 1212666 287614 256311 185266 74 80 87 0.3 Middle-income countries 1325274 2555840 4284327 2346129 2484859 2139791 36 51 67 1.3 Upper-middle-income countries 793208 1541090 2155352 1153047 920812 562801 41 63 79 1.5 Lower-middle-income countries 532067 1014751 2128975 1193082 1564047 1576990 31 39 57 1.1 Low income countries 109850 268441 819856 394871 616562 883673 22 30 48 1.5 Sub-Saharan Africaf 132971 345617 1136822 357144 579083 937624 27 37 55 1.4 AFRICA 196923 455345 1338566 433064 682885 1054609 31 40 56 1.1 Eastern Africa 35564 96610 378763 162822 287296 490458 18 25 44 1.7 Burundi 352 1233 7025 5254 9250 19666 6 12 26 2.5 Comoros 115 212 576 298 540 932 28 28 38 0.3 Djibouti 448 685 1028 142 202 216 76 77 83 0.1 Eritrea 517 1451 6029 2755 5086 8284 16 22 42 1.9 Ethiopia 6064 18363 70522 41979 78143 117051 13 19 38 2.3 Kenya 3927 11476 42636 19520 34070 54536 17 25 44 1.7 Madagascar 2721 8125 30518 8825 15447 24979 24 34 55 1.9 Malawi 1092 2710 12437 8355 14119 28766 12 16 30 0.9 Mauritius1 464 497 570 592 752 661 44 40 46 -0.5 Mayotte 33 108 237 59 120 229 36 47 51 -0.8 Mozambique 3392 8454 29440 10176 18019 30490 25 32 49 0.8 Réunion 496 840 1089 115 46 36 81 95 97 0.2 Rwanda 391 3369 13349 6824 8731 12029 5 28 53 3.7 Seychelles 34 50 65 35 43 35 49 54 65 0.6 Somalia 1875 4223 15664 4447 6583 11412 30 39 58 1.2 South Sudan 765 2182 8403 4999 9556 16357 13 19 34 1.0 Uganda 1942 6124 33367 15593 32721 70711 11 16 32 2.1 United Republic of Tanzania2 4813 15685 68569 20672 35073 60848 19 31 53 2.3 Zambia 3091 6079 25759 4753 8942 18447 39 40 58 1.1 Zimbabwe 3033 4745 11479 7429 9854 14774 29 33 44 -0.5 Middle Africa 22566 60685 192108 47434 78798 124003 32 44 61 1.2 Angola 2644 9580 34676 7690 12558 19648 26 43 64 1.9 Cameroon 4787 12281 34003 7284 10538 14596 40 54 70 1.1
21 Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 Central African Republic 1073 1872 4831 1840 2837 3660 37 40 57 0.6 Chad 1239 2951 12442 4713 10260 21074 21 22 37 0.4 Congo 1295 2961 8168 1089 1597 2409 54 65 77 0.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 10694 29115 93864 24217 40245 61427 31 42 60 1.2 Equatorial Guinea 130 309 827 244 469 797 35 40 51 0.4 Gabon 655 1487 3004 292 224 298 69 87 91 0.3 Sao Tome and Principe 51 128 293 66 70 95 44 65 75 1.0 Northern Africa 63952 109727 201744 75920 103801 116985 46 51 63 0.4 Algeria 13667 28002 44787 12573 11927 9736 52 70 82 0.9 Egypt 24494 35914 68864 31843 47473 52934 43 43 57 0.1 Libya 3226 4900 7155 1034 1353 1195 76 78 86 0.2 Morocco 11940 19995 31721 12734 13498 11163 48 60 74 0.9 Sudan 5725 13034 38388 14284 25730 38751 29 34 50 0.4 Tunisia 4714 7409 10108 3421 3708 3084 58 67 77 0.3 Western Sahara 187 474 722 30 112 122 86 81 86 0.1 Southern Africa 20539 37238 55422 21514 23653 19140 49 61 74 0.8 Botswana 580 1166 1942 804 873 838 42 57 70 0.4 Lesotho 223 562 1316 1374 1536 1502 14 27 47 2.0 Namibia 391 1073 2538 1024 1275 1205 28 46 68 2.3 South Africa 19146 34168 49103 17647 18972 14303 52 64 77 0.8 Swaziland 198 270 523 665 997 1293 23 21 29 -0.2 Western Africa 54302 151084 510530 125373 189336 304023 30 44 63 1.6 Benin 1725 4612 13574 3277 5987 8563 34 44 61 1.0 Burkina Faso 1217 5056 21299 7594 12364 19633 14 29 52 3.0 Cabo Verde 155 327 493 197 177 143 44 65 78 1.2 Côte d’Ivoire 4767 11126 29997 7349 9679 12342 39 53 71 1.4 Gambia 351 1127 3468 566 782 1398 38 59 71 1.2 Ghana 5331 14118 32192 9298 12324 13477 36 53 70 1.3 Guinea 1687 4418 13764 4333 7626 10702 28 37 56 1.3 Guinea-Bissau 286 848 2268 731 898 1236 28 49 65 1.7 Liberia 1165 2168 6122 937 2229 3270 55 49 65 0.8 Mali 1857 6172 27233 6107 9596 17935 23 39 60 2.1 Mauritania 836 2361 5867 1188 1623 2054 41 59 74 1.1 Niger 1192 3423 24562 6562 15112 44848 15 18 35 1.3 Nigeria 28379 83799 295480 67238 94718 144875 30 47 67 1.9 Saint Helena3 2 2 2 3 2 2 43 39 49 -0.0 Senegal 2923 6313 19910 4591 8235 13023 39 43 60 0.7 Sierra Leone 1344 2456 5893 2698 3749 4402 33 40 57 0.9 Togo 1083 2760 8404 2705 4233 6117 29 39 58 1.3 ASIA 1036247 2064211 3313424 2176877 2278044 1850638 32 48 64 1.5 Eastern Asia 467014 960235 1250224 912401 669186 355117 34 59 78 2.0 China4 308167 758360 1049948 857262 635424 335029 26 54 76 2.4 China, Hong Kong SAR5 5766 7260 8004 28 0 0 100 100 100 0 China, Macao SAR6 359 575 797 1 0 0 100 100 100 0 Dem. People’s Republic of Korea 11790 15195 19507 8404 9832 7569 58 61 72 0.2 Japan 94546 118136 105784 27703 8864 2546 77 93 98 0.6 Mongolia 1246 2052 3181 938 829 572 57 71 85 1.3 Republic of Korea 31732 40778 44709 11240 8734 6325 74 82 88 0.1 Other non-specified areas 13408 17879 18295 6824 5504 3077 66 76 86 0.6 South-Central Asia7 338429 635510 1260028 903305 1201245 1138152 27 35 53 1.2 Central Asia 22347 26372 46417 27740 38901 39737 45 40 54 0.0
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision22 Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 Kazakhstan 9099 8850 13034 7073 7757 7151 56 53 65 -0.2 Kyrgyzstan 1660 2002 4052 2734 3623 3924 38 36 51 0.2 Tajikistan 1677 2245 6185 3620 6164 8907 32 27 41 0.2 Turkmenistan 1653 2637 4303 2015 2670 2266 45 50 66 0.7 Uzbekistan 8257 10638 18842 12298 18686 17488 40 36 52 0.1 Southern Asia 316082 609139 1213611 875565 1162343 1098415 27 34 52 1.2 Afghanistan 2149 8221 25642 9583 23059 30909 18 26 45 1.6 Bangladesh 21275 53127 112443 86111 105386 89504 20 34 56 2.4 Bhutan 88 290 539 448 475 441 16 38 55 2.1 India 221979 410204 814399 646911 857198 805652 26 32 50 1.1 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 31749 57170 84358 24613 21301 16241 56 73 84 0.8 Maldives 56 156 315 160 195 189 26 44 62 2.6 Nepal 1604 5130 12979 16508 22991 23501 9 18 36 2.0 Pakistan 33967 70912 155747 77124 114221 115335 31 38 57 1.1 Sri Lanka 3216 3929 7190 14108 17517 16644 19 18 30 0.0 South-Eastern Asia 140164 294409 507725 303571 331573 279810 32 47 64 1.4 Brunei Darussalam 169 325 458 88 98 88 66 77 84 0.4 Cambodia 1408 3161 8167 7649 12247 14402 16 21 36 0.9 Indonesia 54634 133999 227770 123999 118813 93607 31 53 71 1.5 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 655 2589 6435 3589 4305 4144 15 38 61 3.1 Malaysia8 9068 22342 36163 9143 7846 5950 50 74 86 1.0 Myanmar 10350 18023 32206 31773 35696 26439 25 34 55 1.6 Philippines 30101 44531 88381 31848 55566 68737 49 44 56 -0.4 Singapore 3016 5517 7065 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Thailand 16649 33056 44335 39934 34167 17406 29 49 72 2.7 Timor-Leste 157 370 1007 595 782 1079 21 32 48 2.1 Viet Nam 13958 30495 55739 54952 62053 47958 20 33 54 2.0 Western Asia 90639 174057 295447 57600 76040 77558 61 70 79 0.5 Armenia 2390 1874 1961 1155 1110 821 67 63 70 -0.3 Azerbaijan9 3879 5172 7136 3338 4343 3356 54 54 68 0.5 Bahrain 437 1192 1684 59 152 151 88 89 92 0.1 Cyprus 512 773 977 255 380 379 67 67 72 -0.2 Georgia10 3005 2311 2350 2455 2011 1212 55 53 66 0.3 Iraq 12211 24116 55653 5307 10653 15683 70 69 78 0.1 Israel 4065 7202 11189 434 620 655 90 92 94 0.1 Jordan 2461 6263 10283 897 1242 1228 73 83 89 0.3 Kuwait 2018 3421 6268 42 58 74 98 98 99 0.0 Lebanon 2247 4354 4874 456 612 442 83 88 92 0.1 State of Palestine11 1409 3328 7408 672 1108 1499 68 75 83 0.3 Oman 1197 3030 4380 614 896 685 66 77 86 0.6 Qatar 442 2249 2978 34 19 6 93 99 100 0.1 Saudi Arabia 12411 24355 35839 3795 5015 4549 77 83 89 0.3 Syrian Arab Republic 6093 12588 26245 6359 9398 10461 49 57 72 0.7 Turkey 31966 55279 79189 22028 20559 15418 59 73 84 0.7 United Arab Emirates 1428 8054 14058 378 1392 1421 79 85 91 0.4 Yemen 2468 8496 22976 9322 16472 19520 21 34 54 1.7 EUROPE 505991 545382 581113 217257 197431 127954 70 73 82 0.3 Eastern Europe 211281 203201 191714 99482 90134 54809 68 69 78 0.1 Belarus 6770 7100 6274 3490 2208 1086 66 76 85 0.5 Bulgaria 5855 5277 4205 2966 1891 872 66 74 83 0.5 Czech Republic 7767 7843 8900 2559 2898 2318 75 73 79 -0.1 Hungary 6837 7030 7327 3548 2903 1628 66 71 82 0.7
Annex 23 Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 Poland 23374 23149 23854 14775 15071 10225 61 61 70 -0.1 Republic of Moldova12 2041 1555 1463 2323 1906 1021 47 45 59 0.0 Romania 12438 11771 11903 10934 9869 5906 53 54 67 0.3 Russian Federation 108732 105318 98040 39417 37149 22856 73 74 81 0.1 Slovakia 2981 2932 3161 2296 2522 1829 56 54 63 -0.4 Ukraine 34486 31226 26588 17173 13715 7070 67 69 79 0.3 Northern Europe 70985 81747 101259 21128 19191 14509 77 81 87 0.3 Channel Islands13 44 51 73 97 112 106 31 31 41 0.3 Denmark 4361 4935 5847 779 705 514 85 88 92 0.2 Estonia 1115 868 815 450 416 306 71 68 73 -0.2 Faroe Islands 15 21 28 33 29 25 31 42 53 0.5 Finland14 3958 4577 5071 1029 866 622 79 84 89 0.2 Iceland 231 313 399 24 20 16 91 94 96 0.1 Ireland 2009 2944 4474 1522 1733 1520 57 63 75 0.4 Isle of Man 36 45 60 34 41 39 52 52 61 0.1 Latvia 1845 1376 1252 819 665 422 69 67 75 -0.1 Lithuania 2499 2001 1910 1199 1007 647 68 67 75 -0.1 Norway15 3051 4084 5717 1189 1008 838 72 80 87 0.3 Sweden 7113 8251 10782 1446 1381 1152 83 86 90 0.2 United Kingdom 44708 52280 64830 12507 11209 8301 78 82 89 0.3 Southern Europe 92660 108935 119969 50727 47068 30920 65 70 80 0.3 Albania 1256 1797 2345 2191 1389 749 36 56 76 1.9 Andorra 52 69 79 3 12 16 95 86 83 -0.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1777 1515 1839 2750 2310 1492 39 40 55 0.3 Croatia 2590 2506 2606 2203 1766 1000 54 59 72 0.5 Gibraltar 27 29 27 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Greece 7261 8644 9158 2899 2484 1510 71 78 86 0.4 Holy See16 1 1 1 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Italy 37922 42029 46640 18910 19041 13375 67 69 78 0.2 Malta 339 410 405 36 20 12 90 95 97 0.2 Montenegro 295 397 403 319 225 154 48 64 72 0.3 Portugal 4743 6675 7564 5156 3936 2279 48 63 77 0.9 San Marino 22 30 32 2 2 1 90 94 96 0.0 Serbia17 4906 5251 4738 4829 4218 2336 50 55 67 0.1 Slovenia 1010 1031 1225 994 1044 798 50 50 61 -0.2 Spain18 29299 37349 41601 9584 9717 6624 75 79 86 0.3 TFYR Macedonia19 1161 1202 1306 848 906 575 58 57 69 0.0 Western Europe 131064 151499 168171 45921 41038 27716 74 79 86 0.3 Austria 5044 5621 6984 2626 2906 2370 66 66 75 0.0 Belgium 9617 10901 11891 362 243 164 96 98 99 0.0 France 42098 51253 63174 14748 13388 10037 74 79 86 0.3 Germany 58851 62067 60220 21636 20585 12346 73 75 83 0.3 Liechtenstein 5 5 9 24 32 36 17 14 20 -0.2 Luxembourg 309 482 666 73 54 40 81 90 94 0.4 Monaco 29 38 53 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Netherlands 10227 15107 16304 4663 1695 615 69 90 96 0.8 Switzerland 4884 6024 8870 1790 2134 2107 73 74 81 0.1 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 313876 495857 673631 131327 127565 107935 71 80 86 0.3 Caribbean 19851 29897 38440 14411 12916 9207 58 70 81 0.8 Anguilla 8 14 15 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Antigua and Barbuda 22 22 30 40 69 85 35 24 26 -2.0 Aruba 31 43 49 31 60 54 50 42 47 -0.7
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision24 Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 Bahamas 205 317 430 52 66 64 80 83 87 0.1 Barbados 85 90 122 175 196 192 33 32 39 -0.4 British Virgin Islands 6 13 20 10 15 15 38 46 58 0.7 Cayman Islands 25 59 67 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Cuba 7777 8666 7833 2824 2593 1559 73 77 83 0.1 Dominica 45 50 59 26 22 17 63 69 78 0.4 Dominican Republic 4001 8219 12003 3244 2310 1318 55 78 90 1.4 Grenada 32 38 42 64 68 53 33 36 44 -0.1 Guadeloupe20 371 461 487 14 7 6 96 98 99 0.0 Haiti 2027 6009 10936 5083 4453 3417 29 57 76 2.4 Jamaica 1169 1527 1900 1196 1272 908 49 55 68 0.4 Martinique 309 360 365 49 45 35 86 89 91 -0.0 Montserrat 1 0 1 9 5 5 13 9 13 -0.3 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 29 46 61 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Caribbean Netherlands 10 15 19 3 5 5 78 75 80 0.0 Curaçao 124 145 162 22 17 17 85 89 91 -0.1 Puerto Rico 3270 3449 3424 248 234 187 93 94 95 -0.0 Saint Kitts and Nevis 14 18 29 27 37 39 35 32 43 0.2 Saint Lucia 41 34 52 98 150 155 29 18 25 0.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 45 55 69 63 54 42 41 50 62 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago 104 115 123 1118 1229 1032 9 9 11 -1.5 Turks and Caicos Islands 9 31 42 3 3 2 74 92 96 0.4 United States Virgin Islands 91 102 100 13 5 3 88 95 97 0.2 Central America 74880 124682 187158 40226 44995 41675 65 73 82 0.4 Belize 89 150 301 99 190 289 47 44 51 -0.4 Costa Rica 1539 3749 5482 1539 1189 707 50 76 89 1.4 El Salvador 2631 4230 5425 2713 2154 1487 49 66 78 0.7 Guatemala 3655 8107 21157 5235 7753 10269 41 51 67 0.9 Honduras 1984 4472 9497 2920 3789 3987 40 54 70 1.1 Mexico 61475 97766 134828 24602 26034 21274 71 79 86 0.4 Nicaragua 2166 3607 6006 1972 2563 2349 52 58 72 0.5 Panama 1340 2603 4462 1146 1323 1313 54 66 77 0.4 South America 219145 341279 448033 76690 69653 57052 74 83 89 0.3 Argentina 28378 38293 48339 4247 3510 2684 87 92 95 0.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 3776 7388 13193 3018 3460 3428 56 68 79 0.6 Brazil 110623 172604 210238 39025 29429 20882 74 85 91 0.3 Chile 11003 15881 19403 2211 1892 1437 83 89 93 0.2 Colombia 22741 37265 53083 10566 11665 9859 68 76 84 0.4 Ecuador 5577 10152 17184 4547 5831 5877 55 64 75 0.3 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 1 2 3 1 1 0 74 76 85 0.7 French Guiana 87 215 443 30 41 52 75 84 89 0.4 Guyana 214 229 314 511 575 501 30 28 39 0.2 Paraguay 2069 4110 7471 2180 2807 2975 49 59 72 0.4 Peru 15001 24088 35405 6771 6681 5679 69 78 86 0.4 Suriname 267 359 445 139 184 176 66 66 72 -0.1 Uruguay 2767 3253 3549 343 166 92 89 95 97 0.2 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 16638 27439 38964 3103 3412 3412 84 89 92 0.0 NORTHERN AMERICA 212935 291860 390070 69351 66376 56130 75 81 87 0.2 Bermuda 60 65 64 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Canada 21181 29006 39616 6477 6519 5611 77 82 88 0.2 Greenland 44 49 46 11 8 4 80 86 92 0.5 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6 5 6 1 1 0 89 90 93 0.1 United States of America 191645 262734 350338 62862 59849 50515 75 81 87 0.2
Annex 25 Major area, region, country or area Population (thousands) Proportion urban (per cent) Average annual rate of change (per cent)Urban Rural 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 1990 2014 2050 2010–2015 OCEANIA 19059 27473 41807 7911 11356 15067 71 71 74 0.0 Australia/New Zealand 17480 25025 36533 3015 3157 2980 85 89 92 0.1 Australia21 14601 21099 31346 2496 2531 2389 85 89 93 0.2 New Zealand 2880 3926 5187 518 626 591 85 86 90 0.0 Melanesia 1097 1817 4398 4416 7637 11460 20 19 28 0.2 Fiji 303 473 597 425 414 322 42 53 65 0.7 New Caledonia 100 181 293 68 79 72 60 70 80 0.9 Papua New Guinea 623 971 2976 3534 6505 10116 15 13 23 -0.0 Solomon Islands 43 125 355 269 448 655 14 22 35 2.2 Vanuatu 27 67 177 119 192 295 19 26 38 1.2 Micronesia 258 343 481 155 171 190 62 67 72 0.2 Guam 118 158 218 12 9 8 91 94 96 0.1 Kiribati 25 46 85 46 58 71 35 44 55 0.2 Marshall Islands 31 38 54 17 15 13 65 72 80 0.4 Micronesia (Fed. States of) 25 23 39 71 81 91 26 22 30 0.1 Nauru 9 10 11 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 Northern Mariana Islands 39 49 47 5 6 5 90 89 91 -0.1 Palau 11 18 26 5 3 2 70 86 93 0.9 Polynesia22 224 289 395 324 391 437 41 42 47 -0.2 American Samoa 38 48 55 9 7 7 81 87 89 -0.1 Cook Islands 10 15 20 7 5 4 58 74 82 0.3 French Polynesia 115 157 209 84 123 128 58 56 62 -0.2 Niue 1 1 1 2 1 0 31 42 59 1.9 Samoa 35 37 57 128 155 185 21 19 23 -1.0 Tokelau 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 Tonga 22 25 45 74 81 95 23 24 32 0.3 Tuvalu 4 6 9 5 4 3 41 59 75 1.7 Wallis and Futuna Islands 0 0 0 14 13 13 0 0 0 0 Notes a More developed regions comprise Europe, Northern America, Australia/New Zealand and Japan. b Less developed regions comprise all regions of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean plus Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. c The least developed countries are 49 countries, 34 in Africa, 9 in Asia, 5 in Oceania plus one in Latin America and the Caribbean. d Other less developed countries comprise the less developed regions exclud- ing the least developed countries. e The country classification by income level is based on 2012 GNI per capita from the World Bank. f Sub-Saharan Africa refers to all of Africa except Northern Africa. 1 Including Agalega, Rodrigues, and Saint Brandon. 2 Including Zanzibar. 3 Including Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. 4 For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China. 5 As of 1 July 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. 6 As of 20 December 1999, Macao became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. 7 The regions Southern Asia and Central Asia are combined into South-Central Asia. 8 Including Sabah and Sarawak. 9 Including Nagorno-Karabakh. 10 Including Abkhazia and South Ossetia. 11 Including East Jerusalem. 12 Including Transnistria. 13 Refers to Guernsey, and Jersey. 14 Including Åland Islands. 15 Including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands. 16 Refers to the Vatican City State. 17 Including Kosovo. 18 Including Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla. 19 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 20 Including Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin (French part). 21 Including Christmas Island, Cocos Keeling Islands, and Norfolk Island. 22 Including Pitcairn.
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision26 Table II Population size and ranking of urban agglomerations with more than 5 million inhabitants as of 1 July 2014 Population (thousands) Rank Average annual rate of change (per cent) Urban Agglomeration Country or area 1990 2014 2030 1990 2014 2030 2010–2015 Tokyo Japan 32 530 37 833 37 190 1 1 1 0.6 Delhi India 9 726 24 953 36 060 12 2 2 3.2 Shanghai China 7 823 22 991 30 751 20 3 3 3.4 Ciudad de México (Mexico City) Mexico 15 642 20 843 23 865 4 4 10 0.8 São Paulo Brazil 14 776 20 831 23 444 5 5 11 1.4 Mumbai (Bombay) India 12 436 20 741 27 797 6 6 4 1.6 Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka) Japan 18 389 20 123 19 976 2 7 13 0.8 Beijing China 6 788 19 520 27 706 23 8 5 4.6 New York-Newark United States of America 16 086 18 591 19 885 3 9 14 0.2 Al-Qahirah (Cairo) Egypt 9 892 18 419 24 502 11 10 8 2.1 Dhaka Bangladesh 6 621 16 982 27 374 24 11 6 3.6 Karachi Pakistan 7 147 16 126 24 838 22 12 7 3.3 Buenos Aires Argentina 10 513 15 024 16 956 10 13 18 1.3 Kolkata (Calcutta) India 10 890 14 766 19 092 7 14 15 0.8 Istanbul Turkey 6 552 13 954 16 694 25 15 20 2.2 Chongqing China 4 011 12 916 17 380 43 16 17 3.4 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 9 697 12 825 14 174 13 17 23 0.8 Manila Philippines 7 973 12 764 16 756 19 18 19 1.7 Lagos Nigeria 4 764 12 614 24 239 33 19 9 3.9 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana United States of America 10 883 12 308 13 257 8 20 26 0.2 Moskva (Moscow) Russian Federation 8 987 12 063 12 200 15 21 31 1.2 Guangzhou, Guangdong China 3 072 11 843 17 574 63 22 16 5.2 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 683 11 116 19 996 50 23 12 4.2 Tianjin China 4 558 10 860 14 655 37 24 22 3.4 Paris France 9 330 10 764 11 803 14 25 33 0.7 Shenzhen China 875 10 680 12 673 308 26 29 1.0 London United Kingdom 8 054 10 189 11 467 18 27 36 1.2 Jakarta Indonesia 8 175 10 176 13 812 17 28 25 1.4 Seoul Republic of Korea 10 518 9 775 9 960 9 29 43 -0.0 Lima Peru 5 837 9 722 12 221 28 30 30 2.0 Bangalore India 4 036 9 718 14 762 42 31 21 4.0 Chennai (Madras) India 5 338 9 620 13 921 30 32 24 3.0 Bogotá Colombia 4 740 9 558 11 915 34 33 32 2.7 Chukyo M.M.A. (Nagoya) Japan 8 407 9 373 9 304 16 34 49 0.5 Johannesburg South Africa 3 709 9 176 11 573 48 35 34 3.2 Krung Thep (Bangkok) Thailand 5 888 9 098 11 528 27 36 35 2.4 Chicago United States of America 7 374 8 739 9 493 21 37 46 0.3 Hyderabad India 4 193 8 670 12 774 39 38 28 3.3 Lahore Pakistan 3 970 8 500 13 033 44 39 27 3.1 Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) 6 365 8 353 9 990 26 40 42 0.9 Wuhan China 3 417 7 838 9 442 57 41 47 1.0 Dongguan China 553 7 410 8 701 516 42 51 0.9 Chengdu China 2 955 7 289 10 104 71 43 41 3.8 Hong Kong China, Hong Kong SAR 5 766 7 260 7 885 29 44 61 0.7 Nanjing, Jiangsu China 2 893 7 127 9 754 74 45 44 3.6 Ahmadabad India 3 255 7 116 10 527 59 46 38 3.4 Thành Pho Ho Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City) Viet Nam 3 038 7 100 10 200 67 47 40 3.3 Foshan China 1 008 6 989 8 353 267 48 53 1.1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 2 098 6 629 9 423 109 49 48 3.3
Annex 27 Population (thousands) Rank Average annual rate of change (per cent) Urban Agglomeration Country or area 1990 2014 2030 1990 2014 2030 2010–2015 Baghdad Iraq 4 092 6 483 9 710 41 50 45 2.4 Santiago Chile 4 616 6 472 7 122 36 51 64 0.7 Ar-Riyadh (Riyadh) Saudi Arabia 2 325 6 195 7 940 92 52 58 4.0 Shenyang China 3 651 6 194 7 911 51 53 59 2.1 Madrid Spain 4 414 6 133 6 707 38 54 70 1.4 Hangzhou China 1 476 6 121 8 822 163 55 50 4.6 Toronto Canada 3 807 5 901 6 957 46 56 65 1.7 Xi’an, Shaanxi China 2 157 5 867 7 904 102 57 60 3.2 Miami United States of America 3 969 5 771 6 554 45 58 74 1.1 Belo Horizonte Brazil 3 548 5 667 6 439 53 59 75 1.1 Dallas-Fort Worth United States of America 3 219 5 603 6 683 60 60 71 2.0 Pune (Poona) India 2 430 5 574 8 091 86 61 57 2.9 Philadelphia United States of America 4 725 5 571 6 158 35 62 78 0.5 Kitakyushu-Fukuoka M.M.A. Japan 5 269 5 528 5 355 31 63 95 -0.2 Singapore Singapore 3 016 5 517 6 578 69 64 73 2.0 Houston United States of America 2 922 5 516 6 729 72 65 68 2.5 Surat India 1 468 5 398 8 616 166 66 52 4.8 Haerbin China 2 392 5 351 6 860 87 67 67 2.2 Luanda Angola 1 390 5 288 10 429 175 68 39 4.0 Barcelona Spain 4 101 5 207 5 685 40 69 89 1.3 Suzhou, Jiangsu China 1 067 5 156 8 098 249 70 56 6.3 Atlanta United States of America 2 184 5 032 6 140 101 71 79 2.5
14-04178 ISBN 978-92-1-123195-3 Accurate, consistent and timely data on global trends in urbanization and city growth are critical for assessing current and future needs with respect to urban growth and for setting policy priorities to promote inclusive and equitable urban and rural development. This report presents the highlights of the 2014 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects, which contains the latest estimates of the urban and rural populations of 233 countries or areas from 1950 to 2014 and projections to 2050, as well as estimates of population size from 1950 to 2014 and projections to 2030 for all urban agglomerations with 300,000 inhabitants or more in 2014.
Entretien Emilie GERBAUD I. Quelle est votre propre définition de la Smart City et des problèmes qu’elle adresse ? Quels objectifs se fixe-t-elle ? Beaucoup de villes se revendiquent « smart city », y’a-t-il des critères précis à remplir ou c’est à l’appréciation de chacune de ces villes ? Existe-t-il un label Smart City ? Le quartier confluence est le premier éco-quartier certifié WWF, quel critère à remplir ? Les Smart city sont-elles une réponse au problème de la concentration des villes ? II. Le projet Lyon Smart Community 2011-2016 Il comprenait 4 volets (dernière page de Dossier Presse LSC) et l’intégralité du projet a été réalisé Fin Juin 2016, avez-vous fait un bilan de ce projet ? Puis-je le voir ? Quels sont les indicateurs de performance utilisés (qualité de vie, économie d’énergie etc) Montrer hiérarchie LSC (Page 7 Dossier Presse LSC) : Comment s’organise la collaboration ? Quelles interactions ? Qui sont les décisionnaires finaux ? Appel à projet ? Budget annuel ? Financement ?
Lundi 20 Mars, l’Etat a accordé plus de 10millions d’euros à Lyon pour le développement de 11 projets innovants I. Pouvez-vous me parler du projet numérique NEDA ? II. J’ai été agréablement surpris de voir la quantité de Data générées par la Ville et mise à disposition de tous citoyens, Comment le générez et stockez-vous ? Comment les différents services utilisent les données des uns et des autres ? Quel avenir pour le TUBA ? Parler du problème évoqué avec H2Lyon III. Le projet TRANSFORM (planification énergétique 2012-2015), quelle coopération avec les autres villes partenaires ? La problématique de l’hacking est-elle prise en compte ? IV. Concernant le partenariat Smarter Together, du programme européen Horizon 2020, quels sont les principaux axes de développement concernant la ville de Lyon ? Comment s’organise la collaboration ave Vienne et Munich ? I. Si l’on réunit la Métrople Grand Lyon, Lyon Smart Community, Smarter Together, Lyon Living Lab, cela fait des dizaines voir centaines d’acteurs à la fois privés et publics, Comment s’organise cette collaboration ? Quel budget global cela représente-t-il ? N’y-a-til pas des doublons ou des conflits d’intérêts parfois ?
Plus généralement, quelle est la vision et quels sont les projets relatifs à la Smart Métropole qui vont être développés à Lyon dans le cadre du PPI 2015-2020 ? (Programme Pluriannuel d’Investissements) Quel est le futur de la Smart City à Lyon ? Concernant le projet de Renouvellement Urbain, dont les 141millions € concerne majoritairement des quartiers excentrés et pour certains défavorisés, ces quartiers sont-ils intégrés à des projets Smart avec : o Contrôle des consommations d’énergies ? Production d’énergies sur les toits ? Agriculture urbaine ? Des efforts de management intelligents en termes de consommation d’eau et d’électricité sont-ils faits ? Les Halles Girard, le futur cœur de la French Tech à Lyon ? Pouvez-vous m’en parler ? La Ville veut favoriser le maintien de l’activité artisanale au cœur des villes, 4 projet sont notamment évoqués, pouvez-vous m’en parler ? Page 28, I V. Le Pass Urbain et le Plan Piéton, pouvez-vous m’en parler ? Considérez-vous comme possible à l’avenir la Presqu’île Lyonnaise complètement fermée aux voitures comme cela est le cas dans de nombreuses villes ? En termes de mobilité au sein de la ville, quels sont les futurs axes de développement ? VI. Améliorer la qualité de vie dans la Métropole est un des 3 objectifs majeurs du PPI 2015-2020 : Quels sont les indicateurs de performances utilisés : consommation d’eau, d’énergie, amélioration qualité de la vie ?
De nombreuses études démontrent l’importance de l’engagement citoyens dans les SC, notamment une étude de Vlerick Business School mené par Joachim Van Den Bergh, qui dit que l’engagement citoyen est le facteur clés de succès prédominant pour la réussite des SC, alors que faits la ville de Lyon dans ce sens là ? I. Caractère inclusif : comment rendre la SC accessible à tous ? II. Concernant les citoyens de la Ville, selon vous, quel doit être la participation du citoyen dans la SC ? Comment la rendre possible ? E-gouvernance ? Les livings labs, FabLab, TUBA (Martin CAHEN) III. L’un des piliers qui me semble essentiel mais qui n’apparaît quasiment nulle part, c’est l’alimentation Y a-t-il des initiatives smart dans ce domaine à Lyon ? La culture urbaine sur les toits ?
1M920-MT StrategicOpportunityAnalysisoftheGlobal SmartCityMarket SmartCityMarketisLikelytobeWorthaCumulative$1.565Trillionby2020
2M920-MT WhatisSmartCity? SmartCityConcepts Source:Frost&Sullivan 4G4G4G4G Smartcitiesarecitiesbuilton ‘Smart’and‘Intelligent’ solutionsandtechnologythat willleadtotheadoptionofat least5ofthe8followingsmart parameters—smartenergy, smartbuilding,smartmobility, smarthealthcare,smart infrastructure,smart technology,smartgovernance andsmarteducation,smart citizen Smart Energy Smart Building Smart Citizen Smart Technology Smart Healthcare Smart Mobility SmartGovernanceand SmartEducation SmartInfrastructure Note:SmartSecurityisincludedasapartofSmartInfrastructuresegmentinthisillustration.
3M920-MT KeyParametersthatwillDefineaSmartCityin2020 ParameterDefinition Smartenergy Smartenergyusesdigitaltechnologythroughadvancedmeterinfrastructure(AMI),distributiongrid management,andhigh-voltagetransmissionsystems,aswellasfordemandresponseforthe intelligentandintegratedtransmissionanddistributionofpower. Smartbuilding Smartbuildingsaregreen,energyefficient,andintelligent,withadvancedautomatedinfrastructure thatcontrolsandmanagesaspectssuchaslightingandtemperature,security,andenergy consumptionindependentlyorwithminimalhumanintervention. Smartmobility Smartmobilityenablesintelligentmobilitythroughtheuseofinnovativeandintegratedtechnologies andsolutions,suchaslowemissioncarsandmultimodaltransportsystems. Smarttechnology Smarttechnologywillconnectthehome,office,mobilephone,andcaronasinglewirelessIT platform.Smarttechnologyincludesadoptionofasmartgridsystem,smarthomesolutions,ahigh- speedbroadbandconnection,androll-outof4Gtechnology. Smarthealthcare SmarthealthcareistheuseofeHealthandmHealthsystemsandintelligentandconnectedmedical devices.Italsoinvolvestheimplementationofpoliciesthatencouragehealth,wellness,andwell- beingforitscitizens,inadditiontohealthmonitoringanddiagnosticsasopposedtotreatment. Smartinfrastructure Smartinfrastructureincludesintelligentandautomatedsystemsthatmanage,communicatewith,and integrateintodifferenttypesofintelligentinfrastructure,suchasenergygrids,transportation networks,waterandwastemanagementsystems,andtelecommunications. Smartgovernance andsmarteducation Smartgovernanceandsmarteducationincludespoliciesanddigitalservicesfromthegovernment thathelpandsupporttheadoptionofgreenandintelligentsolutionsthroughincentives,subsidies,or otherpromotions. Smartsecurity Smartsecurityincludestechnologyandsolutionssuchasvideosurveillance,publicsafetyLTE,and managedsecurityservicesthataredesignedtoprotectpeople,property,andinformation. Smartcitizens Smartcitizenspossessinterestinembracingsmartandgreensolutionsindailyactivities.More citizenproactivityisexpectedinadoptingsmartconceptsandsmartproducts,includinglifestyle choices. Source:Frost&Sullivan
4M920-MT UnderstandingtheDifferenceBetweenSmartCityandSustainableCity SmartCitySustainableCity •Smartcitiesarecitiesbuilton'Smart'and 'Intelligent'solutionsandtechnologythatwillleadto adoptionofatleast5ofthe8followingsmart parameters. •Asof2011,thereisnosmartcity;however,26 smartcitiesareexpectedby2025.Smart'projects' withinacityhavebeenexcludedinthiscount,as theydonotapplytoanentirecity. •Sustainablecitiesarecitiesthatarebuiltoneco- friendlybasis.Thesemaynotnecessarilyinclude 'intelligent'systemsbutarebuiltmoreonan energy-efficientorenvironment-friendlyobjective. •92sustainablecitiesareexpectedby2025. ImageSource:Dreamstime Source:Frost&Sullivan
5M920-MT IntroductiontoSmartCityConcept SmartistheNewGreen—3LevelsofSmartProductsandTechnologies Smart Technology SmartBuildingsSmartMobilitySmartWindowsSmartCloudsLEVEL3 Sensing Mechanism+ Two-wayFlowof Data Communication SmartChipSmartLightingLEVEL2 BasicSensing Mechanism+ One-wayData Communication Smart Bandages LEVEL1 BasicSensing Mechanism ImageSource:DreamstimeandConnectedDigitalWorld Asmartproductischaracterized byanintelligentsensing technologythatisincreasingly beingintegratedwithInternet technologies,therebyallowingthe producttoreacttoand communicatewiththechanging environmentaroundit.Thisleads tooptimaloperationsand improvementinefficiency. Source:Frost&Sullivan
6M920-MT KeyParametersthatwillDefineaSmartCityin2020 •Smartgrids •Smartmeters •Intelligentenergy storage •BuildingAutomation •IntelligentBuildings: AdvancedHVAC, LightingEquipment •Advancedtraffic managementsystem (ATMS) •Parkingmanagement •ITS-enabled transportationpricing system •Sensornetworks •Digitalwaterand wastemanagement •eGovernment •eEducation •Disastermanagement solutions •UseofeHealthand mHealthsystems •Intelligentand connectedmedical devices •Useofgreenmobility options •Smartlifestylechoices •4Gconnectivity •Superbroadband •FreeWi-Fi •1Gbpsdownload speeds SmartEnergy:DigitalManagementof Energy SmartBuildings:AutomatedIntelligent Buildings SmartMobility:IntelligentMobility SmartInfrastructure:DigitalManagementof Infrastructure SmartGovernanceandSmartEducation: Government-on-the-Go SmartHealthcare:IntelligentHealthcare Technology SmartCitizen*:CivicDigitalNatives SmartTechnology*:SeamlessConnectivity *Smartcitizenandsmarttechnologyareintegratedandnotcoveredseparatelyinthisanalysis. •Surveillance •Biometrics •Simulationmodeling andcrimeprotection •C2andresponse SmartSecurity:NextGeneration911 Source:Frost&Sullivan
7M920-MT ExecutiveSummary—GlobalSmartCitiesin2025 Morethan26globalcitieswillbesmartcitiesin2025,morethan50%ofwhichwillbefromEuropeandNorth America. Tianjin Wuhan Shenzhen Glasgow LosAngeles NewYork Toronto SanFrancisco Vancouver Paris LondonBerlin Barcelona Amsterdam Seattle Tokyo Singapore Calgary Chicago Vienna Copenhagen Oslo Seoul Beijing Helsinki Sydney ImageSource:Dreamstime Source:ForbesSmartCityList2009;InnovationCitiesGlobalIndex2012-2013;specificSmartProjectWebsitesforeachcity;Frost&Sullivan Stockholm SmartCities,Global,2025 Boston SanDiego Luxembourg Chengdu Johannesburg Delhi Jakarta Smartcitiesin2025 Selectsmartcityprojects*in2025** *SmartCityprojectsarecityprojectsthatarebeing trialled/implementedwithinasmall-scaleforaspecific industry/publicentity/industrycluster.e.g.,TheBuffalo (UnitedStates)SmartEducationInitiative **Thislistisnotexhaustive.Thecitieshighlightedhere haveimplementedatleastoneofsixsmartcityaspectsin theirsmartcityprojects.
8M920-MT SmartMobility SmartInfrastructure*** SmartHealthcare SmartBuilding 24.6 13.5 15.8 13.1 8.7 14.6 9.7 SmartCityMarketbySegments*,Global,2012-2020 ExecutiveSummary—SummaryofSmartCityMarket Smartcitiesareanticipatedtocreatehugebusinessopportunitieswithamarketvalueof$1.565trillionby 2020. 1 2 4 5 6 SmartGovernance andSmartEducation** SmartEnergy 7 Note:Thegraphrepresentthemarketshareofeach segmentinthesmartcitymarket. Formoreinformationonsmartcitymarketsectorsplease refertoappendix. SmartCityMarket *Thesenumbersrepresenttheentiresmartsolutionseco-systemineachsegmentforbothurbanandnon-urbanpanoramas. **SmartEducationincludeseLearningservicesforschools,universities,enterprises,andgovernmententities. ***SmartInfrastructureincludessensornetworksanddigitalmanagementofwaterutilitiesnotincludedinothersegments. SmartSecurity 3 Source:Frost&Sullivan
9M920-MT SmartConvergence Companiesinthesmartcityspacewillnotonlypartnerandconvergeamongthemselvestooffer‘smart’ capabilitiesbutwouldalsostartconvergingwithdifferentparticipantsintheecosystem. ITParticipants •IPnetworks •Digitaltechnology •Analysissoftware •Technologyintegration •Networksecurity EnergyandInfrastructure Participants •T&Dtechnology •Powerelectronics •Renewableenergy •Integrateddistribution management •Substationautomation •AMI-enabledmetering AutomationandBuilding ControlParticipants •Buildingautomation •Demand-sidemanagement •Deviceconnectivity •Monitoringandsensing •Smartgridintegration Security •Firewalls,Internetprotocol security •Physicalimplementationof systemsandmonitoring •Managedandmonitoring services •Cloud-basedservices •Identitymanagement,smart cards TelecomParticipants •BroadbandandInternet serviceproviders •Phonelines •Mobilecommunications •NetworkedITservices SAP HP ST Electronics Oracle Google Microsoft Alcatel- Lucent IBM CiscoSenergy Eaton ALSTOMGrid SiemensAG General Electric ABB Honeywell RockwellAutomation JohnsonControls SchneiderElectric Verizon O2 DeutscheTelekom Ericsson AT&T Serco Symantec Tyco PointofConvergence Securitas SmartCityMarket:ConvergenceofCompetition,Global,2012–2025 Source:Frost&Sullivan
10M920-MT CaseStudy—AmsterdamSmartCity IBM,Cisco,Accenture,Philips,VodafonearecomingtogethertopowerAmsterdamSmartCity. Smart ICT Projects •Shiptogrid •Energymanagement •Fuelcelltechnology ProjectDevelopers •Vattenfall-Nuon •Liander •Cisco Smart Communication Smart Energy Projects •SmartWorkplace •TPEX-SmartAirmiles •AlmereSmartSociety •HealthLab ProjectDevelopers •Accenture •IBM •Cisco Projects •AlmereSmart Society •OnlinePortal •Opennetwork ProjectDevelopers •Vodafone •Philips •Cisco •IBMSource:Amsterdamsmartcity.com;Frost&Sullivan SmartCityMarket:HighlightsofSmartProjectsandDevelopers,AmsterdamCity,2012
11M920-MT UrbanSecurity CriticalInfrastructureProtection IDManagement CyberSecurity Security 50%reductionincrimerate eGovernment 100%rateofaccesstoafullrangeofgovernment servicesthroughdigitaltechnology eAdministration OnlineTransactions(eFilingoftaxreturns) SmartGovernanceandSmartSecurity—Government-on-the-Go ImageSource:Dreamstime VirtualClassrooms DistanceLearning Computer-basedTraining eEducation Smartgovernanceandsmartsecurityincludesrollingoutofpoliciesanddigitalservicesfromthegovernmentthathelpand supportadoptionofgreenandintelligentsolutionsthroughincentives,subsidies,orotherformsofpromotionalschemes. Source:Frost&Sullivan
12M920-MT SmartCitizen—TheDigizensoftheFuture GreenMobility Atleast70%ofcitizenstravellingtowork bypublictransport,bicycle,orfoot InitiativetoReduceAirPollution Atleast40%ofcitizensfollowthecity's greenactionplan;atleast30%of citizenshavetakeninitiativetoreduceair pollution ImageSource:Dreamstime SmartLifestyleChoices RecyclingofWaste ReductionofEnergyConsumption PreferenceforEco-friendlyProductsandServices Smartcitizenspossessinteresttoembracesmartandgreensolutionsintheirday-to-dayworkschedule.Moreproactiveness ofcitizensinadoptingsmartconceptsandsmartproducts,whichincludesmaking'smart'lifestylechoices,isexpected. Source:Frost&Sullivan
13M920-MT ExecutiveSummary—SmartCityFundingMechanisms Mostservicesarefinancedbyeitherthecentralgovernmentorthecityitself. SmartCityMarket:MostAdoptedFundingMechanismsforSmartCityProjects*,2012 40% 37% 22% 1% SpecialdevelopmentfundsPublic-privatepartnerships Self-financing(Majority)Privateinvestment *Basedonasamplesizeof15smartcityprojects. FundingMechanism SpecialDevelopment Funds Specificfundssetupforimplementingand scalingupurbandevelopmentorsmartcity initiatives(e.g.,EuropeanCommission ‘JESSICA’) Public-private Partnerships Fundedandoperatedthrougha partnershipofgovernmentandoneormore privatesectorcompanies(e.g.,Cisco- SongdoPartnership) Self-financing (majority) Self-financingofsmartcityprojectsfrom publicbudgetsincollaborationwithcentral governmentsorstategovernments(e.g., SeoulSmartCity) PrivateInvestment Financedthroughcommercial stakeholders,serviceproviders,private investors,andventurecapitalists(e.g., AmsterdamSmartCityPlatform) Source:Frost&Sullivan
14M920-MT eServices eSharing eHealthcare eExchange ePayments eBusiness eCitizens InformationsharingthroughInternet— informationsharingcanbebetween individuals,organizationsorfirmware(e.g., filessharing,eBookssharing,etc.) Onlinetaxpayment,online electronicpassportsystem, eApplication,etc. Onlinebankingpayments,online billpayments,onlinecreditcard payment,onlinedebitcard payment,etc. Onlinecurrencyexchange, onlinefundtransfer,micro- paymentandmicro- commerce,etc. Electronichealthrecord system,telemedicine, consumerhealthinformatics, healthcareinformation system,etc. Digitalizedproductstores, onlinecustomermanagement, onlinemarketing,onlineorder management,etc. SmartCityServices—eService Morethan60%ofcitizensinsmartcitieswillhavefullaccesstoeServicesbythenextdecade. SmartCityMarket:TypesofeServicesDeliveredtoCitizensandBusiness, Global,2012–2015 Source:Frost&Sullivan
15M920-MT 12345 Energy Efficiency CO2emissions (<10%) CO2emissions (10%–50%) CO2emissions (>50%) ZeroCO2emissionsInnovatingtoZero Project Timeline Morethan20YearsUpto20YearsUpto15yearsUpto10yearsUpto5years Infrastructure Development Lesserpossibilityto linkexisting infrastructure Mediumpossibility tolinkexisting infrastructure Highpossibilityof linkingexisting infrastructure Upgradingexisting infrastructure Buildingnew infrastructure Technology Approach Secure,fast,and wirelesstechnology Cloud-based services/ enterprise-grade platform Opendatacentral/ holisticplatforms Betterassimilation ofdatathrough predictive technologies Fullynetworked, openand expandableICT architecture Business Model Onlypublic/only privateinvestment Contractor/vendor model Privateconsortiums Public-private partnershipsOpencollaboration Governance Maturity Smartcityvision Smartcity strategy Dedicated organization Smartcity leadership Smartcity consortium HowtoMeasureSmartCityPlans? FactorsdescribingtheimpactofsmartcityinitiativesandpotentialscalabilityofICTinfrastructureserveas keyefficiencymonitorsofcurrentsmartcityplans. *ScorecardbasedonGuidanceDocumentpublishedbyEuropeanCommissionInitiative,SmartCitiesandCommunities. SmartCityScoringCriteria*Global,2013 Source:Frost&Sullivan
16M920-MT SmartCitizen •Oneintworesidentstocommutetoworkby publictransport •100%populationwithaccesstosanitation •Targettorecycle65%ofwasteby2020 SmartCitizen •Oneintworesidentstocommutetoworkby publictransport •100%populationwithaccesstosanitation •Targettorecycle65%ofwasteby2020 SmartHealthcare •Integratedhealthinformationsystem acrossSingapore •Cloudcomputingmodelsusedinmost healthcareorganizations SmartHealthcare •Integratedhealthinformationsystem acrossSingapore •Cloudcomputingmodelsusedinmost healthcareorganizations SmartTechnology •100%broadbandpenetrationrate •Initializationof4GLTEservice •50%ofhouseholdstohavesmart homesolutions SmartTechnology •100%broadbandpenetrationrate •Initializationof4GLTEservice •50%ofhouseholdstohavesmart homesolutions SmartGovernance EstablishmentofInter-MinisterialCommittee onSustainableDevelopmenttocreate Singapore’snationalstrategyonsustainable development SmartGovernance EstablishmentofInter-MinisterialCommittee onSustainableDevelopmenttocreate Singapore’snationalstrategyonsustainable development SmartBuildings •80%ofallitsbuildingstomeetits minimum'GreenMarkCertified' energyefficiencystandardsby 2030 •Zeroenergybuildingsinthenext fiveyears SmartBuildings •80%ofallitsbuildingstomeetits minimum'GreenMarkCertified' energyefficiencystandardsby 2030 •Zeroenergybuildingsinthenext fiveyears SmartMobility •70%oftraffictobepublictransportby2020 •Availabilityofreal-timetravelinformationon Internetandmobilephones •40%rebateonpurchasesofgreen vehicles,suchashybrid,electriccars,etc. SmartMobility •70%oftraffictobepublictransportby2020 •Availabilityofreal-timetravelinformationon Internetandmobilephones •40%rebateonpurchasesofgreen vehicles,suchashybrid,electriccars,etc. Singapore—TheNext-generationSmartCity Singaporeaimstohave80%ofallitsbuildingsmeetitsminimum‘GreenMarkCertified'energyefficiency standardsby2030. Source:Siemen'sGreenIndex;Frost&Sullivan KeyAspectsofSingaporeSmartCity,Asia-Pacific,2013 SmartEnergy •90%to95%ofelectricitygenerated fromnaturalgas •Smartgridsystemsinstalledinmore than30%ofthehouseholds SmartEnergy •90%to95%ofelectricitygenerated fromnaturalgas •Smartgridsystemsinstalledinmore than30%ofthehouseholds
17M920-MT SmartCities—KeyConclusionsandFutureOutlook
18M920-MT FutureofTechnology Innext10years,technologyadvancementwillleadtoautomationofnearly150,000electricutilitysubstations anda$280millioninvestmentinvehicletobuildingtechnology. Source:Futuretechnology500.com;IBM.com;bbc.com;Frost&Sullivan EnergySmartHomes Buildingand AutomationInternetHealthcare 2015 Useofinductive charges,bio- enhancedfuels. Smartappliances,such asInternetrefrigerator, Internetairconditioner, next-generation microwaveovenswill beusedwidely. Depthimaging sensors,near-field communication, biometricsensors,and smartpowermeters willbeused. Increaseduseof cloudcomputing, cyberwarfare,mesh networking,and50% deploymentof4Gis likely. Doctorswill prescribemedical appstopatients. 2020 Theadventof multi-segmented smartgrids, photovoltaic glass,and piezoelectricity isanticipatedby 2020. Robotswillplaymore activerolesas replacementsforliving, breathinghumans. ConvergenceofICT withBMSesandother systemswithin buildingswillreplace traditionalnetworked devices,withICT- enabledbuilding devices. Zero-sizeintelligence forcomputerchips, riseincomputer chipspoweredby just5atoms,orjust oneatom,and launchof5Gare likelytopropelthe Interneteraeven further. Technologies basedon microelectronics andminiaturization willbeusedin surgery,specialty care,andprimary care. 2025 Kineticenergy fromwalkingor cyclingwillbe usedtopower homes,offices, andcities. Compacthigh performanceurban housingwithmovable walls,andtheuseof wirelessapplicationsto controllightingand homesecuritydevices willbewidelyprevalent. Newlow-carbon materials,smartand biomimeticmaterials aretobeusedin constructingbuildings. Thiswillreducewaste andcounterresource scarcity. Endofdigital divide—thegap betweeninformation havesandhave-nots willnarrow considerably. Mergingofhealth recordsandsocial networkswill createasharing medicalsociety.
19M920-MT ContactInformation “TheGrowthPartnershipCompany” MaximPerevezentsev SalesManager,Russia,CIS,CEE Tel:+7(925)3900844 Email:maxim.perevezentsev@frost.com www.frost.com
Trends in Smart City Development NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES
©2016NationalLeagueofCities.AllRightsReserved. AboutThisPublication Researchforthisguideandtheoriginaldraftofthedocumentwere completedbygraduatestudentsattheAmericanUniversityDepartment ofPublicAdministrationandPolicy.ContributorsincludeReenaShrestha, CynthiaCastro,andFletcherSmith.Thesestudentsworkedinpartnership withBrooksRainwaterandNicoleDuPuisattheNationalLeagueofCities (NLC)toconductananalysisofsmartcityimplementationacrossthecountry andaroundtheworld.ThefinalreportwaspreparedbyNicoleDuPuisand EliasStahlatNLC. TheNationalLeagueofCitiesisthenation’soldestandlargestorganization devotedtostrengtheningandpromotingcitiesascentersofopportunity, leadership,andgovernance.NLCisaresourceandadvocateformorethan 1,600membercitiesandthe49statemunicipalleagues,representing19,000 citiesandtownsandmorethan218millionAmericans.NLC’sCenterforCity SolutionsandAppliedResearchprovidesresearchandanalysisonkeytopics andtrendsimportanttocities,creativesolutionstoimprovethequalityof lifeincommunities,inspirationandideasforlocalofficialstouseintackling toughissues,andopportunitiesforcityleaderstoconnectwithpeers,share experiencesandlearnaboutinnovativeapproachesincities. Acknowledgements ThankyoutoSorenMessner–Zidell,whocreatedthedatavisualizations, coverillustrationandreportdesign,andtoPaulKonzforeditingthereport. Wearealsogratefultoallofthecityofficials,thoughtleaders,andexperts whotookthetimetospeaktousaboutsmartcities.Averyspecialthanksto ourcolleaguesattheSmartCitiesCouncil,wholenttheirtimeandexpertise asoutsidereviewersofthisreport:SarahBlanchard,StuartCowan,andLiz Enbysk.Finally,thankstoSonjaWalti,AssistantProfessorintheDepartment ofPublicAdministrationandPolicyatAmericanUniversity,whofacilitated thispartnership. TrendsinSmartCity Development CASESTUDIESANDRECOMMENDATIONS NATIONAL LEAGUE OFCITIES
ExecutiveSummary10 Introduction CaseStudies Chicago,IL Philadelphia,PA Charlotte,NC SanFrancisco,CA NewDelhi,India CaseStudyComparison Recommendations Appendix 12 16 17 22 25 27 30 33 34 39 TableofContents
Foreword Citiesareever-changing;thedynamismoftheurbanenvironment isamicrocosmofthesocietalinteractionsthatwehavebuilt throughouthistory. Technologyhasalwaysbeenacritical forcedeeplyintertwinedwiththe evolutionofcities.Fromthefirsthuman settlementsmillenniaagototheindustrial revolutiontotoday,technological breakthroughshaveimpactedthe buildingsweuse,thewaywegetaround, andhowwelive,work,andplayinthe urbanspace. Now,asweareonthecuspoffurther rapidshiftsincitiesprecipitatedby technology,itisworthimaginingwhatthe connectedsmartcityofthefuturewill looklike–andtheassociatedimpactit willhaveonoureverydaylives. Takeatypicaldayinthelifeofa communitymemberinthishypothetical futurewhowakesupintheirconnected housewithartificialintelligence automatingeverythingfromtemperature preferencetolightlevelstohealth monitoringandmore–andscaleittothe cityatlarge. Citiesarebeginningto,andwillcontinue to,integratetechnologicaldynamisminto municipaloperations,fromtransportation toinfrastructurerepairandmore.The backendsofthesesystemsarenot alwaysapparenttotheenduser– butastheintegrationofsmartcities technologiesbecomesmorevisiblein oureverydaylives,wecouldbegintosee largescalechangesinourcities. Autonomousvehiclesonourroadways andthedatathattheyprovidecould createenvironmentswheretrafficlights becomeobsolete,trafficitselfbecomes athingofthepast,andcitiescanonce againbeforpeopleratherthancars,as differentmodesoftransportationwork intandemandcommunicatewitheach another.Wi-Fihotspotsatscalelikewe arealreadystartingtoseeinNewYork withLinkNYCcouldhelptransformthe wayweaccessinformationandhelp alleviatethedigitaldivide. Thinkingevenfurtherout,wecan imaginethatsecurityprotocolslike facialrecognitiontechnologycouldhelp transformbuildingsecurityincities, makingentrancesandbuildingdesign morefluidaswemoveawayfromthe needtousherpeoplethroughfrontdoors. Similarly,aswemovetowardgreater usageofsharedvehicles,wecanmove awayfromparkingeitherbelowbuildings oronstreets,enablingcitiestorecapture landforpeopleandallowingdevelopers toreducethecostsofbuildingssince parkinggarageswillbecomean unnecessaryexpense. Energysourcescouldbecompletely renewableinthesmartcityofthefuture aswell,withtechnologypavingtheway BrooksRainwater SeniorExecutiveandDirector CenterforCitySolutions NationalLeagueofCities forbetterintegrationintoourcities andtherebyhelpingtocreateacleaner environmentforeveryone.Atthesame time,thesmartcityofthefuturecanbe saferwithstreetlightnetworksthatuse embeddedsensorstodetectgunshots orflashtheirlightsduringemergencies –andthefurtherintegrationofthese systemswillallowcitiestocollect informationfromsourcessuchassmart water,electric,andgasmeters. Allofthisispredicatedonthepremise thattechnologiescanhelpmakepeople’s livesbetterincities.Attheendofthe day,technologicaldevelopmentswill enhanceoururbanexperience–butthey alsoriskleavingmorepeoplebehind.To thisend,wemustbedeliberateinthe developmentofsmartcitiesandimbue equityasaprimarygoalsothatthecity ofthefutureisacityforeveryone. Citiesarefocusedonthesegoals rightnow,andtheyarebeginningto thinkabouthowthesesystemscanbe integratedtocreatefeedbackloopsthat improveoperationsandenhancethe experienceofcommunitymembers.Fully connectedsmartcitiesarecoming,and wewanttohelpcitiespreparefortheir arrivalandprovidelocalleaderswithbest practicesinthisarena. TheNationalLeagueofCities(NLC)is pleasedtosharewithyouTrendsinSmart CityDevelopment,whichpresentscase studiesanddiscusseshowsmartcities aregrowingnationwideandglobally.It isourhopethatthisreportwillspark conversationandactionamongcity leadersabouthowtoincorporatethese strategiesintotheirowncommunities. NLC’sCenterforCitySolutionsand AppliedResearchstrivestostrengthen communities,transformandimprove cities,andassistcityleaders.Wedothis byknowingandlearningaboutcities, identifyingandsharingpromisingcity practices,fosteringeffectivesolutionsand innovation,andchallengingcityleadersto lead. Wewishtothankthecitieswho participatedinthisstudy.Createdwith ourpartnersattheAmericanUniversity DepartmentofPublicAdministrationand Policy,thisguidebookismeanttobea resourceforcitiesastheyleadtheway forwardinthisexcitingandever-evolving space.
Smarttransportationsystemsusesensorstodetectcongestionandbottlenecks intrafficpatterns.Theyalsorelyoncamerastoenforcespeedandtraffic infractions.Indoingso,thesetoolsgatherrealtimeinformationthatcanbeused bycityDOTstomakemobilitynetworkssaferandmoreefficient. Monitoringdevicescandetectleaksaswellaschangesinwaterpressureto determinewhetherwaterinfrastructureisworkingproperly. Appscoordinatewithsmartparkingmeterstoinformdriversofwherethere isparkingavailability. Sensorsmonitorthestructuralsoundnessofbridgesandinform cityengineersofanyissues.Dronesareusedtoinspecthardto reachareas. Self-drivingcarsshuttlepeopleinandoutofthecity, providingridesforothersandmakingdeliverieswhiletheir ownersareoccupiedwithworkorotheractivities. Sensorsdetecttheamountofgarbage inrecepticalsaroundthecitysothat sanitationworkerscanmaximize efficiencyintheirroutes. LEDlightsareweather adaptiveandcommunications areautomaticallysenttothe DepartmentofPublicWorks whenthebulbsneedtobe changed. Publictransitandcityfleetvehiclescommunicate withtheirhomeagencywhenitistimefor maintenanceorreplacement. Sensorsmonitorconditionsinpublicparksand woodedareasthatmightbepronetofire.Sensors canalsodetectfiresinbuildingsandinitiateacallto thefiredepartmentinanemergency. Powerplantscanbemonitoredforsafetyandcityofficialscan beinformedofanyinfluxinradiationlevels. Publicsafetyofficerscanwear bodycamerasthatcapturefootage ofinteractionsbetweenthemselves andcityresidentstoensuresafety forbothparties. Camerasensuresecurityby monitoringactivityinareasthatare notfrequentedbypublicsafety officers.Areasthatarenotopento publicaccesscanbemonitoredto keepunauthorizedpersonnelout. Areliableinternetecosystemisthe gluethatholdstheinternetofthings together. Citiescanbuildinsmartphoneand wearabledetectionsensorssothat peoplecanbeanactivepartofthe internetecosystem,communicating withthecity,andwitheachother. 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 12 8 8 9 9 15 14 14 15 17 16 16 veryconsumerproductand pieceofinfrastructure increasinglyhastheabilityto sensesurroundingstimuli,to communicatewithotherdevices andpeople,andtodrawonthe computingandstoragepowerof thecloud.Thisphenomenonhas beendubbedtheinternetof things.Themoresmartdevices andsharingplatformsthereare, themoredataisgeneratedabout consumer’spreferencesand habits.Butwhatdoesthismean forcities?Smartcitiesare employingthesametechnology toconnecttheirdisparateutility, infrastructure,andpublicservice grids,generatingreal-time aggregatedata.This,inturn,can TRANSPORTATIONCONGESTIONSENSORS WATERANDWASTEWATERMONITORING PARKINGAPPSANDKIOSKS BRIDGEINSPECTIONSYSTEMS SELF-DRIVINGCARS WASTEMANAGEMENTSENSORS LIGHTING FIREDETECTION ENERGYMONITORING Solarpanelscanbemonitoredtodeterminehowmuchenergythey areprovidingandwhethertheyneedmaintenance.10 10 SOLARPANELS Platooningtruckscarryfreightefficientlyfromthe porttotheirfinaldestination.Smartinventory systemsinformoperatorsaboutwhenfreightis movedbetweendifferentlocations. 11 11 SMARTLOGISTICS/FREIGHT Dronescanbeusedforlaw enforcementandfirefighting,as ruralambulances,forinfrastructure inspections,andforenvironmental monitoring.Commercialuses includeprecisionfarming,aerial photography,andinthenear future,packagedelivery. 13 13 DRONES VEHICLEFLEETCOMMUNICATION 1 2 3 BODYCAMERAS BROADBANDINFRASTRUCTURE SURVEILLANCECAMERAS WEARABLEDETECTION 12 helpcitiesmanagetheirprograms andservicesmoreeffectivelyand gaugetheirimpactimmediately. Thecityofthefutureisan interconnectedone,where devicescommunicatewithone anotherinaconstantstreamof datathatprovidesreal-time informationtothepublicandto themunicipality. INTERNETOFTHINGSINCONNECTEDCITIES
1011NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Hence,asmartcityisacitythat hasdevelopedsometechnological infrastructurethatenablesittocollect, aggregate,andanalyzereal-timedataand hasmadeaconcertedefforttousethat datatoimprovethelivesofitsresidents. Suchaneffortshouldincludeexplicit policyrecommendationsregarding‘smart’ infrastructureanddata,afunctioning administrativecomponent,andsome formofcommunityengagement. Tobetterunderstandsmartcitiesin practice,thisreportoutlinessmartcity initiativesinfivecities.Foreachcity,the reportfocusesontheorganizationofthe initiatives,thepolicyandadministrative componentsguidingtheinitiatives, andcommunityengagementaround smartdevelopment.Thefindingsare summarizedhere: ● Chicago,IL:In2012,Chicago MayorRahmEmanuelsigned thecity’sopendatapolicy.It createdanopendataplatform andmandatedcross-functional collaboration,allmanagedbythe DepartmentofInnovationand Technology.Thatpolicyandthe administrativestructureitcreated positionedthecitytopartnerwith universitiesandtheprivatesector onsensorprojectsliketheArrayof Things,whichaimstocollectand disseminatereal-timedata,thereby catalyzinginnovationinthecity. ● Philadelphia,PA:In2011,Mayor MichaelNutterissuedanexecutive orderestablishingtheOfficeof InnovationandTechnology(OIT) ofPhiladelphia.Thecreationofthis officeallowedforcityleadersto haveamorehands-onapproach toICTinitiativesinthecity.City oversightaswellaspartnerships withprivateandpublicentitieshas movedPhiladelphiatowardmany smartcityconcepts. ExecutiveSummary Thisreportexaminesthemeaningsandpracticesassociated withtheterm‘smartcities.’Smartcityinitiativesinvolvethree components:informationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICTs) thatgenerateandaggregatedata;analyticaltoolswhichconvert thatdataintousableinformation;andorganizationalstructures thatencouragecollaboration,innovation,andtheapplicationof thatinformationtosolvepublicproblems. ● Charlotte,NC:In2011,Envision Charlottewasestablishedas apublic-privatecollaboration (PPC)tohelpthecitysustainits acceleratingpopulationgrowth. Asaneworganization,Envision Charlotteiscurrentlyworking onwaystoreduceenergyuse incommercialbuildingsthrough behavioralchanges. ● SanFrancisco,CA:San Franciscohasahistoryofstrong leadershipinterestinmaking thecitysmartandsustainable throughenvironmentaland transportationimprovement measures.Furthermore,San Francisco’sOpenDatainitiative, launchedin2009,supportssmart citiesinitiativesthataimtomeet greenhousegasreductiongoals andimproveandincreasepublic transportationservice. ● NewDelhi,India:NewDelhiisin theinitialplanningstagesofits smartcitiesinitiative,whichispart ofthebroaderoverarchinggoal ofIndia’ssmartcitiesprogram thattiesintotheUnitedNation’s SustainableDevelopmentGoals. Thecityisfollowingtheleadof thenation’sexistingenvironmental policyandlandpoolingpolicies. WhileICTinfrastructuremakesthe technologicalaspectsofsmart developmenteasier,theorganizational componentsremainchallenging.Cities shouldworktolaythegroundworkfor smartdevelopment.Establishingthe necessarypolicies(suchasopendataand e-governancepolicies)andadministrative capacity(forexample,adepartment forinnovationandtechnology)in advancewillbetterpositioncitiestotake advantageofthesenewtechnologies. Ratherthanlookingforsolutionsfirst, citiesshouldconsidertheoutcomesthey wanttoachieve.Theyshouldfindout whattheirresidentsandlocalbusinesses wanttoseehappen,andturnthose desiresintoclearlydefinedobjectives beforeproceedingwithsmartinitiatives. Acity’sexistingcomprehensive, transportation,andsustainability planningdocumentscanhelpguidethe establishmentofgoals.Conversely,smart citiescanhelptoacceleratethegoals outlinedinthosedocuments.Looking toothercitiesforframeworksandbest practicescanalsoprovidevaluable guidance,butnotasetofinstructions. Leveragingtechnologytoimprovethe sustainabilityandequityofcitiesisa powerfulideawithenormouspotential. Thoseambitions,however,shouldbe temperedbyrealism.Citiesshould criticallyexaminesmartcitytechnologies andtherhetoricthatsurroundsthem. Citiesshouldbemindful,too,ofthe organizationalchallengesthataccompany smartcityimplementation.Functional silos,thechallengesofcross-sector collaboration,andpoliticalgridlockwill notdisappearwiththearrivalofthese new‘smarter’systems.Ifthesechallenges canbeovercome,thensmartcity developmentcanprovebeneficial.
1213NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment IntroductionImprovementsininformationandcommunicationstechnologies (ICTs)havemadepossibledecades-oldvisionsofsmartcities wheredemocracyandcitymanagementareguidedby ICT-generateddata. AccordingtotheInternationalData Corporation(IDC),thedigitaluniverse (theamountofdigitalinformationcreated andreplicatedinayear)increasedby 62percentin2009,reaching1.2million petabytesin2010.By2020,theIDC estimatedthatthedigitaluniverse wouldbe44timeslargerthanin2009. Connectivityhasalsogrown.Business Insiderestimatedthattherewere1.9billion devicesconnectedtotheinternetin2013, andthatthenumberwouldgrowto9 billionby2018.Thisgrowthindataand connectivitymakesitpossibletoimagine aworldinwhichreal-timeinformation canbegathered,analyzed,andused toinfluencepublicpolicyandthebuilt environmentinnew,‘smart’ways. Foralloftheirpromise,somebelieve thatsmartcitiesremainconceptually vagueandundefined.Thoughgenerally understoodtomeantheuseofnew technologiesanddataplatformsto improvethefunctioningofcities,thereare alsoconcretepoliciesandpracticeshifts involved.Thatis,inpart,becausethe conceptof‘smartcities’isnotlimitedto onesystem.Smartcitiesimplementation andadoptioninvolvesaparadigmshift, inwhichcitiescommitnotonlytousing anewtechnologytoactmoreefficiently, butalsotochangingtheirpoliciesand operatingproceduresinawaythat supportstheirgoal.Smartcityadoption cancomprisemanydifferentsolutionsto manydifferentpublicproblems.Smart citiessystemsalsoofteninvolveactors fromeachsector–public,private,and nonprofit–formingpartnershipsand workingtogetheroninnovativewaysto improvecitylife.
1415NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Theemphasisoninnovationalsomeans thathowwedefinesmartcitieschanges continuously.WhenCiscoSystems helpedSouthKoreaturnSongdointo anautomatedurbanenvironmentin 2009,radiofrequencyidentification (RFID)technologywascuttingedge.By 2012,withtheriseofsmartphones,RFID wasconsideredsomewhatoutmoded. Similarly,investmentinmunicipal broadbandwasenoughtomake LaGrange,GA,the“IntelligentCommunity oftheYear”in2000,butisnotenough toqualifyitasasmartcitytoday.The technologyusedinsmartcitiesisoften neworevolving,andpronetorapid changeanddevelopment. Theoverarchingobjectives,however,and thepolicyandadministrativecomponents requiredtorealizethoseobjectives, aremoredurable.ThoughRFIDcards maynolongerbethebestwaytoforge adigitalconnection,enhancingthat connectionisstillthepurposeofmuch smartcitydevelopment.Citiesinterested indevelopingsmartprogramsand embracingthesmartcityparadigmshift willneedtoconsiderhowtoinitiateand governthoseprograms,addressthe concernsoftheircitizens,andcopewitha rapidlychangingenvironment. Tobetterunderstandthesmartcitytrend, thisreportwillofferfivecasestudies detailingthewaysinwhichspecificcities areimplementingsmartcityprojects including:Chicago,IL;Philadelphia,PA; Charlotte,NC;SanFrancisco,CA;and NewDelhi,India.Thesecasestudies willfocusonwhattheinitiativesare, howtheyareorganized,structured,and administered,andhowthecommunity hasbeenengagedintheirdevelopment andimplementation.Examinedtogether, thecaseswillprovidelessonsforother citiesconsideringsmartcityprograms. Thisreportoffersfivecasestudiesdetailingtheways inwhichspecificcitiesareimplementingsmartcity projectsincluding: Delhi,India Philadelphia,PA Chicago,IL SanFrancisco,CA Charlotte,NC
1617NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Chicagohasdecidedlyembracedsmartcityprinciples.AsMayor RahmEmanuel’stoptechlieutenantputit,Chicagowantsto become“themostdata-drivengovernmentintheworld.” CaseStudies Oneinitiativethataimstomakethat aspirationrealistheArrayofThings (AoT)project.TheAoTisanetwork ofsensors(callednodes)thatwill bemountedonstreetlighttraffic signalpoles,wheretheywillmeasure temperature,barometricpressure,light, vibration,carbonmonoxide,nitrogen dioxide,sulfurdioxide,ozone,ambient soundintensity,pedestrianandvehicle traffic,andsurfacetemperature.Forty- twonodeswerescheduledforinstallation duringthesummerof2016,withatotal of500tobedeployedbytheendof2018. Thestatedgoaloftheprojectisbroad andambitious.Itaimsto,“measurethe cityinsufficientdetailtoprovidedatato helpengineers,scientists,policymakers andresidentsworktogethertomake Chicago…healthier,morelivableand moreefficient.”Theconnectionbetween thesensornetworkandhealthier,more efficientcitylife,however,isanopen question.Theimmediategoalofthe projectistocollectdata,aggregateit inacentralserver,andmakeitpublicly available.CharlieCatlett,theproject lead,thinksthatprovidingthisdata tothepublicwillinspirepeopleto create“allsortsofapplicationstaking advantageofthedata.”Noteveryone inChicago,however,isconvincedthat theseapplicationswillbeasvaluable tothecityashoped.AsTheChicago Tribuneputit,it’sunclearwhetherthis, “willleadtomeaningfulimprovements inurbanlife…orjustenrichbigtech vendors.”AdieTomer,afellowand expertonsmartinfrastructureatthe BrookingsInstitution’sMetropolitan PolicyProgram,cautionedthatclaimsof digitalinfrastructureinvestmentleading toimprovedqualityoflifeoreconomic performanceareuntested.Giventhat nodesareonlynowbeingdeployed throughoutthecity,thereisn’tyetany evidencetoevaluatetheprogram’s outcomes.Itwill,however,beevaluated ninemonthsaftertheinitialinstallation andevery12monthsfromthattimeon. Policy Chicagohasbeenlayingthepolicy groundworkforitssmartcity developmentforawhile.In2012,Mayor Emanuelissuedanexecutiveorder establishingthecity’sopendatapolicy. Theorderwasintendedtoempower residentsbyprovidingthemwith informationtheyneedtoparticipate ingovernment,solveproblems,and promotesocialprogressandeconomic growth.Tomakethedatapublic,the orderrequiredthatanonlinedataportal becreatedandmaintained(thesame portalthatwillbeusedfortheAoTdata). Chicago,IL
IndustryPartners (e.g.Cisco,Microsoft, Intel) NationalScience Foundation Universityof Chicago UrbanCenterfor Computationand Data ExecutiveOversight Council ScientificReview Group SecurityandPrivacy Group IndianaUniversity, Ctr.forCybersecurity Research Chciago’sDept. ofInnovationand Technology ChicagoInnovation Exchage ArgonneNational Laboratory OtherAcademic Institutions(e.g. Univ.ofIllinois) CommunityGroups Funding Personnel 1819NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Thisexecutiveorderlaidthegroundwork formanagingthedatagenerated throughsensorprojects.Itestablished transparencyandopengovernmentas keycommitmentsforthecity.Italso delineatedwhat,when,andhowdata shouldbemadepublic,andinstituted reportingrequirementstoincrease municipalaccountability.Havingthose policiesinplaceputthecityinastronger positiontopartneronsmartcitysensor projects. TheAoThasalsohadtoestablishsome ofitsownpolicies.Aprivacypolicy, forexample,detailshowdatawith personallyidentifiableinformation(PII) willbemanagedandsecured.PIIwillnot bemadepublic,butmaybecontained indatausedtocalibrateandtestthe machines.Anysuchdata,however,willbe housedinasecurefacilityandaccesswill berestricted.Thisemphasisonprivacy extendstothedesignofthenodes themselves.Imagescollectedbythe sensorswillbeprocessedintonumerical datawithinthenodeitself,andtheimage datawillbedeleted. Administration Whetherornotitimprovescitylife, theAoTisinstructiveinhowitwas organizedanddeveloped.Theprojectis apartnershipamongArgonneNational Laboratory,theUniversityofChicago, andthecitygovernment,withinput andsupportfromanarrayofother universitiesandprivatecorporations, suchasAT&T,whichwillprovidethe wirelessnetworktotransmitthedata (seeFigure1).Theprojectisfundedin partbya$3.1milliongrantfromthe NationalScienceFoundation,partof theWhiteHouse’sinvestmentinsmart citydevelopment.ArgonneNational Laboratoryhasalreadyinvestedover $1millionininternalresearch,whilethe ChicagoInnovationExchangeinvested anadditional$150,000.Besidesproviding administrativesupport,thecityfundsthe installationofthenodesandprovidesthe smallamountofelectricityneededtorun them. TheUniversityofChicagoandArgonne NationalLaboratorywillbetheprogram’s operators,responsibleforthedesign, development,repair,replacement, andsupportofthenodes,whilethe citywillprovideoversight,policy guidance,andsometechnicalsupport. AnExecutiveOversightCouncil(EOC), co-chairedbytheCommissionerofthe City’sDepartmentofInnovationand Technology(DOIT)andtheDirectorof theUrbanCenterforComputationand DataattheUniversityofChicago,willbe responsibleforoverseeingtheprogram. TherewillalsobeaSecurityandPrivacy Group(SPG)toadvisetheEOCanda ScientificReviewGroup(SRG).Thus, thepartnershipbetweenthecityand non-governmentalactorsisnotjustone offunding,butwillincludehands-on supportandoversight. Inadditiontolayingthepolicy groundworkforprogramsliketheAoT, MayorEmanuel’sopendataexecutive orderalsodevelopedtheadministrative capacityneededtomanagethecity’s smartinitiatives.Theordermadethe DOITresponsibleforoverseeingthe opendatapolicy.Toadministerit,the mayordesignatedachiefdataofficerat theDOIT,mandatedthateachagency designateopendatacoordinators,and createdanOpenDataAdvisoryGroup toassesscomplianceandhelpagencies decidewhatdatashouldbemade availabletothepublic.Thatadministrative structureprovidedChicagothepersonnel itneededtoengagewiththeAoT. Theopendatapolicyalsoprecipitated Chicago’sSmartDataproject,whichwas designedto“analyzeandaggregatedata, identifytrendsandofferproblem-solving predictions.”OperatedbytheDOIT, theSmartDataprojectlookedthrough departmentworkflowsinChicagofor areaswherepredictiveanalyticscould addvalue.Importantly,theanalytics dashboardthattheDOITcreatedand sharedwithalldepartmentsinthecity wasbuilttobeopensourceandavailable toanyinterestedcity.Bloomberg Philanthropiesprovideda$1milliongrant totheprojectwiththeexplicitgoalofit spreadingtoothercities. TheAoTprojectisnottheonlysmart cityinitiativebeingdeployedinChicago. CityDigital,anendeavorofUILabs,is deployingtheirownsensorstomonitor floodingandcreatevirtualmapsof thecablesandpipesbeneaththecity. Betweenthosetwoprojectsandthecity’s existingopendatapolicy,Chicagomeets someofthesmartcitycriteria,butnot all.Ithasthecapacitytogenerateand publicizedata,butisrelyingheavilyon externalactorstoputthedatatouse. Figure1:AoTPolicyFieldMap AoTGovernanceBodies
2021NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment CommunityEngagement Theconcernoverprivacyisnotlimitedto projectmanagers.Thereisstillaquestion ofhowthecommunitywillrespondtothe sensorsmonitoringtheirneighborhoods. LeeTien,aseniorstaffattorneyatthe ElectronicFrontierFoundation,likened sensorprojectstoincreasedsurveillance andwonderedhowmuchforcesuch privacypolicieswillreallyhaveifthe police,forexample,requestinformation thatwouldviolatethem.Theproject managersareawarethatconcernslike thesecouldbeanissue.Aspartoftheir governancedocument,they’veincluded provisionsforcommunityoutreachin anyareaswherenodesmightbeplaced. Thatoutreachincludesmeetingwith aldermenandwomenandcommunity leaders,andholdingcommunitymeetings withresidents.Inaddition,theyplanto holdworkshopsto,“introduceconcepts, rangingfromenvironmentalscienceto electronicsdesigntodataanalytics,to neighborhoodyouth.” Thecity’sSmartCommunitiesinitiative includesadigitalliteracyandoutreach programthatincreasedratesof broadbandadoptionandinternetusage, includingjobsearch[es]inthecity’s ninepredominatelyAfrican-American andLatinolow-andmiddle-income neighborhoods.Between2008(when theprogramwasimplemented)and2013, thoseneighborhoodsintheinitiativesaw a13percentagepointincreaseininternet usage. Whilethisprogramdoesnotnecessarily demonstratehigh-techdelivery,itworks toincreaseconnectivityinthecity, makingitmorelikelythattheresources developedthroughprojectsliketheAoT willbeutilizedbyandaccessibletoall cityresidents. TheInternetofThings Aswireless,Bluetooth,andsensor technologyhasbecomeincreasingly sophisticatedandinexpensiveithas movedfrombeingfoundexclusively inexpensivehi-techproductssuch ascomputersandcellphonesto increasinglylow-tech,evenanalog, itemssuchasthermostats,coffee makers,andeventoys.Together withtheadventofcloudnetworked computer,whichhasminimalized theneedforphysicalstorageand computingpowerinadevice,the devicesaroundusareundergoing aconceptualreinvention.Every consumerproductorpieceof infrastructureincreasinglyhasthe abilitytosensesurroundingstimuli,to communicatewitheachother,andto drawonthecomputingandstorage powerofthecloud.Thisphenomenon hasbeendubbedtheInternetof Things(IoT).Essentially,theseismic changethattheinternetbroughtto computersisnowextendingitself beyondcomputerstoincreasingly simpleandinexpensivedevices. Marketincentivesforthisshiftare high.Themoresmartdevicesthere are,themoredataisgenerated aboutconsumer’spreferencesand habits.Butwhatdoesthismeanfor cities?Smartcitiesareemployingthe sametechnologytoconnecttheir disparateutility,infrastructure,and publicservicegrids,generatingreal- timeaggregatedata.Thisinturncan helpcitiesmanagetheirprograms andservicesmoreeffectivelyand gaugetheirimpactimmediately. Sensorsinstalledonwaterpipes candetectleaksandcommunicate themtothewaterutilityinstantly. Smartparkingmeterscannotify parkingagentswhentheyaretimed out,aswellasresidentswhena spaceisfree.Smartinfrastructure communicatingwithitsutilitiesisjust aone-sidedexchange.Increasingly, asautonomousvehiclesanddrones fillcitystreetsandskylines,smart citieswillinvestininfrastructure tovehicle(I2V)technology,where trafficlightsandpublicinfrastructure communicateswiththesmartdevices aroundthem.Thecityofthefutureis aninterconnectedone,wheredevices communicatewithoneanotherina constantstreamofdatathatprovides real-timeinformationtothepublic andthemunicipality.Asthistrend accelerates,innovativecitieswill becomemoreefficient,open,and responsivetotheirresidents.
PhiladelphiaOffice ofInnovationand Technology ITGovernance Communication, Contract Processing, DesignGuidance, Legislation, ComplianceReview, Architecture, HumanResources, Network& PerimeterSecurity, Policy&Procedure, Policy,Planning andPerformance Improvement PublicComputing, Innovation Management Backupand Recovery, DataBackup, Department Support,Document ImagingSupport, EnterpriseePay GatewayService, ERPPerformance, Middleware Support, Operations, ProductionControl Services&Data Operations ProductionServices, Dispatch,Voice& Radio Websites,Branding Strategies,Content Management Service,Database Support,Enterprise ResourcePlanning InnovationInfrastructureCommunicationsApplications 2223NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment crimeareashaveseenadropinthecrime ratesincetheimplementationofSPI throughtheapplicationofdataanalysis andanorganizationalchangewithinthe PPD.Althoughhotspotpolicinghasbeen partofthePPDsincethelate1990s, recentadaptationsofanalyticalmethods, suchasGIS,haveprovidedthePPDwith anewwaytolookatexistingdata.As of2014,thePPDhadtrained26police officersasanalysts.2 CityofficialsinPhiladelphiahavealso partneredwithoutsidesourcesto helpresearchandimplementsmart cityinitiatives.In2015,expertsfrom DrexelUniversityandtheUniversity ofPennsylvania’sInstituteforUrban ResearchjoinedtheMetroLabNetwork asparticipantsinaWhiteHouseinitiative tomakeuniversitiesandtheirlocal citiespartnersinusingtechnologyto solvethechallengesthatfacegrowing urbanareas.3 TheMetroLabNetworkis supportedbya$1milliongrantfromthe MacArthurFoundationthatwillfocuson 60smartcityprojectsstartingin2015. Researchuniversitieshavethe“physical andhumanresourcestohelptheircities meetcomplexurbanchallengesthrough undertakingresearch,developmentand deploymentofinnovativeprojectsata lowercost.”4 Thisnetworkofpartnerships focusesonsharingdata,analytics, andinnovativenewpractices.Pairing universitieswithpolicymakersprovidesa cost-effectivewayofimplementingsmart cityinitiativeswithinacity. AccordingtoCharlesHaas,headofthe DepartmentofCivil,Environmentaland ArchitecturalEngineeringatDrexel, Philadelphia,PA Philadelphiahasembracedsmartcityinitiativestohelppromoteequity throughoutthecity.Muchofthecity’surbanpopulationdensityisaresultof itshistoricallyindustrialeconomy,whichbythe1970shadlargelyrelocated ordisappeared. ThisdownturnleftPhiladelphiawitha highpovertyrate.Sincethen,cityofficials havebeenchallengedbybalancingthe needsofresidents,“leftbehindbypost- industrialeconomicrestructuringand aggressivelytransformingPhiladelphia intoacompetitivenodeintheglobalized economy.”AccordingtotheCenterCity District’s2015annualreport,Philadelphia rankedsecondinurbandensityto MidtownManhattan.Withhighurban densityandapovertyrateof25.8 percent,Philadelphiastillstruggleswith issuesofincomedisparityandbuilding aninclusivemunicipaleconomy.Muchlike manyolder,developedcitiesintheU.S., Philadelphiaofficialsarelookingfornew waystomanageurbangrowthduringan eraoftightbudgetsandoftenconflicting priorities. Policy In2011,MayorMichaelNutterissuedan executiveorderestablishingtheOffice ofInnovationandTechnology(OIT)of Philadelphia.OIT’smissionistooverseeall ICTinitiativesforthecityofPhiladelphia. Bycreatingthisoffice,cityofficialshope toimprovetheeffectivenessofanyICT initiativesinmeetingtheneedsofthecity. TheOITfocusesonfivebranchesofICT: ITgovernance,innovation,infrastructure, communications,andapplications.Within thosebranchesaresub-branchesthat promotespecifictasksandgoals.Figure2 outlinesthestructureoftheOIT. Administration Additionally,PhiladelphiaisusingICTs withinthePhiladelphiaPoliceDepartment (PPD)todeveloppreventativemeasures thatwilllowerthecity’scrimerate. The“SmartPolicingInitiative”(SPI)or “SMART”(StrategicMappingAnalysis ResponseandTactics)isthecity’seffort tocollectandanalyzedataoncrimes withinthecity.Theprogramlooksat wherecrimeisoccurringinthecity(also knownashotspots)andattemptsto determinewhy.Thisdatacollectionallows thecitytouseitslimitedresourceson areaswheretheywillhavethebiggest impactonreducingcrime.1 Withgrants providedbytheBureauofJustice Assistance(BJA),theprogramusesdata analysis,includinganalyticalmodels, GISmapping,andpredictiveanalysisto identifythesehotspotssothatatargeted responsecanbedeployedtotheseareas faster. Asof2013,outofthe38police departmentsaroundtheUnitedStates thathaveimplementedSPI,Philadelphia hasbeenamongthemostsuccessfulat loweringcrimerates.Philadelphia’shigh Figure2:PhiladelphiaOITStructure
2425NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment theuniversity“hashadalonghistory ofworkingwithagenciesoftheCityof Philadelphiatoapplyknowledgeand skillstohelpcontributetosolutions tochallengesthatfacethecity.”5 In collaborationwiththecityofPhiladelphia, DrexelandtheUniversityofPennsylvania willfocusonincorporatingtechnology andanalyticstoimproveexistingpublic serviceinfrastructure,tomeasurethe impactofnewinfrastructures(toinclude greeninfrastructure),andtoaddress inclusiveeconomicdevelopment. TheUniversityofPennsylvaniaisalso partneringwiththecityofPhiladelphia topromotedatacollectionviageospatial technologiesthatareusedtovisualize, measure,andanalyzetheearth’sfeatures. ThetechnologiesincludeGPS,GIS,and remotesensing(RS).TheOITprovides GISservicesthathelp“developand deliverstate-oftheart....technologyand servicestotheenterprise(citywide).”6 GISServicesGroup(GSG)providescity officialswiththetechnologytohelp develop,deploy,andmaintainspatial data,aswellasprovide30geospatialweb services.Withover200,000hitsdaily, thecity’sgeospatialwebservicesand applicationsproviderelevantinformation onurbandevelopmentandhavebroad applicationsforPennsylvania’sbusinesses andnonprofits. CommunityEngagement AnotherinitiativethattheOITis workingtowardsisPhilly311,which willopenthelinesofcommunication betweenPhiladelphiaresidentsand thegovernment.Philly311usessocial mediaandphoneapplicationsasa forumtocommunicatewithcitizens inrealtime.7 Anexampleofthis communicationincludescityleaders usingTwittertocommunicatetocitizens abouttrafficpatterns.AsPhiladelphia’s urbanpopulationcontinuestogrow, Philly311hasthepotentialtoimprove communicationbetweenpublicofficials andresidents. Charlotte,NC Overthepastdecade,Charlottehasundergonetremendous growth.AccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,Charlottesawthe 10th largestincreaseinpopulationamonglargecities. Charlottegrewby17,695peoplefrom July2014toJuly2015,resultinginatotal populationof827,0978,9 .Whilemost largecitiessuchasNewYork,Boston, andChicagoareseeingslowornegative growth,Charlottehasbecomeahub formajorcorporateexpansionsaswell asanexpandingsuburbanpopulation. Withvastamountsofruralarea,warmer weather,andlowercostsofliving, southerncitiessuchasCharlottepresent notonlyopportunityforbusinessowners butalsoamorehospitableenvironment forfamiliesaimingtomoveawayfrom larger,overpopulated,andoldercities. MuchofCharlotte’seconomicsuccessis attributedtobeingthesecondbiggest bankingcenterinthecountrybehind NewYorkCity.Charlottehoststhe headquartersofBankofAmerica,aswell asmajorregionaloperationalfacilitiesfor anumberofotherinstitutions,including Citi,AllyFinancial,JPMorganChase, andWellsFargo.Newjobsarequickly beingaddedtoCharlotteasthese bankinginstitutionscontributetoawider economyinfinancialservices.10 Withan increaseinavailablejobs,therehasbeen aninfluxofyoungerpeoplemovingto Charlotteforeducationandemployment opportunities.11 Thecityiscurrentlyfacing thepressuresofpopulationgrowth,andis focusingonwaystosustainthisgrowth. Policy Unlikeothercities,wherethecity governmentplaysalargeroleinmany smartcityinitiatives,cityleadersin Charlottehavetakenamorehands-off approach.Insteadofactivelycollecting dataandconstructingmetrics,the municipalityhasembracedamarket- orientedandfacilitativerole,aimingto “encourageindependentactionsfrom awiderangeofparticipants.”12 Thecity ofCharlotteintendstouseoutside resourcestoeducatecitizensonhow theirbehaviorscontributetoproblems suchasenergywaste,andhowtheycan changethosebehaviors.13 Administration OnesmartinitiativeisEnvision Charlotte,anon-profitpublicprivate collaborativeorganizationestablished in2011andfundedbygrantsfromthe DepartmentofEnergy.Envisionfocuses onusingsustainabilitytopromote economicdevelopment.Createdby partnershipsbetweenDukeEnergy, Cisco,andCharlotteCenterCity Partners,EnvisionCharlotteaimsto help“accelerate[initiatives]fueledby civicandcorporateleaderscommitted tofurthertransformingthecityinto thecountry’smostsustainablecore.”14
2627NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Inastatementaboutpartneringwith Envision,CiscoChairmanandformer CEOJohnChamberssaid,“ascitiesall overtheworldexperiencesignificant populationgrowth,theneedto sustainablybalancesocial,economic,and environmentalresourcesbecomeseven moreparamount…Ciscobelievesthat technologycantransformhowtheworld managestheseenergyandenvironmental challenges.” Envision’sfirstinitiativewasapartnership withDukeEnergytofocusonreducing energyuseinCharlotte’sCenterCity. Theproject’sprimaryfocusison reducingwastedenergyconsumptionin commercialbuildingswithinCharlotte’s downtownareathroughinnovative technologiesthatencourageenergy efficiencyandchangesinconsumer behavior.15 Asoflate2015,theprogram successfullyreducedpowerusagein participatingbuildingsby8.4percentand savedmorethan$10million.16 Althoughfairlynew,Envisionhasalready impactedCharlotte.Frompartneringwith DukeEnergyonthisinitialproject,Duke Energyhasbeenabletocommercialize “SmartEnergyinOffices”(SEiO).By “adoptingateammindsetandfostering ownership--twokeyelementsinany successfulworkenvironment-SEiO makesitsimple…forpropertymanagers, buildingoperators,andtenantsto minimizeworkplaceenergyuse.”17 SEiO willhelpteamsreduceenergywastewith thefollowingsteps: 1.Provideaccessibleinformation aboutenergyuseinbuildings,load factors,historicaltrends,andhow tointerprettheinformation 2.Institutegoalsandopportunities through“EnergyActionPlan” 3.Createcampaigns,gamesand otherinitiativestomotivate individualstobecome“Smart EnergyWorkers” 4.Receiverecognitioninthe communityastheirbuilding advancesthrough“Levelsof Achievement”18 CommunityEngagement EnvisionCharlottehasalsobeenamodel forothercitiesintheUnitedStatesto engagetheirresidentstochangetheir behaviorsandtopromotesustainable communities.Aspin-offgroupcalled EnvisionAmericawillhelpothercities learnfromtheCharlottecampaign.Asof 2016,tencitieswereselectedtokickoff EnvisionAmericainitiativesandtoattend workshopsthatwillbringtogethercity leaders,smartcityexperts,andcorporate partnerstolearnaboutthesuccessesof EnvisionCharlotteandtostartfacilitating projectplanningandimplementation. SanFrancisco,CA SanFranciscoisaworldwidetouristdestinationthathousessome oftheworld’slargestfinancialinstitutionsandisknownasacityof innovationandtechnology. In2011,SanFranciscowasdeclaredthe GreenestCityintheU.S.andCanada GreenCityIndexandtheCleantech CapitalofNorthAmerica.19 Likeother cities,SanFrancisco’sleaderswantto makethecitysafer,moreaffordable andequitable,andreduceitsemissions footprint.Unfortunately,thedramatic populationgrowthSanFranciscohas witnessedforthepastdecadehasraised thecost-of-livingtooneofthemost expensivenationallyandstrainedthe city’sinfrastructureandgovernance.For thisreason,SanFranciscohasledtheway inincorporatingsustainable,innovative, andambitiousstrategiestoaccelerateits smartcityadoption. Inpursuitofthisgoal,SanFrancisco focusesonusingtechnologytomake buildingoperationsmoreefficient, reduceenergyuse,streamlinewaste managementsystems,andimprove transportationsystems,allofwhich contributetowardgreeningthecity. Thecityaimstoachievezerowasteby 2020,becomecarbon-freeby2030,and meettransportation-relateddemand bycreatingasaferandmoreefficient transportationexperienceforeveryone. Toachievethesegoals,SanFrancisco usesathree-prongedapproachthat addressesbothpolicyandadministrative challengesandworkstoactivelyengage thecommunityinalloftheseinitiatives. Policy Toachieveitszerowastegoal,San Franciscodisplayedgreatpolitical determinationinpassingaraftof legislation,20 includingResolution SettingZeroWasteDate,theMandatory Recycling&CompostingOrdinance,and theMayor’sExecutiveOrderEnhancing RecyclingandResourceConservation. Thecityalsoprovidesonlinetoolsusing opensourcesoftwareandanopendata modeltoprovidelocalizedandaccurate results.21 Tocomplementthesepolicies, thecitypartnerswithlike-minded organizationstodevelopnewprograms andcreateacultureofrecyclingand composting. ToreachSanFrancisco’sgoalof becomingcarbon-freeby2030,the cityhasimplementedacomprehensive setofincentiveprogramstoimprove theperformanceofnewandexisting buildings.Varioustechnologyapplications havehelpedenhancetheseprograms. Forexample,theSanFranciscoEnergy Mapisatoolthattrackssolarandwind installationsacrossthecity.Residentsor businessescangotothewebsitetosee theirroof’ssolarpotentialandaccess rebates.Likewise,theHonestBuildings programhelpsbuildingssaveenergyusing asoftwareplatform.Theonlineportal informspropertyowners,managers,and
2829NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment tenantsabouttheirbuilding’sperformance andprovidesthemosteffectiveenergy efficiencystrategiestohelpthemreduce utilitycosts.22 MuniForwardisaprojectthattakesa holisticviewoftransportationinSan Franciscobymakingthesystemsmarter. Usingthe1973TransitFirstPolicy,which gaveprioritytopublictransitvehicles onSanFranciscostreets,alongwith improvedtechnologyandinfrastructure, SanFranciscoaimstomakegetting aroundsaferandmorereliable.Muni Forwardisreplacingtransitsignalsin SanFranciscowithnewsignalsthatcan detectanoncomingMunitrainorbus andholdthegreenlight,allowingthe transitvehicletomakeittothenextstop faster,reducingtrafficcongestion,and improvingreliability.Thecityhasalso createdastate-of-the-artTransportation ManagementCenter(TMC)toimprove communicationwithMunibusand traindrivers,helpingitmonitorand improvetransitservices.Finally,theradio communicationsystemwasmodernized andincorporatedwithanIntelligent TransportationSystem(ITS). Theseareonlysomeexamplesofhow SanFranciscoisbecomingasmartcity leaderbyusingtechnologytoimprove itspublicservices.Noneofthesesmart cityinitiativeswouldhavebeenpossible withoutthecity’sopendataplatform, SanFranciscoOpenData.SanFrancisco OpenDataisthecity’sopendataportal andaproductoftheofficialopendata programthatwaslaunchedin2009.23 DataSFisthecity’sone-stopwebsite forgovernmentdata.Theopendata legislationrequirescitydepartmentsto makeallnon-confidentialdatasetsunder theirauthorityavailableonDataSF.DataSF usestransportationdatatoimprove transportationneedsandcommute times,andtohelpmeetgreenhouse gasreductiongoals.Theplatformalso providesanappforMunibusortrain commutersthatletscommutersbuyMuni ticketsandplantheirtrips. Administration SanFrancisco’ssmartcityprograms arequiteambitiousandrequirestrong partnershipsbetweenpublicagencies andtheprivateandnon-profitsector. Withitsstrongleadership,thecityis attemptingacollectionofpragmatic andeffectivepolicyreforms.TheSan FranciscoMunicipalTransportation Agency(SFMTA)andtheSanFrancisco DepartmentoftheEnvironmentare playingprominentrolesinthecity’ssmart cityinitiativesandhavecrosscutting goalsofimprovingSanFrancisco’stransit whilepursuingenvironmentalgoalslike zerocarbon.Thecityplanstoimplement MuniForwardinphasestooptimize financingandminimizeservicedisruption. OnNovember4,2014,SanFrancisco votersapprovedPropositionA,which included$150millioninfundingtodesign andbuildMuniForwardprojects.Future fundingisexpectedfromothersources foracombinedtotalfundingof$230 million.24 SFMTAalsomanagesSFparkto improveparkinginthecitybycollecting anddistributingreal-timeinformation aboutavailableparkingspots. CommunityEngagement Thecity’sOpenDataPolicyhighlights thesocialandeconomicbenefitsof increasedgovernmentefficiencyand civicengagement.25 Makingdatapublicly availableisagreatwayforcitiesto engagewiththeircommunities.SFMTA proactivelysolicitscommunityinput andsharesitsplans,data,andsuccess widelyandvisibly.SFMTAusesits interactiveperformancedashboardsto collectfeedbackandtrackitsprogressin meetingthegoalsandobjectivesoutlined initsstrategicplan.SFMTAalsousesthe ‘capitalimprovements’maptoinformthe projectsandprogramsacrossthecity. Likewise,theSanFranciscoDepartment oftheEnvironmentputitsmissioninto actionbymobilizingcommunities.To meetits2020goalofzerowaste,it continuestodevelopnewprogramsand expandcommunityoutreach.Theagency believesthatcommunityengagement enablescitystafftobetterunderstand barriersandchallengestozerowasteand carbonfreeprograms,createoradjust programs,andplanforthefuture. AnothersmartcityinitiativeMayorEdLee introducedistheLivingInnovationZones project.Theprojecthelpsbusinesses transformprototypesintoproductsand servicesbydesignatingzonesthroughout thecitywherebusinessescanusecity assetstodemonstratenewandemerging technologies.Theprojectprovides innovatorswithareal-worldsettingto testnewideas,evaluatenextgeneration technologies,andcollectdataabout impact.Italsoencouragesbusinesses toengageinadvancingthecity’s sustainabilitygoals,promotesefficient government,andensuresabetter qualityoflifeforSanFranciscoresidents, allwhileeducatingthepublicabout innovativesolutionsintheprocess.26 MayorLee’sleadershipsupports SanFrancisco’ssustainabilitygoals bydevelopingthecity’sCleantech, transportation,energy,waste,built environment,andothersectors formaximumeffectivenessand environmentalbenefit.27 Withso manysmartcityinitiativesonthe groundandthecity’sreputationfor beingtechnologicallyinnovative,itis unsurprisingthatSanFranciscoisaglobal leaderinsmartcitydevelopment
3031NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment anotherattemptatenablingbetterliving conditionsandachievinghighereconomic growthin100Indiancities.37 Prime MinisterNarendraModisawchallengesas anopportunityandintroducedhissmart citiesinitiative.38 InparalleltotheNewDelhiMunicipal Council’ssmartcityproject implementation,theDelhiDevelopment Authority(DDA)hasintroducedaland poolingpolicytoaddressoneofDelhi’s primarychallenges:affordablehousing toaccommodateitsgrowingpopulation aswellastolaytheinfrastructureto implementICTtechnologyasproposed bythemunicipalcouncilforthe smartcitieschallengegrant.Besides regulatingthelandpoolingpolicy,DDA isalsocommittedtoaccountability andtransparencybyallowingthe populationtomonitoritsinfrastructure projectsonline.Allconstruction-related dataareupdatedinreal-timeinonline measurementbooksthatthenlink themwithacontractor’spaymentand customerfeedbacktoensurehigher qualityofwork.39 Thesystemalsooffersa libraryofGeneralPacketRadioServices ofconstructionsitesandstatusreports. NewDelhiresidentsandthelocal governmentareusingsocialmedia activelyduringplanningand implementation.Inthewakeofsmart citiesinitiativesandactivesocial media,noenablinglegislationorpolicy hasbeenformulatedbythecentral government,apartfromreleasinga “MissionStatementandGuidelines”for thesmartcitiescompetition.Neither thenationalnorthelocalgovernment providesanyrelevantapplicablelaws andpoliciesfortheinitiative.Likewise, thereisnoinformationavailabletothe publicregardingthedeploymentofopen dataoruseofspecifictechnologieslike cloudstorageorbigdata,asoutlined bytherelevantpoliciesandlaws.40 Drawingonthepracticesadoptedby citiesacrosstheworld,theCentrefor Internet&Societysuggeststhatsmart citiesinIndiashouldadoptrobust regulatoryandgovernanceframeworks regardingtechnicalstandards,opendata, anddatasecurityanddataprotection policies.41 Nevertheless,India’sOpenData Policyanddataprotectionstandards undersection43AoftheInformation TechnologyAct(ITA)doapplyandhelp toensurethesustainabilityandefficiency ofthecounty’ssmartcitieswhile safeguardingindividualrights. Administration Thecentralgovernmentapproveda budgetofINR48,000crore(USD7.8 billion)tobespentoverafive-year period(FY2016toFY2020)onsmart citiesinitiativesin100designatedcities inIndia.Thestateandlocalgovernments areexpectedtoequallymatchthe centralgovernmentfunds.According totheSmartCityMissionStatement &Guidelines(2015),India’sobjective istopromotecitiesthatprovidecore infrastructureandgiveadecentqualityof lifetoitscitizens,acleanandsustainable environment,andapplicationofsmart solutions.Thefocusisonsustainableand inclusivedevelopmentincompactareas tocreateareplicablemodelforother aspiringcities.42 Among100cities,NDMCreceivedagrant fromthecentralgovernmenttofosterthe efficientmanagementofurbanservices NewDelhi,India NewDelhiisthelargestcommercialcenterinnorthernIndia.Thepopulationof Delhihasincreasedrapidlyoverthepastdecade,reaching18.6millionin2016, anditisexpectedtogrowanother40percentby2020.28 Atthisrateofacceleratedurbanization,the governmentisundertremendouspressure todeliverpublicservicesliketransportation, water,electricity,andaffordablehousing. Inthepasttwodecades,Delhi’surbanarea hasalmostdoubled,leadingtheaverage commutetoincreasefrom8.5kilometers to10.4kilometers.29 Distantcityresidents relyonautomobiles,contributingto trafficcongestion,risinggreenhousegas emissions,airpollution,andpoorpublic health.Withouttherightdesignand planningbythecity,existingproblemsof congestion,traffic,pollution,andsafetywill onlymetastasizeandworsen. ThegovernmentofIndiahashistorically promotedvariousurbandevelopment initiatives,suchastheIntegrated DevelopmentofSmallandMedium Towns(IDSMT)programin1979andthe JawaharlalNehruNationalUrbanRenewal Mission(JNNURM)in2005.However, manyurbandevelopmentgoalshave barelybeenmet.Duetoeithereconomic, technological,orpoliticalreasons,onlya fewlocalgovernmentshavebeenableto takesufficientstepstowardsimplementing bestpracticesandmeetingthesegoalsin theircities.30 Policy Aftermorethan40yearsofstudies intoarail-basedmasstransitsystem, DelhiMetroRailCorporation(DMRC) wasestablishedin1995andbegan constructiononOctober1,1998.31 TheDelhiMetroprojectbecamethe firstrailwayprojectintheworldtobe certifiedforcarboncreditsforreducing greenhousegasemissionbytheUnited Nations.32 Toimprovethetrainsystem’s efficiency,DMRCpartneredwithGoogle India(throughGoogleTransit)in2010 toprovidefreetrainscheduleandroute informationtocommutersthroughmobile deviceswithGoogleMaps.33 Bythe second-halfof2016,DMRCisplanning toprovidefreehigh-speedbroadband internettoits2.7millionpassengers.34 Commuterswillthenbeabletoaccess real-timeinformationregardingtrain location,approach,anddestination,and navigatebetweendifferentlines.The DelhiGovernmentplanstointroduce aCommonMobilityCard2016,which willallowriderstoaccessMetrotrains, DelhiTransportationCorporationbuses, andclusterbuses.35 DelhiMetroisan excellentexampleofacitytransportation systemthatgraduallyadoptedsmartcity systems. Asthecountry’sgovernmentchanged in2014,anemphasiswasplacedonthe useofsmartprinciplesforimproving conditionsinexistingtownsandcities acrossthecountry.36 InJune2015,the SmartCitiesMissionwaslaunchedasyet
3233NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment throughtheapplicationoftechnology. Theseservicesincludedwatersupply, sanitation,housing,wastemanagement, andurbanmobility.NDMCconsultedwith NewDelhiresidentsontheirrequirement asasmartcityandplanstodevelop smartbusstops,app-integratedcycle tracks,sensor-basedsmartparking, e-surveillance,includingelectronictickets fortrafficviolations,automaticsewer cleaningmachinesandgeo-taggingof bins.Otherprojectsincludeproviding Wi-Fiaccesspoints,air-qualitysensors, noise-pollutionsensors,andrenovating Golemarket.43 AsNewDelhiprogresseswithitssmart citiesinitiative,thecitygovernmenthas tentativeplanstolaunchanapp-based airconditionedbusservice.Thecity’s TransportDepartmentstatedthatthe newapp-basedserviceswouldenable commuterstoreducewaittimesby reservingseatsonbuses.Busesoperating underthisserviceschemewillberequired toinstalltwoCCTVcameras,Wi-Fi, GPS,fireextinguishers,andfirst-aidkits. Theoriginalannouncementofthisnew serviceindicateddeploymentinJuneof 2016.However,theprojectiscurrently placedonholdwhilethecityseekspublic opinionontheproject’simplementation.44 CommunityEngagement ThesmartcitiesinitiativeinNewDelhi isinaveryearlystage.Themission guidelinesstipulatethateachcity needstoprepareaSmartCityPlan thatcomprisesanareadevelopment proposalandapan-cityinitiativeusing smartsolutionsfordeliveryofurban services.ItseemsanaturalfitforDDA toimplementalandpoolingpolicy aheadofNDMC’ssmartcityproject.This approachgivesNDMCtheinfrastructure toincorporatedigitalsolutionswhile providingaffordablehousingtothe NDMCresidents. NewDelhi’ssmartcityinitiativeisa partofIndia’sholisticsmartcitiesplan thattapsintotheUN’sSustainable DevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Areportby PriceWaterhouseCoopersstatesthat “thepillarsofasmartsustainablecityare completelyalignedwiththeproposed UN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoals (SDGs)andtheclosertheintegrationof sustainabilityintoIndia’s‘100SmartCities’ initiative,thegreaterwillbethelinkages withtheSDGs.”45 AtPrimeMinister Modi’srequest,theAsianDevelopment Bank(ADB)hascommittedtosupport theMinistryofUrbanDevelopmentinits developmentofsmartcitiesonthearea- baseddevelopmentcomponentofthe smartcityguidelines.46 ADBhasagreed inprincipletosetaside$1billionfor extendingloanstothesmartcityprojects andtheWorldBankcouldprovideupto $500millioninlong-termloans. CaseStudyComparison CategoriesSub-CategoriesChicagoCharlotteDelhiPhiladelphia San Francisco PolicyDomains OpenData✓✓✓✓ Sustainability✓✓✓✓ Transportation✓✓ Administration DesignatedDepartment orOffice ✓✓✓ LevelofGovernment Involvement National✓✓✓✓ Regional✓✓ Local✓✓✓✓✓ Non-Governmental Partners Universities✓✓✓✓ PrivateCompanies✓✓✓✓✓ Instruments BehavioralNudge✓✓ OpenSensorData✓✓ LandPooling✓ MarketCreation✓✓ Thefivecasestudiesinthisreport onlycomposeasmallfractionofcities implementingsmartcityinitiatives.While thefivecitiescannotrepresentevery smartcity,theircommonalitiesand differencesareinstructive.Table1highlights thesimilaritiesofeachcity,focusingon thepolicydomainscovered,levelsof governmentinvolved,non-governmental partnersengaged,andinstrumentsused. Fouroutofthefivecitiesfocusedon makingdataopenandwidelyavailable. InChicagoandPhiladelphia,forexample, bothmayorshavesignedexecutive ordersestablishinganopendatapolicy.In addition,mostofthecitiesarepartnering withnon-governmentalentities,including universitiesandbusinesses,todevelop smartcityprograms.Forexample,city officialsinPhiladelphiahavepartnered withtheUniversityofPennsylvaniato researchdifferentdatacollectionsystems suchasGIS.Severalofthecities,including Philadelphia,Chicago,SanFrancisco, andDelhi,alsopartneredwiththefederal governmentintheirpursuitofsmartcity projects,insomecasesreceivinggrant supportforvarioussmartcityinitiatives. Finally,themajorityofthecitiesareusing smartcitytacticstopromotesustainability andovercomechallengesassociatedwith populationgrowth. Thesecasecitiesareusingavarietyof instrumentstoachievetheirpolicygoals. Ratherthanlargepolicychanges,Charlotte isencouragingpeopletochangetheir behaviorandadoptenergy-savinghabits. Chicago,ontheotherhand,isattempting tocatalyzeinnovationbymakingmore datapubliclyavailable.Whateverthe method,allofthecitiesarehopingtouse ICTstoimprovethelivesoftheirresidents.
3435NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Theprecedingcasestudiesprovideaglimpseintotheon-the- groundrealityofsmartdevelopment.Citiesaretakingmany differentapproachestosolvingpublicproblems,andthereisno one-size-fits-allwaytoadoptandimplementsmartcitysystems. Throughexaminationoftheexistingliteratureonsmartcitiesand theexperienceswithsmartdevelopmentinourcasecities,wehave arrivedatasetofgeneralrecommendationsaimedtohelpguide othercitiesconsideringsimilarprojects. Recommendations Recommendation1:Citiesshouldconsiderthe outcomestheywanttoachieve. Datacollectionisnotanendinitself.To beusefulandrelevant,itneedstobe analyzed.Theinformationthatresults fromthatanalysiscanthendrivereal applicationstopublicproblems.Cities shouldconsiderwhatpublicproblems theywanttheinitiativetoaddressand howthedatacollectedwillhelpaddress thosepublicproblems.Additionally, assessmentofpublicproblemsanddata collectionshouldbederivedfromand tiedtoexistingcitycomprehensiveplans, visions,andsectorplanningdocuments. TheimprovementinICTshasmadedata collectionconsiderablyeasier.Insomeof thecasecities,theeaseofdatacollection appearstohaveinspiredcitiestoinvestin smartinitiativeswithoutclearlydefining whatinitiativestheyseektoachieve. Thechallengeforcitiesisnotatechnical oneofgatheringordisseminatingdata –it’sanorganizationalone.Citiesneed toconsiderhownewdatawillinfluence publicpolicyandwhatadministrative capacityisneededtoputthedatatouse. Whatthatuseiswillvarybycity.Not allcitiesfacethesamechallengesor aresuitedtothesamesolutions.Before investinginsmartcityinfrastructure,cities shouldconsiderwhattheyneed,notjust whatothercitiesaredoing.Smallcities don’tnecessarilyfacethesameproblems aslargecities.SanFrancisco’ssmart parkingprogram,SFpark,forexample, mightbeanappropriateresponseto congestionproblemsinSanFranciscobut wouldbeunnecessaryinsmallerurban areasthatdon’thavethesameproblems. Thoughtheconversationaroundsmart citieshasbeenlargelydrivenbythe privatesector,itisnottheirjobtodefine thecity’sobjectives,onlytoprovidethem withthetechnologyneededtoachieve thoseobjectives.Citiesneedtoconsider firstandforemostwhatproblemsthey wanttosolve,andthendevelopamodel
3637NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment forhowsmartcitytechnologycanhelp themachievethoseends.Furthermore, citiesshouldrigorouslyevaluatesmart cityinvestmentsandlookatanarrayof optionsbeforecommittingthemselves. carefullyconsiderboththepublicand privatesectorinterestsinherentinsmart cityprojects,whethertheyalignwith existinggoals,andwhethertheproject theyhaveinmindisappropriate.There canbebenefitsandopportunitiesinfairly negotiatedpublic-privatepartnerships, includingmaximizingscaremunicipal budgets.Evenso,cityofficialsshouldnot enterintothesepartnershipsinhaste,or withoutaskingtherightquestionsabout objectivesandpublicgood. It’sbeennotedthat“whilemanyof thetechnologiesofferclearbenefits, the‘smart’conceptitselfsuggestsa positiveanduncriticalstancetowards urbandevelopment.”52 Citiesshouldlook pasttherhetoricaldressingofsmart citytechnologiesandfocusonwhat isappropriatefortheircities.Astrong administrativefoundationbackedby establishedsmartcitypoliciesprovides citieswithboththestructuretheyneed totakeadvantageofpublic-private partnerships,andtheknowledgetheyneed tocriticallyexaminesmartcityproposals. Furthermore,itisworthreiteratingthat smartcitydevelopmentshouldbedriven bydemandincities,nottop-downorby supplyalone.53 Smartcitieshavebeen criticizedfor“turningcitiesintodigital marketplacesforlargemultinational firms,blurringthelinesbetweenpublic andprivateandconcealingnewforms ofsocialandeconomicinequalities.”54 Thesmartcitydiscourseoftencenters ontechnologicalquestionsnotwell understoodbythepublicandtherefore oftendominatedbyprivatecompanies.55 Bottom-up,democraticdevelopment wouldobviatesomeoftheseconcerns andleadtomoreequitablegrowth. Recommendation2:Citiesshouldlookfor waystopartnerwithuniversities,non-profits, andtheprivatesector. Manyofourcasecitiespartnered withnon-governmentalactors.As withChicago’sArrayofThings,those partnershipscancutacrosssectorsand includeawide-rangeofactors.Citiescan evenpartnerwithothercitiesonsmart cityinitiatives. Partnershipsprovidemanybenefitsto cities.Theygivecitiesaccesstofunding andexpertisethatmightnototherwise beavailable.Manypublicproblemsare complexandcanbetoodiversefor anysingleorganizationtotackle.That makescollaborationadvantageous. Organizationsareoftenabletodo moretogetherthantheycouldalone.47 Partnershipsalsoallowcitiestoshare therisksofdevelopment,whichis especiallyvaluablegivingtheevolving andoftenuntestednatureofsmartcity technologies.Finally,partnershipsgive projectscontinuity.Withoutexternal commitmentsandsupport,shiftsin politicalpowermightcauseaprojectto becancelledorignored. Thatdoesnotmeanthattherearenot alsodrawbackstocollaboration.Thereare differentorganizationalcultures,different missions,anddifferentstakeholder groupsthatneedtobenegotiatedand alignedforacollaborationtowork.48 For example,itisimportantthattherebea clear,mutuallyagreeduponpurposeor missionforthepartnership.Citiesshould weighthemotivationandcommitment oftheirpartners.Theyshouldconsider thestructureandgovernanceofthe collaboration,clearlydelineatingauthority andresponsibility.Formalarrangements, regularmeetings,andinformedpoints-of- contactcanhelpensurethatpartnerships stayontrack.49 Citiesshouldalsoconsider howauthorityandresponsibilitywill bebalancedandwhateachpartneris accountablefor.50 Takingallofthese organizationalpiecesintoaccountwill improvethechancesofasuccessful partnership.Furthermore,smartcity partnershipscomewiththeirownset ofspecificconsiderations,suchashow rightstointellectualpropertydeveloped bytheprojectwillbehandledandwho ownsthephysicalinfrastructuredeployed. Citiesneedtoconsidertheincentivesand motivationsofprivateactors.Itisthejob ofcompaniesinthesmartcitymarketto developandselltechnologicalsolutions. Aswiththeearlydaysofe-government, citiesshouldbecautiousofunwarranted optimismandrealisticaboutthepowersof ICTsystems.51 Electedcityofficialsshould Recommendation3:Citiesshouldcontinue tolookforbestpracticesandframeworksfor ‘smartcity’development. Thereisalotofvariabilityinthesmart technologiesbeingdeployed.Some citiesanduniversitiesaredeveloping theirownpioneeringsensors,likethe ArrayofThingsnodes.Othersarelooking tolargeprivatefirmstosupplyICT solutions.Thediversityintechnology andthelackofagreeduponprinciples forredesigningthebuiltenvironment presentsachallengeforinterestedcities. Thenewnessofsmartdevelopment meansthatnotmuchhasbeencodified. Thoughthisreportprovidesawindow intowhatsomecitiesaredoingnow, smartdevelopmentisarapidlychanging field.Citiesinterestedinbecoming smartshouldcontinuetolookforbest practicesandframeworksforthistypeof development. Thoughnotyetfullyimplemented, theNationalInstituteofStandards andTechnology(NIST),partofthe U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,is
3839NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment workingonaframeworkforsmart citydevelopment.56 Theframeworkis designedtoaddresstwomainconcerns: theinteroperabilityandportabilityof ICTdevelopmentacrosscities,andthe needforstandardarchitecturalprinciples. Theirgoalistostandardizeenoughthat systemscanbeintegratedacrosscities, withoutstandardizingsomuchastobe anobstacleforfurtherinnovation.57 In addition,theSmartCitiesCouncilhas developedaSmartCitiesReadiness Frameworkthathasbeenusedbydozens ofcitiesinternationallytosetastrategic direction.58 Citiesshouldmonitorprogress onframeworkslikethatbeingdeveloped bytheNISTandtheSCC. Continuallykeepingapprisedofnew developmentsandinnovationsinthe smartdevelopmentarenawillalsohelp citiesmanagethepath-dependent dynamicsoftechnologicaldevelopment.59 FrameworkslikeNIST’scaninfluence thewaycitiesapproachsmartcity development,helpingthemavoid beinglimitedtothesuiteofproprietary technologiesinwhichtheyinitiallyinvest byensuringthatthosetechnologiescan beintegratedwithnewones.60 LeveragingICTtechnologytoimprove thesustainabilityandequityofcitiesisa powerfulideawithenormouspotential. Thoseambitions,however,shouldbe temperedbyrealism.Citiesshould criticallyexaminesmartcitytechnologies andtherhetoricthatsurroundsthem. Citiesshouldbemindful,too,ofthe organizationalchallengesthataccompany smartcitydevelopment.Functional silos,thechallengesofcross-sector collaboration,andpoliticalgridlockwill notdisappearwiththearrivalofICT technology.However,ifthesechallenges canbeacknowledgedandovercome, thensmartcitydevelopmentcannotonly increaseacity’sefficiency,accountability, andtransparency,butalsoleavebehind anorganizationallegacyofinnovation andcollaborationthatwillcontinueto improvelocalgovernance. Appendix Definition Theconceptualuncertaintyofsmart citieshasnotstoppedtheiradvance. InSeptemberof2015theWhiteHouse announcedasmartcitiesinitiativethat willinvest$160millioninfederalresearch tohelplocalcommunitiestackletheir challenges. Intheannouncement,theWhiteHouse definedsmartcitiesas,“communities thatarebuildinganinfrastructureto continuouslyimprovethecollection, aggregation,anduseofdatatoimprove thelifeoftheirresidents.”TheInitiative aimstoharnessthepowersofthe, “growingdatarevolution,low-cost sensors,andresearchcollaborations,”to assistthosecommunities. AccordingtotheSmartCitiesCouncil (SCC),aleadingindustryassociation, “asmartcityusesinformationand communicationstechnologyto enhanceitslivability,workability,and sustainability.”Smartcitieshavebeen broadlycharacterizedasemployingICTs tosolveproblemsinawiderangeof publicpolicydomains,includingenergy, wastemanagement,transportation, healthcare,security,publicadministration, education,andmore.ICTsystemscan collect,transmit,andaggregatedatafrom theenvironment,allowingthatdatato beanalyzedandputtouse.ICTsystems canalsoenableobjectsandenvironments tosense,communicate,network,and produceinformation,formingtheInternet ofThings(IoT). AstheWhiteHouseInitiativesuggests, smartcitiesarenotexclusively technological,butalsoinvolvecreating collaborativeenvironmentsandmaking thehumancapitalinvestmentsnecessary tocatalyzelearningandinnovation. Thus,smartcitieshavetwodistinct focuses: 1.leveragingICTsystemstosolve publicproblems;and 2.developingorganizational structuresthatencourage thespreadofknowledgeand innovation. ThetechnologicalevolutionofICT systemshasfacilitatedthisfirstfocus. GlobalbusinesseslikeSiemens,Cisco, IBM,andMicrosofthavedevelopedand pushedtechnologiestosupportsmart citydevelopment,creatingaglobal marketthat’sexpectedtogrowto$1.4 trillionby2020. Asthesupplyofnew,smartICTsystems hasgrown,sohaveurbanpopulations andtheproblemsofefficiencyandsocial sustainability.Thebarrierstosmartcity successesareoftenmoreorganizational thantechnological.Inmostcases, citiesneedtoconsiderthepolicies andadministrativecomponentsthat undergird,enable,andguidesmartcity initiatives.
4041NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Forthepurposeofthisreport,smartcity initiativesaredefinedasinvolvingthree components:ICTsystemstogenerate andaggregatedata;analyticaltools whichconvertthatdataintousable information;andorganizationalstructures thatencouragecollaboration,innovation, andtheapplicationofthatinformation tosolvepublicproblems.Hence,asmart cityisacitythathasdevelopedsome technologicalinfrastructurethatenables ittocollect,aggregate,andanalyzereal- timedata,andhasmadeaconcerted efforttousethatdatatoimprovethe livesofresidents.Suchaneffortshould includeanexplicitpolicyfor‘smart’ infrastructureanddata,afunctioning administrativecomponent,andsome formofcommunityengagement. Itisimportanttorememberthatbeing smartisaprocessandnotanend-state. Therearemanystepstodeveloping smartenvironmentsandsolutions, someofwhichmaynotregisteras smartcityinitiatives.Forexample, expandingbroadbandaccessthrough communityoutreachorthecreationof newnetworksincreasesconnectivity andlaysthegroundworkforfuture smartdevelopment,butdoesnotitself constitutesmartcityimplementation. Otherprogramsmeetsomebutnot allofthecriteria.Thedevelopment ofopendatapoliciesandplatforms toshareexistingdatacanencourage innovationandpreparecitiestohandle futureICT-generateddatapools,butdo notnecessarilyincludetheanalytical toolsnecessarytoqualifyassmartcity initiatives.Alternatively,manyofthese endeavorsrepresentimportantsteps alongtheway. CaseStudyMethodology Thecasestudycomparisonexplores howavarietyofcitieshaveapproached smartcitydevelopment.Whileconsidered leaders,thecasecitiesaremostlyinthe earlystagesofthesmartcitysystem adoption.Whilesomearefurtheralong thanothers,manyoftheprograms discussedarerecentlydeployed.NLCis not,therefore,inthepositiontorigorously evaluatetheoutcomesoftheseinitiatives. Instead,thisreportfocusesonanswering thefollowingquestions: ● Whataretheinitiative’sobjectives andinstruments? ● Howistheinitiativefundedand organized? ● Whatpoliciesstructureanddirect theinitiative? ● Howistheinitiativeadministered? ● Howhasthecommunitybeen engagedandrespondedtothe initiative? Caseswereselectedfortheirdiversity insize,demographics,andgeography. Thistypeofcaseselectionensuresthat thebestpracticesimplementedinthese citiesanddescribedinthisreportwill bebroadlyapplicabletoothercities interestedinsmartdevelopment.To answerthekeyquestionsabove,we reviewedacademicarticles,censusdata, policypapers,governmentdocuments, andnewspaperarticlesfromthecase cities.Inaddition,weinterviewedtwo subjectmatterexperts(SMEs)onsmart cities,aswellaslocalleadersfromthe casecities.
4243NATIONALLEAGUEOFCITIESTRENDSINSMARTCITYDEVELOPMENT TrendsinSmartCityDevelopment Endnotes 1Ebi,Kevin(2014).Philadelphiacreditssmartpolicingfor lowercrimerates.SmartCitiesCouncil.Retrievedfromhttp:// smartcitiescouncil.com/article/philadelphia-credits-smart- policing-lower-crime-rates 2Richey,Erin(2014).HowDataAnalysisHelpsPolice DepartmentsFightCrime.Forbes.Retrievedfromhttp://www. forbes.com/sites/emc/2014/06/03/data-analysis-helps-police- departments-fight-crime/#2a75624043e8 3Faulstick,Britt(2015).DrexelandPennJoinWhiteHouseSmart CitiesInitiative.DrexelNow.Retrievedfromhttp://drexel.edu/now/ archive/2015/September/MetroLab-Network/ 4Lang,Deborah(2015).UniversityofPennsylvaniaAnnounces CollaborationwithPhiladelphiainNewWhiteHouseMetroLab Network.PennNews.Retrievedfromhttps://news.upenn.edu/ news/university-pennsylvania-announces-collaboration-city- philadelphia-new-white-house-metro-lab-net 5Seenote48 6OfficeofInnovationandTechnology,GISServicesGroup. Retrievedfromhttp://www.phila.gov/it/aboutus/units/Pages/ GISServicesGroup.aspx 7Philly311.Retrievedfromhttp://www.phila.gov/311/Pages/ default.aspx 8U.SCensusBureau 9Off,Gavinet.al(2016).Areyou1inamillion?Charlotte’sgetting there.TheCharlotteObserver.Retrievedfromhttp://www. charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article78623577.html 10Christie,Les(2014).10fastestgrowingcities.CNN Money.Retrievedfromhttp://money.cnn.com/gallery/real_ estate/2014/03/27/fastest-growing-cities/8.html 11Off,GavinandPurvis,Kathleen(2014).Charlottesjoinsnation’s fastest-growingcities.TheCharlotteObserver.Retrievedfrom http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article9241220.html 12Graves,Bob(2016).Charlotte,N.C.:TheMakingofa‘Smart City.’FutureStructure.Retrievedfromhttp://www.govtech.com/ fs/perspectives/Charlotte-NC-The-Making-of-a-Smart-City.html 13Pentland,William(2011).HowCharlotteBusinessesAreTackling EnergyWasteThroughData.Forbes.Retrievedfromhttp://www. forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/12/22/energy-data-the- keys-to-the-utility-kingdom/#21b671673032 14HelpingthecityofCharlotteEnvisionaMoreSustainable Future(2015).Verizon.Retrievedfromhttp://www. verizonenterprise.com/resources/casestudies/cs_helping-the-city- of-charlotte_en_xg.pdf 15http://www.duke-energy.com/news/releases/2010092301.asp 16http://www.baselinemag.com/innovation/charlotte-envisions-a- smart-future.html 17DukeEnergy,SmartEnergyinOfficesretrievedfromhttp:// www.smartenergyinoffices.com/ 18Ibid. 19SFEnvironment.(2012,November12).DesigningaSmarter, MoreSustainableSanFrancisco.RetrievedAugust06,2016,from http://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing-a-smarter-and- more-sustainable-san-francisco 20SanFranciscoclosertoturningzero-wasteambitioninto reality.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2014/jun/17/san-francisco-zero-waste-recycling- composting 21SFEnvironment.(2012,November12).DesigningaSmarter, MoreSustainableSanFrancisco.RetrievedAugust06,2016,from http://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing-a-smarter-and- more-sustainable-san-francisco 22Ibid 23SanFranciscoOpenData.(n.d.).AboutSanFrancisco OpenData.RetrievedJuly28,2016,fromhttps://data.sfgov.org/ about 24SFMTAMunicipalTransportationAgency.(2015,April22).Muni Forward.ImplementationWorkbook.RetrievedAugust15,2016, fromhttps://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/projects/2015/ About,%20TEP,%20MF_0.pdf 25Chong,R.(2013,May1).SFMayorSignsLandmarkOpenData PolicyandProceduresLegislation. 26SFMayor’sOfficeofCivicInnovation.OfficeofMayorEdwin M.Lee.(n.d.).LivingInnovationZones.RetrievedAugust2,2016, fromhttp://innovatesf.com/projects/living-innovation-zones/ 27DesigningSmarter,MoreSustainableSanFrancisco.(n.d.) Retrievedfromhttp://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing- a-smarter-and-more-sustainable-san-francisco 28Indiaonlinepages.com.(n.d.).PopulationofDelhi2016. RetrievedAugust14,2016,fromhttp://www.indiaonlinepages. com/population/delhi-population.html 29Ibid 30MinistryofUrbanDevelopmentGovernmentofIndia.(2015). SmartCities.MissionStatements&Guidelines.Retrievedfrom http://smartcityludhiana.in/ 31DelhiMetro-RailwayTechnology.n.d.Retrievedfromhttp:// www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro/ 32Railway-Technology.com.(n.d.).DelhiMetro,India.Retrieved August12,2016,fromhttp://www.railway-technology.com/ projects/delhi-metro/ 33Ibid 34Ibid 35DelhiMetro.(2016,May4).DelhiGovt.todispatchCommon MobilityCardformetroandtransportbusesfromJuly.Retrieved fromhttp://www.delhimetrorails.com/delhi-govt-to- 36Aijaz,R.,&Hoelscher,K.(2015,December).India’sSmartCities Mission:AnAssessment.ORFIssueBrief. 37Ibid 38Ibid 39EletsNewsNetwork.(2016,March).DDAlaunchestoolfor onlinemonitoringofprojects.Retrievedfromhttp://smartcity. eletsonline.com/dda-launches-tool-for-online-monitoring-of- projects/ 40TheCentreforInternet&Society.(2016,June).SmartCity PoliciesandStandards:OverviewofProjects,DataPolicies,and StandardsacrossFiveInternationalSmartCities.Retrievedfrom http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/policies-and- standards-overview-of-five-international-smart-cities 41TheCentreforInternet&Society.(2016,June).SmartCity PoliciesandStandards:OverviewofProjects,DataPolicies,and StandardsacrossFiveInternationalSmartCities.Retrievedfrom http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/policies-and- standards-overview-of-five-international-smart-cities 42MinistryofUrbanDevelopmentGovernmentofIndia.(2015). SmartCities.MissionStatements&Guidelines.Retrievedfrom http://smartcityludhiana.in/ 43Gupta,M.D.(2016,January).Delhi’sVIPzoneonlistof20for smartcityproject.HindustanTimes,NewDelhi. 44http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ delhi-govt-to-seek-public-opinion-on-app-based-bus- service-116060301223_1.html 45PricewaterhouseCoopersIndia.(2015).Makingcitiessmartand sustainable. 46EletsNewsNetwork.(2016,May).WorldBank,ADBgearup forfundingsmartcityprojectsinIndia.http://smartcity.eletsonline. com/world-bank-adb-gear-up-for-funding-smart-city-projects-in- india/ 47O’Leary,R.&Vij,N.(2012).Collaborativepublicmanagement: Wherehavewebeenandwherearewegoing?AmericanReview ofPublicAdministration,42(5),p.509-510. 48Ibid. 49Ebi,K.(2Aug2016).The#1overlookedsmartcityresource (andit’susuallyfree).SmartCitiesCouncil.Retrievedfromhttp:// smartcitiescouncil.com/article/1-overlooked-smart-city-resource- and-its-usually-free. 50Ibid.,p.512-513.Seealso:EmersonK,NabatchiT,BaloghS (2012).An IntegrativeFrameworkforCollaborativeGovernance.Journal ofPublicAdministrationResearchandTheory,22(1),p.20, particularlytheirdiscussionoftheimportanceofshared motivation. 51CourseyD.,NorrisD.F.(2008),ModelsofE-Government:Are TheyCorrect?AnEmpiricalAssessment. PublicAdministrationReview,68(3),p.533;Vanolo,A.(2013). Smartmentality:Thesmartcityasdisciplinary strategy.UrbanStudies,51(5),p.892. 52McLean,A.,Bulkeley,H.,&Crang,M.(2015).Negotiatingthe urbansmartgrid:Socio-technical experimentationinthecityofAustin.UrbanStudies(1)18,p.8. 53Ibid.,p.529;Angelidou,M.,op.cit.,p.104[seenote1] 54McLeanetal.,op.cit.,p.2[seenote102]. 55Vanolo.,op.cit.,p.891[seenote101]. 56U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalInstituteofStandards andTechnology.(2016).IoT-enabledsmart cityframework[Whitepaper].Retrievedfrom https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/smartcityframework/files/ IoT-EnabledSmartCityFrameworkWP.pdf 57Ibid.,p.3. 58SmartCitiesCouncil,SmartCitiesReadinessGuide(Redmond, WA:SmartCitiesCouncil,2015). 59Neirotti,etal.,op.cit.,p.29[seenote5]. 60Ibid.,p.34;Luque-Ayala,A.,&Marvin,S.(2015).Develop criticalunderstandingofsmarturbanism?Urban Studies(52)12,p.2110.
NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES
International Case Studies of Smart Cities Songdo, Republic of Korea Sang Keon Lee Heeseo Rain Kwon HeeAh Cho Jongbok Kim Donju Lee IDB-DP-463 Institutions for Development Sector Fiscal and Municipal Management Division DISCUSSION PAPER Nº June 20 16
International Case Studies of Smart Cities Songdo, Republic of Korea Sang Keon Lee Heeseo Rain Kwon HeeAh Cho Jongbok Kim Donju Lee June 20 16
Contact: Mauricio Simon Bouskela, mbouskela@iadb.org. Copyright © Inter-American Development Bank. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http:/ / creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-nc-nd/ 3.0 / igo/ legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any non- commercial purpose. No derivative work is allowed. Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. http:/ / www.iadb.org 20 16
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3 2. Service spectrum..............................................................................................................................................6 3. System Configuration...........................................................................................................................14 4. Organizational Structure.....................................................................................................................29 5. Lessons Learned...........................................................................................................................................31 6. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................32 Annex A – Bibliography...........................................................................................................................33
Following the establishment of Incheon International Airport, three new town developments were pursued in the city of Incheon. Songdo, as a part of Incheon Free Economic Zone, became an iconic new smart city town of Korea. Smart city project in Songdo developed and still is developing quickly; it was originally initiated by UPS (U-city Strategy Plan) in 2008, and is still ongoing with its construction to aim for completion by 2017. Currently, this new city is striving to become a leader of smart cities of the world by actively hosting international business events, and to attract IT, BT, R&D related facilities to be located in the city. The smart city project of Songdo is largely divided into six sectors including transport, crime prevention, disaster prevention, environment and citizen interaction, to provide smart applications. Other services relating to Home, Store, Learning, Health, Money and Car are also actively being developed. Specialized service in Songdo is utilizing RFID/USN technology to provide environmentally friendly (for example, U-bike, or U-street) services. RFID/USN technology is also used for crime prevention through the use of vehicle registration number detection camera that is able to filter out stolen vehicles, unpaid tax vehicles, and criminal vehicles. The CCTVs installed around Songdo uses advanced motion detecting technology to monitor, in real-time, for any unusual activities Moreover, the operation center is readily connected with various disaster-related organizations to prevent for any disasters and to effectively engage with citizens. Songdo has the most advanced Integrated Operations Command Center in Korea and their integrated smart city services are provided, not only for Songdo, but for nearby cities too. A special attention should be drawn at establishment of Incheon U-city Corporation. Incheon U-city Corporation holds private-public partnership (PPP) formation, where the city of Incheon holds 28.6% of the share and the rest are held by private firms. The ultimate purpose of such PPP was to create stable and efficient smart city construction, securing funding for system operation and management, forming an effective business model, and maximizing benefits for citizens. Incheon U-city Corporation is currently handling general system construction, maintenance business, as well as international consulting business for countries that wishes to create smart cities. It is important to emphasize that the success factor of Songdo had perhaps been this attempts to maximize public-private partnership. For sustainable development of the smart city projects, not only public initiatives are important, but it should be developed along with private companies and their business ideas, engaging with other parts of the society.
Songdo international city is part of the Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) along with Yeongjong and Cheongna, and it is located southwest of Incheon Metropolitan City. The city was built on reclaimed land based on the Basic Plan of Public Waters Reclamation for Songdo area established in 1979. The Governmental office of Songdo International City was opened in November 2003 in accordance with the newly introduced law on IFEZ. KRW 45,269 billion has been invested in three districts under the IFEZ, Songdo, Yeongjong, and Cheongna (total area of 132.92km2) to build infrastructure for the new city.
The function of each district is as follows. Songdo is in charge of international business relating to IT, BT and R&D, Yeongjong focuses on aviation logistics, tourism, leisure, and Cheongna concentrates on international finance, high-tech industry, and distribution. Geographically, the IFEZ is located where 61 foreign cities with over 1 million people can be reached within 3.5 hours flying distance. Thus, making one-day business based on 2.5 billion people possible. In terms of useful infrastructure, the area consists of Incheon International Airport, which functions as the hub airport of northeast Asia. Incheon airport has been globally ranked number 1 for 10 consecutive years for airport services, and ranked number 2 for international cargo transportation. Also, Incheon Harbor which consists of cutting-edge harbor infrastructures is located at a 20-minute car distance from the IFEZ. On top of this impressive connectivity, the area lies only an hour away with Korea's metropolitan area (Seoul). Songdo is still under development with plans to invest KRW 21,544 billion over 53.4km2 area until 2022 in order to contain 101,780 households and 259,669 people. As part of the nation's project to build a cutting- edge green city as a new growth power, Songdo is being developed into a ubiquitous city. This plays a pivotal role in the IFEZ's vision and realization strategy. The project began with the philosophy to build and provide citizens with a living environment that is convenient, pleasant, and healthy. Songdo international city's smart city project is carried out according to strict and thorough plans. In 2008, the validity of the project was examined and a ubiquitous service platform (USP) was established, and in 2009 the working design was completed. Based on this, 5-step Intelligent Transport System (ITS) pilot project was implemented between 2009 and 2014. In 2012, Incheon U-City Corporation, which is a private and public joint corporation, was established to exclusively take care of the IFEZ's U-City business. The corporation was established by CENTIOS, a joint corporation of Incheon city, KT, and CISCO. Then in 2014, MOLIT's (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) pilot project was carried out. With implementation of pilot project, the integrated operations center of Songdo city was established in 2014, and it has been operating in real-time until the present day Duration Project content 2007~2008 Examine validity & establish USP 2009 Complete working design service 2009~2014 Attract MOLIT's demonstration project & carry out project (stage 5) 2012 Establish Incheon U-City corporation 2013~2014 Close contract with agencies to develop Songdo zone1~zone4 & begin project 2014 Open City Integrated Operations Center 2016 Expect to complete project at zone1~zone4 2017 Expect to carry out project at zone5~zone7 Songdo plans to invest KRW 164.7 billion and establish U-City at zone1~zone4 by the end of 2016. Yeongjong is currently running a U-City project at Yeongjong Sky City and Midan City, whereas Cheongna has already completed establishing in 2014 and is currently in operation. Once, U-City infrastructure is completed at Songdo's zone1~zone4, the three districts (Songdo, Yeongjong, Cheongna) are planned to be connected and managed as one. The IFEZ plans to spread private-public joint service models and expand exports.
The IFEZ has set its goal to be ranked number one in the global city competitiveness by 2020. Through this the IFEZ's vision is to realize a global leading U-City. In order to achieve this goal, the IFEZ has set 5 core strategies: i) establishing and operating a public IFEZ U-City; ii) developing cooperation model with private sector services; iii) strengthening the foundation of public-private cooperation; iv) expanding overseas export of IFEZ U-City; v) building high- tech clusters and inviting international events. i) To establish and operate a public IFEZ U City, U-infrastructures are being constructed on-site and are being connected to the U-City operation center through communication networks. In the future, the U-infrastructures of Yeongjong and Cheongna will be connected with Songdo's to establish an integrated operating system. ii) U-City services are enhanced by developing cooperation models with private sector services. Also, specialized services of public-private corporations are being distributed. The goal is to acquire U-City's investment and operation costs by collaborating with global corporations when developing public-private cooperation models, as well as to establish an IFEZ U-City that can be
sustain its development and attract foreign capital. To achieve this, a public-private U-City corporation was established for the first time in 2012 in order to utilize privately owned technologies and resources. iii) Global U-City R&D center and private cooperative corporations are established to strengthen the foundation of public-private cooperation and to activate private investments. The 'GCoE(Global Center of Excellence) , which is the U-City R&D center of CISCO, is built at Songdo to develop new technology with the objective to lead the overseas smart city market in the long term. iv) Past development experiences are made into models and networks between countries are reinforced to expand overseas export of IFEZ U- City. The smart city projects of developing countries such as China, Philippine, and countries of the Middle East are carried out as national projects and the IFEZ is working to attract exports and to invite companies into the area. v) The city attempts in holding various international events and making mid-long term master plans to create cutting-edge clusters and international events. The Songdo Knowledge and Information Industrial Complex contains world class level RFID/USN facilities and provide high quality services based on sharing. Through this, the city is forming the basis for establishing a cluster network of the RFID/USN industry, including inviting core corporations, accumulating support facilities etc. The U-City International Conference that has been held since 2008, provides the future direction of future cities, city regeneration models, and shares the vision of a happy future technology city. By hosting international meeting related to U-IT and carrying out Songdo tours, the IFEZ is appraised as having established its status as a 'Global Leading U-City'. The city has also been hosting the Incheon Digital Art Festival(Indaf) every year since September 2009. This event is planned to be developed into a world-wide culture content business that integrates cutting-edge technology, cultural and artistic factors that are applied to the U-City model. Songdo U-City can be divided into public services and private services. Public service sectors are designed to provide 24 services in 6 categories including traffic, crime prevention, facility management, disaster prevention, environment, and providing information to citizens. Private service sectors are to provide services relating to home, store, learning, money, health, and car. Environmentally friendly services are to be provided as specialized services by utilizing U-IT such as RFID/USN. The services include U-Bike, U-Street, U-Foreigner Support Mobile Service etc. Sondgo U-City collects 24-hours real-time data from on-site equipment such as CCTV, various sensor devices, traffic detectors. Systems in Songdo are being built so that the collected data is stored at the data base through the integrated platform and analyzed by application services and big data analysis to provide citizens with useful services.
U-IT technology based on wire-wireless communication infrastructure is applied to existing traffic components such as roads, traffic facilities, vehicles, to enhance the efficiency of traffic infrastructure, and to increase the safety and convenience of users. In order to maximize the convenience of using public buses, bus arrival information is provided at bus stops along with subway information of nearby stations. The information is not only provided in Korean but also in various languages for foreigners to use. The CCTVs installed at bus stops not only monitor in real-time possible facility problems that may arise, but also check for unexpected situations that may arise nearby. If a citizen presses the alarm bell in such emergency, it is immediately connected to the operator at the center. During the night time automatic power-saving functions operate by using movement detection sensors that turn on the system when someone approaches and turn off when no one is there.
In case for illegally parked vehicle, the driver is informed through announcements or SNS and guided to other public parking where spaces are available. If the driver refuses to follow directions, then illegal parking control is enforced. During the night time surveillance cameras used for controlling illegal parking are used as crime prevention CCTVs to monitor crimes. The upgraded version of the COSMOS (Cycle Offset Split Model of Seoul) system is applied to the Songdo traffic signal control system. During the peak hours, Time Based Control (TBC) is implemented where all signal indications are operated as regular signals. During non-peak hours, Traffic Response Control (TRC) is implemented where detectors at left turn lanes detect the flow of traffic and flexibly manages signal indications by sometimes skipping left turns when there are no cars that need to turn left. Also, if urgent situations where fire trucks or 119 emergency vehicles need to pass through occur during non-peak hours, operator intervention control is implemented by using detectors at left turn lanes to allow the continuous traffic flow of emergency vehicles.
To provide citizens with a safer living environment, the IFEZ collects and integrates all footage from crime prevention, disaster prevention, environment, and traffic surveillance cameras of Songdo, Yeongjong, and Cheongna, and monitors them all together at one spot. By sharing these video footage, the sources can be used for various purposes. Cameras loaded with Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) are installed in at major intersections of Songdo International City. These cameras collect license plate number information of passing vehicles in real-time. The collected data is sorted to find wanted vehicles or vehicles of delinquent tax payers. The information is then sent to police stations, tax offices, or related organizations for swift responses. Through the image recognition function, cameras can actively monitor and detect whether the detected object(s) is in fight, has collapsed, is wandering, or is trespassing etc. If an abnormal activity is detected, it is immediately alarmed to the operator and the CCTVs near the area function together to form a net to monitor such abnormal behaviour. The location and situation are sent to police stations, 119 for immediate actions.
If a citizen shouts or screams in an urgent situation, sound sensors detect this and CCTVs nearby automatically turn their angle to show center operators images of the situation on hand. The center operator checks the situation through video footage and spreads the location and content of the emergency to related organizations for swift action.
Songdo collects information in real-time on emergencies such as disasters by connecting and integrating with external agencies such as Incheon Fire Department, National Emergency Management, and Incheon LNG production base. Information is also collected from the emergency rooms of public & private buildings and from Songdo U-City's U-Crime Prevention system. Information on natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, typhoon etc. are collected from the Incheon Fire Department and National Emergency Management. Information collected from Incheon LNG production base consist of information on emergencies within the base, explosions or fires. The U-Disaster Prevention service system collects real-time information on the level of floods, subsidence etc.
The center gathers all the information to monitor for disaster situations. At times of emergencies, the situation is broadcasted to citizens through VMSs installed on site or through web and mobile applications. At places such as parks, plazas or waterside areas, evacuation announcements are made through crime prevention speakers. Environment detecting sensors are installed at Songdo's parks, shopping areas, schools, and housing areas to measure weather and atmosphere conditions. Weather sensors measure wind direction, wind velocity, temperature & humidity. Whereas environment sensors measure the level of fine dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogenous compound, sulfur oxides, and ozone amount. Road surface detecting sensors & weather sensors are installed at main roads and Songdo bridges 1~3, to collect information on road environments that are related to traffic safety such as frozen surfaces, fogs etc. The information collected from these sensors are then reorganized as spatial-temporal information and combined with the analysis results of big data from the past, to produce predictive information that is passed onto citizens through various information delivery channels. IoT sensors are installed at houses and buildings to provide real-time information to users, of how much energy has been consumed and what measures can be taken to minimize utility bills, through mobile applications. Using smart applications, users are able to manually turn off electric devices just by touching their smartphones and control the temperature and lighting of their houses before they return to their home.
Through mobile devices citizens are provided with information regarding public administration, processes of civil affairs in order to increase the efficiency of operations, and to enhance citizen satisfaction. Citizen communication services such as mobile civil affairs administration service, customized administration service for citizens, on-site administration service etc. are provided to citizens and the system is currently being expanded. On-site facilities installed at Songdo International City have various sensors attached to them. If something goes wrong with these facilities, the center can detect conditions from afar. If irregularity is confirmed the center and ward officials work together to send maintenance workforce on-site to solve the problem and the information is recorded at the facility history management system. Also, the situation is informed to citizens while facilities are being repaired, so that is does not cause any inconvenience.
Sondgo U-City collects 24-hour real-time data from on-site equipment such as CCTV, various sensor devices, traffic detectors. The data is stored at the data base through the integrated platform and analyzed by application services and big data analysis to provide useful services to citizens. Various ubiquitous technology (BcN, USN, RFID etc.) have been adopted and applied all around the city from the city planning and development stage. The IFEZ is planning to construct a futuristic city of new concepts and prepare an innovative milestone for creating a new growth power. The city is connected by a single communication network and individual services in administration, traffic, crime prevention, disaster prevention, environment, underground utilities etc. are interconnected. Also, by providing cutting-edge services and controlling through integrated systems, the IFEZ is realizing a smart city that has the competencies to lead the world's U-City market. In Korea, city management and traffic information centers are built in city units and categorized as district centers. City unit centers are vertically linked to provincial unit centers and provincial unit centers are vertically connected to the national center which is the highest level center in Korea. In terms of hierarchy, Songdo U-City integrated operation center is under the Incheon metropolitan city center. However due to the IFEZ city's characteristics, many parts of the city will be managed independently to enhance efficiency. In other words, Songdo center directly collects information on emergencies such as disasters in real-time, by connecting and integrating with external organizations such as Incheon Fire Department, National Emergency Management, and Incheon LNG production base, without having to go through the Incheon metropolitan city center.
However, in spite of this, all the information that is linked is strictly guarded by the Korean government's designated technical information exchange standard according to type, definition, characteristic, exchange method, information provider's rank, and authorization. Information sharing and connecting is operated based on the standard node system defined by the Korean government. Depending on the characteristic of linked information, the exchange cycle can range from second unit cycles when short to 5 minute cycles when long. Of course in an emergency situation, swift response system through immediate transmission is devised. Songdo U-City system is a part of the IFEZ's integrated U-City system. The IFEZ's integrated U-City system connects and integrates the U-City systems of Songdo, Cheongna, Yeongjong/Midan, and control them as a single system. Therefore, the center system is composed of integrated platform, integrated management server, integrated web system, integrated operation storage and backup equipment. This not only reduces construction costs but also enhances control efficiency. Also, decision making is possible with only minimum working personnel, therefore significantly reducing maintenance and administration fees. Songdo U-City system forms the U-City integrated platform for U-services in traffic, crime prevention, disaster prevention, environment, facility management etc. Through this the system provides citizens with information and converged services. The IFEZ integrated U-City system forms an integrated platform for integrated U-services and manages the integrated image system and integrated web system. The center infrastructure is composed of center system infrastructure, ICT infrastructure and base facility. Figure 15 is a layout of the center H/W of Songdo & IFEZ U-City system. The center system consists of integrated platform domain, integrated image processing domain, integrated web domain, and other servers etc. U-traffic, U- crime prevention, security and operation sectors are in charge of controlling the center system in real-time.
Real-time data is collected every minute by information collecting equipment installed on- site and condition detecting sensors that are attached to various facilities. Collected information is stored at the database through integrated platform. Also, the data is interconnected with information from public institutions such as the Incheon City Traffic Information Center, Institute of Health and Environment, Korea Meteorological Administration, Police Agency etc. Through this, the completeness of the information is enhanced. The manufactured information is provided to public institutions & portal sites, and to private businesses such as advertising agencies, content offering enterprises etc. Real-time information is manufactured according to various intelligent algorithms to provide various application services. During this process, real-time information is interconnected with results of big data analysis. Manufactured data is displayed on the operator's screen and provided to citizens through integrated controls.
As we have seen in the system layout, the Songdo U-City system is a part of the IFEZ's integrated operation center. The IFEZ's integrated operation center connects and integrates the U-City systems of Songdo, Cheongna, Yeongjong/Midan, and control them in real-time.
The IFEZ integrated operation center is located on the 3rd and 4th floor of G-Tower at 175 Art center-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon city. The center is composed of mainly integrated control room, observatory, equipment room and conference room, over a total area of 1,169.5 . The center situation board consists of 85 cubes (5 rows and 17 columns) and a 250mm x 8,000mm size 3 colored LED electronic display is installed on top of the cubes to display emergency messages. The integrated control room has 22 operator seats and 24 seats for visitors to use to watch. Main equipment & S/W that are built within the IFEZ U-City integrated operation center for Songdo U-City services are as follows. Item Name Function Quantity Integrated Development Server ∙ Integrated DB, Server for integrating operations and developing services 1 Integrated Web Service Server ∙ Server for integrated web services 2 Integrated Platform Development Server ∙ Server for developing integrated platform 1 Integrated Image Storage Server ∙ Server for storing/distributing camera images 5 Integrated Image Storage Fail-over Server ∙ Server to back up when integrated image storage fails-over 5 Integrated Image Management Server ∙ Manages cameras/ Manages image storage server 2 Integrated Image Saving Storage ∙ Storage for saving images 1 SAN Switch for Integrated Image Saving Storage ∙ Connect to image saving storage 2 Virtualization Solution ∙ Image saving server virtualization solution 1 DB Access Control S/W ∙ Real-time monitoring of DB access& DB information ∙ Analysis of access trend 1 Internal Information Leak Prevention System ∙ Prevent internal information leakage through policies ∙ Function for examining protocol 1 Big data Security System ∙ Analysis of real-time conversational packet ∙ Network, application filtering 1 APT Response System ∙ Detect for malignant codes ∙ Analyze infected host's traffic 1 CCTV SSL VPN ∙ Certify based on authentication certificate 1 CCTV Water Marking System ∙ Manage for carrying out personal image information outside 1 Network Integration System ∙ Send data based on policies, communications relay function 1 Web Shell Detection Solution ∙ Real-time detection of web shell within server 1
At first the IFEZ planned to build and operate separate centers at Songdo, Yeongjong, and Cheongna. However, plans where changed to integrate the U-City center systems of the 3 districts into a single IFEZ U-City integrated operation center. Integration process occured by integrating data processing room, system integration through integration platform, and equipment integration through virtualization. By integrating the 3 systems into a single center, establishment costs were reduced to KRW 14.6 billion from KRW 20.6 billion. Roads, parks and main structures of Songdo are installed with information collecting equipment such as CCTC, sensors, and information providing equipment such as VMS, media boards. Also, wire-wireless communication equipment are installed to connect the above equipment to the center. Figure 19 shows the location of U- City facilities that are being constructed at Songdo zone1~4. RFID tags are installed at on- site facilities that require concentrated management to check and monitor conditions in real-time. RFID tags are installed at 338 traffic facilities, 117 crime prevention facilities, and 3 disaster prevention facilities Songdo is constructing a wire-wireless communication network to use as the integrated U-City network. When taking a look at current construction status, 71,085m of ABC-72C type fiber-optic cable, 67,865m of ABC-48C type fiber-optic cable, and 56,567m of ABC-4C type fiber-optic cable are installed. Also, 75,380m of DI 12/10 7way type micro duct, 25,300m of LSZH 12/10 7way type micro duct, and 10,598m of DB 12/10 2way type micro duct are installed. Transmission equipment is composed of 14 COT carrier Ethernet, 486 RT carrier Ethernet, 1 EMS carrier Ethernet and 2 optical fiber monitoring systems.
Along with wire fiber optic cable network, wireless MESH network is densely established. Broadband based networks are installed at 284 sites. What's significant is that citizens can have free access to Wi-Fi by using the AP of broadband based networks that are installed near major parks such as central park and bus stops. This makes managing facilities and providing services to citizens happen at the same time.
Songdo U-Traffic system is in charge of providing customized traffic information, intelligent management of traffic flow, and active parking guidance. Main functions include, collecting and providing public transportation information, traffic information, controlling traffic signals depending on real-time traffic flow, managing unexpected situations, guiding illegally parked vehicles and providing parking information. To achieve this, on-site equipment is connected to the center system through the U- City based network to collect and provide various information by controlling and monitoring equipment. On-site equipment is used to collect, control, and monitor the city; recognition cameras are used to detect illegally parked vehicles, CCTVs are used for monitoring emergencies, and traffic controllers are used for signal controlling. On-site equipment sends information on road traffic flow, intersection traffic flow, CCTV footage, real-time parking availability, to the center. These equipment work as two-way channel with the operation center, which sends information on signal control, facility control, automatic guidance information of illegally parked vehicles, to on- site equipment.
On-site equipment used for providing information include, not only hard field-installed devices, but various customized VMS, mobile devices and online PC. Information regarding traffic flow, public transportation, emergencies, parking, and weather are sent from the center to the field equipment. Most of the information are exchanged by connecting to external organizations such as Incheon Traffic Information Center & Incheon Transit Corporation. U-Traffic field equipment can be divided into customized type and intelligent type. Customized equipment includes 61 Bus Information Terminals (BIT) and 5 Various Message Signs (VMS). Intelligent equipment includes 432 real-time traffic signal control devices, 10 video image detectors. 11 CCTVs used for monitoring emergencies. Service Item Name Function Quantity Customized BIT • Provide bus arrival information • Information guide service 61 VMS • Provide communicative information • Provide emergency information 5 Intelligent Real time Signal Control • Remote control traffic signals & manual control • Collect information on traffic amount 432 Video Image Detector • Collect traffic information • Collect video image of vehicles 10 Emergency CCTV • Collect traffic information • Send footage of emergencies 11 Songdo U-Crime Prevention System is responsible for city safety and prevention of crime using vehicles. Main functions include collecting video image information, storage & management of monitoring footage, responding to emergency calls, active monitoring, and monitoring troubled vehicles etc. For such system, on-site equipment is connected to the center system by the U-City infrastructure network. On-site video image related equipment include, CCTV, warning lights, emergency alarms, speakers, fixed type cameras, sound detectors etc. If an event occurs, on-site equipment sends to the center image information, emergency alarm information, voice information of alarm user, equipment condition information. The center on the other hand sends to on-site equipment, warning announcements, vocal center order information, and equipment control information. The center then finds the location of the problem. Based on the information collected from cameras and sound detectors, video images and on-site sounds are analyzed according to patterns. Vehicle crime prevention facilities are installed with vehicle number recognition cameras and infrared light projectors. This equipment sent vehicle footage information, vehicle license number information, and equipment condition information to the center. The received information is them analyzed and sorted to monitor problematic vehicles. Incheon
city and Yeonsu-gu office shares safe living video images, vehicle number recognition information, and the license numbers of problematic vehicles. Information regarding on-site equipment, pictures of passing vehicles, event related information, CCTV images are shared in real- time through integrated platforms and internal center networks. If problems arise, location information is spread and images are shared for swift action. The types and installment methods of U-Crime prevention equipment differ depending on the characteristics of the area. Speed dome cameras, park type cameras, speakers, AMP, emergency bells, warning lights, and switches are installed on 15M poles for equipment installed at 18 park sites. Speed dome cameras, fixed type cameras, speakers, AMP, emergency bells, warning lights, switches, and abnormal sound detecting microphones are installed on 6M poles for equipment installed at 19 school areas and 16 shopping areas. Speed dome cameras, speakers, AMP, warning lights, abnormal sound detecting microphones, and switches are installed on 6M poles for equipment installed at 25 road sites and 8 housing areas. Center services are installed with data exporting servers, active video image monitoring server, image improvement servers and operator terminals to process on-site collection equipment.
Area Contents Quantity Park Area •15M Pole •Speed dome camera •Park type camera •Speaker, AMP, emergency alarm •Warning light, Switch 18 School Area •6M Pole •Speed dome camera •Fixed type camera •Speaker, AMP, emergency alarm •Warning light, Switch •Abnormal sound detecting microphones(9 sites) 19 Shopping Area 16 Roads •6M Pole •Speed dome camera •Speaker, AMP •Warning light,, Switch •abnormal sound detecting microphones(4sites) 25 Housing area 8 Center Composition •Data exporting server •Active video image monitoring server •Image improvement server •Operator terminals Based on center virtualization Songdo U-disaster prevention system is in charge of spreading information when disaster occurs, monitoring for land subsidence, flooding, and corresponding to fires etc. Main functions include civil defense, spreading situation information to the National Disaster Management System, monitor weak lands for subsidence/flooding, monitor using CCTVs with high magnification during fires, and corresponding to fires. Because Songdo is built upon reclaimed land, monitoring for land subsidence and flooding is important. On-site equipment are connected to the center system through the U-City infrastructure network to control, monitor equipment and collect information. Crime prevention cameras are used to correspond to fires by collecting and intelligently analyzing collected information in real-time. CCTVs installed on-site are used to monitor land subsidence and flooding by checking for important levels and using sensors to measure and record on-site levels. Administration networks, internet networks, and hot-lines are connected to external organizations such as Incheon fire department, Incheon 119, LNG production site of Korea Gas Corporation. On-site video footage, hot-line voice records, disaster situation information are shared with these organizations and civil defense, disaster warnings, NDMS situations are swiftly spread to these organizations in case of emergencies. The center operator monitors fire footage, send the situation to related organizations and provide information and guidance to citizens. Equipment that are exclusively used for U- disaster prevention are satellite dishes, subsidence and flooding sensors, water level monitoring cameras, as well as fire corresponding cameras. The satellite dish is 1.2M and receives IF signals. This is then divided into audio and data. 3 subsidence and flooding sensors are installed to examine the level and movements of grounds and measure the level of land subsidence, the safety of the ground depending on the level of water pressure etc. 3 water level monitoring cameras are installed with functions in counter light correction, Day and Night, waving image correction, OSD etc. 2 fire corresponding cameras are installed, the cameras are high magnification EM CCD cameras that can provide clear images even with little light.
Equipment Name Function Quantity Satellite Dish •Dish size : 1.2M •Receives IF signals and divided into audio and data 1 Subsidence/ Flood Sensor •Detect subsidence by monitoring movement of land levels •Detect ground safety according to water pressure levels with in grounds •Detect changes in ground levels 3 Water level Monitoring Camera •Correct counter light, Day &Night, correct waving images, realize OSD function 3 Fire Corresponding Camera •High magnification EM CCD camera •Provide clear image with only little light 2
Songdo U-Environment system is in charge of providing real-time environment information and road weather information. Main functions include collecting and providing real-time information on environment, road visibility, weather, and road condition. On-site sensor equipment is connected to the center system through the U-City infrastructure network to control, monitor equipment and collect and provide information. To collect weather information, wind velocity sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, insolation amount measuring sensors, UV ray sensors, sunshine sensors, rainfall sensors, air pressure sensors, yellow dust measurement sensors, road surface sensors, visibility sensors, visibility cameras are each installed on-site in 3 quantities. Information collected from this equipment include real-time visibility, video image of visibility, sunshine amount, wind direction and velocity, yellow dust amount, temperature and humidity, UV ray amount, air pressure, rainfall amount etc. Real-time information is collected and sent to the center.
Equipment Name Function Quantity Wind Velocity Sensor •Measure 15 samplings per second of wind direction/wind velocity using ultrasonic waves 3 Temperature/Humidity Sensor •Measure temperature & humidity in wide scope 3 Insolation Amount Measuring Sensor •Measure precise insolation amount through high sensitivity 3 UV Ray Sensor •Measure UV A, B, C in wide scope 3 Sunshine Sensor •Measure exact amount of sunshine by using rotating measuring method 3 Rainfall Sensor •Predict winter snowfall amount by using internally installed heater 3 Air Pressure Sensor •Measure exact air pressure by using capacitance method 3 Yellow Dust Measurement Sensor •Measure yellow dust (PM10) using Beta-ray 3 Road Surface Sensor •Measure water thickness by using contact method radar 3 Visibility Sensor •Observe exact visibility and fog my measuring size and velocity of particles 3 Visibility Camera •Film if visibility falls below a certain level 3 Songdo U-City provides citizens with useful daily living information through special purpose terminals made especially for IFEZ. The duplex media board not only provides citizens with information on traffic, weather, disaster, and living in real-time, but also allows for citizens to search for the information that they need. The information provided is prepared by collecting real-time data on traffic, environment, disaster prevention, and facility management through the integrated platform. The collected data is then analyzed and manufactured at the U-Integrated Operation Center and provided to citizens through media broadcast and control servers. Songdo U-City is installing 6 duplex media boards at 6 main subway stations within the Songdo district.
Item Name Function Quantity Duplex Media Board • Provide weather information, air quality index • Alarm incase of disaster & provide guidance • Administration PR & provide information on IFEZ • Provide traffic, living information & news etc. 6 The conditions of various facilities of Songdo U- City are managed in real-time. Main functions of U-facility management include integrated monitor control, data management, real-time field support, integrated management of common duct etc. Taking a closer look, duties include real-time and remote reset of facilities, management of 2D spatial data, facility location guides using RFID, maintenance support of on- site equipment including history management, and monitoring and situation notice of common duct. U-City facilities are traffic facilities, crime prevention facilities, disaster prevention facilities, environment facilities, media boards and communication facilities that connect these facilities to the center. Information on the conditions of these facilities is sent to the center and when there is a problem, the centers order remote reset information to the facilities on-site. Urban infrastructure facilities include common duct, and street lamps. Video image information and condition information are sent to the center. Facility management information is shared with Incheon City Facilities Management Corporation and Common Duct Management Offices. Information on monitoring for fires, information on CCTV intruders are shared and actions are taken.
As mentioned previously, Songdo plans to establish a U-City at zone1~4, by investing KRW 164.7 billion by 2016. Construction is currently led by Incheon U-City Corporation. Incheon Metropolitan City & the IFE are in charge of making plans and decisions regarding the U-City, whereas related technology, construction, and operation are outsourced to Incheon U-City Corporation. Incheon U-City Corporation was jointly established with Incheon city, and two private firms; KT, and CICSO, in May 2012, with capital amount of KRW 3.5 billion. Incheon U-City Corporation is established with a goal to carry out a stable, efficient, and sustainable U-City project, to ease financial burdens by raising U- City operation costs, to enhance the convenience of citizens by creating private-public synergy. Incheon U-City Corporation is a private-public cooperative corporation that is established exclusively for U-City. Shareholders are composed of Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon IT Corporation & Association. Incheon Metropolitan City has 28.6% of shares whereas the rest is divided among Incheon IT Corporation & private corporations. Main duties of the Incheon U-City Corporation include establishing U-City within the IFEZ, carrying out maintenance projects, designing ICT of private city development projects, operating by establishing & managing broad area facilities, developing & providing private U- service, and developing overseas U-City etc. Incheon U-City Corporation provides stable U- services with competitiveness, by fully utilizing the vast amount of information asset acquired from the public sector and combining this with the expertise and capital of the private sector. U- City service models are continuously developed and established through efficient integration between public and private sectors. Base on this experience, developed city models are exported overseas. Currently, the consortium of Incheon U-City Corporation and IFEZ is working on examining the validity of establishing a U-City in Columbia. This project was initiated by the IDB to support the well balanced development of rapidly expanding mid-small sized cities of Center and South America, and to minimize the problems of
these cities. Two cities under the project are Valledupar and Villavicencio. Main contents of the project include, analyzing city problems and the Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure status of the 2 new cities, analyzing U-City establishment cases of Korea, comparing the cases of Korea to the two cities of Columbia, suggesting technological solutions in building an IOCC, and training Columbia government officials to strengthen their abilities. Incheon U-City Corporation consists of 3 departments and 5 teams. 25 permanent employees and 33 contract workers work at the company as of October 2014. Table 8 shows the main duties of Incheon U-City Corporation's management support department, business sales department, and operations department. Management Support Department Business Sales Department Operations Department · Business plan, organization, management assessment duties · Finance Duties(Manage budget, risk) · Manage general affairs · Manage investment related duties · Manage purchase & contract duties · Develop domestic & international projects · Sales of public & private projects · Find partners & acquire investments · Find business models · Manage duties regarding external organizations · Establish and operated U-City · U-City related technology consulting · Manage/direct projects Songdo U-City is still currently under construction. When the on-site facilities and center system are established by the end of 2016, the entire city will be connected by a single communication network. Administration, traffic, crime prevention, disaster prevention, environment, and facility management services will be mutually integrated to share information. The future plan of Songdo U-City and IFEZ is to unify control of Sondgo, Cheongna, Yeongjong at a single location on an integrated platform. Various information collected from on-site equipment will be shared among each services. Moreover, integrated networks for external purpose, internet networks, and hot-lines will be connected to organizations such as Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon Traffic Information Center, Incheon Transit Corporation, Incheon Institute of Health and Environment, LNG production site of Korea Gas Corporation, National Emergency Management Agency, and Korea Meteorological Administration, in order to share real-time information and to take swift action if problems arise.
In terms of administrative system, Songdo International city belongs to Yeonsu-gu of Incheon Metropolitan City. However, since the IFEZ is a special city that is developed in accordance with the law regarding 'Designation & Operation of Free Economic Area', the city is guaranteed of its independence. For this reason, Songdo U-City will have an independent operation system that is different from other centers of Korea. The average centers of Korea are vertically connected to upper level centers, whereas, Songdo U-City integrated operation center is expected to have much independence in operations and decision making. This will make the daily lives of citizen's more convenient and simplify decision making procedures when problems arise thus making swift actions possible. Songdo U-City will finish establishment and development by January 2016 and go through unit and overall tests for 4 months. After all tests are finished, services will be carried out in November 2016. As seen from above, Songdo U-City is carried out according to detailed preparing, plans and construction procedures. However, several designs need to be altered before services are to be implemented. The changes that are necessary are as follows. Existing illegal parking detecting cameras only function for that single purpose. However, these cameras need to be changed to function as crime prevention cameras during the night time. In addition, environment sensors and measurement equipment are checked before installation to make sure locations do not overlap with those of Korea Meteorological Administration, and Institute of Health and Environment. Some problems as such tend to arise due to the differences in requested and required levels at the planning stage of the project and the establishing stage of the project. Technologies are rapidly developed and citizen's request levels and standards also are increasing. Also, the plans of related organizations and on-site equipment need to be clearly identified to make sure that no budgets is wasted due to duplicate installations.
The U-city project of Songdo that followed the construction of Incheon International Airport, was planned and developed as a smart city from the first step. Songdo wishes to promote its symbolic reputation as global business city, and currently, it is towards the end stage of smart city construction (began in 2008, aims for completion by the 2017). The city will continue to strive to become an iconic smart international city by establishing unique smart services such as RFID/USN, U-bike, U-street, and smart CCTV. Special attention should be drawn to the establishment of Incheon U-city Corporation. Incheon U-city Corporation holds private-public partnership (PPP) formation, where the city of Incheon holds 28.6% of the share and the rest are held by private firms. The ultimate purpose of such PPP was to create stable and efficient smart city construction, securing funding for system operation and management, forming an effective business model, and maximizing benefits for citizens. Incheon U-city Corporation is currently handling general system construction, maintenance business, as well as international consulting business for countries that wishes to create smart cities. It is important to emphasize that the success factor of Songdo had perhaps been this attempts to maximize public-private partnership. For sustainable development of the smart city projects, not only public initiatives are important, but it should be developed along with private companies and their business ideas, engaging with other parts of the society.
1. C. H. Park, D. S. Kim, Y. D. Yoon. 2015. “IFEZ, build to accelerate global competiveness intelligence U-city”. 2. U-city infra team 3. Incheon. 2015. <Law on the operation of Incheon U-city corporation> 4. Incheon. 2015. “report on the operation records of 2015 Chungra U-city operation center”. Incheon city hall 5. Department of U-city. 2015. “IFEZ U-city operation status”. Incheon city hall 6. Incheon U-city. 2015. “Songdo 1-4 district U-city facility construction mid-report”. Incheon U- city 7. Y. J. Yoon. 2015. “U-city operation center service platform technology”. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. 8. IFEZ. 2011. “U-city business in IFEZ”. Incheon Free Economic Zone. 9. IFEZ. 2015. “IFEZ current status”. Incheon Free Economic Zone 10. Incheon City hall. 2015. Internal resources. 1. Mr. Jaeho Woo, IFEZ, Incheon City
LA TOUR VIVANTE Lauréat Immeuble haut en zone urbaine comprenant logements, bureaux, équipements, centre commercial et ferme urbaine. Lieu: Quartier de l’Alma, Rennes (35) Maîtrise d’ouvrage: Ville de Rennes&Cimbéton Maîtrise d’œuvre: SOA (mandataire), Setec (BET structure) SHON: 50471m² (R+30): 130 logements, 6750m² de commerces, 8675m² de bureaux, 7000m² de serres hors-sol, une médiathèque, une crèche, parking souterrain de 475 places Qualités & Performances: Bâtiment à énergie positive, démarche HQE Mission: Concours d’idée Site web: www.lua-paris.com Concours 2005 La séparation entre ville et campagne, urbanisme et espaces naturels, lieux de consommation, de vie et de production est de plus en plus problématique pour l’aménagement du territoire. L’idée séduisante d’une ville hyper dense opposée à un paysage naturel ne va pas aujourd’hui sans la création de gigantesques espaces de productions indispensables à l’homme. Pourquoi dès lors, la production agricole ne trouverait pas sa place au cœur de l’espace urbain? La Tour Vivante vise à associer production agricole, habitat et activités dans un système unique et vertical. Ce système permettrait de redensifier la ville tout en lui apportant une plus grande autonomie vis-à-vis des plaines agricoles, réduisant du même coup les transports entre territoires urbains et extra-urbains. La superposition encore inhabituelle de ces programmes permet enfin d’envisager de nouvelles relations fonctionnelles et énergétiques entre culture agricole, espaces tertiaires, logement et commerce induisant de très fortes économies d’énergies. La Tour Vivante est conçue comme une machine écologique. La végétation fait partie du processus de gestion énergétique du bâtiment. La superposition verticale d’espaces habités et de serres automatisées permet de produire des fruits et légumes en plein centre ville. Les serres agricoles favorisent le contrôle des apports solaires, la régulation thermique  et hygrométrique du bâtiment. En hiver, la chaleur est stockée dans les éléments massifs en béton; en été, les espaces intérieurs sont rafraîchis par l’évaporation de l’eau contenue dans les végétaux. La continuité de cet espace déployé sur les 30 étages génère un effet cheminée qui entraîne naturellement le système de ventilation de la tour. SOA ARCHITECTES 44, rue Amelot 75011 PARIS www.soa-architectes.fr Pour plus d’informations : T +33 1 42 62 18 11 presse@soa-architectes.fr www.soa-architectes.fr
Linéaire intérieur de cultures Bureaux et logements ont aussi une vue sur un paysage intérieur. Plan masse 0 30 50 M N
Coupe longitudinale Est / Ouest 2 ÉOLIENNES : production électrique et pompage des eaux de récupération ÉTAGES TECHNIQUES : visite panoramique et cycle de l’eau MONTE-CHARGE : cultures hors-sol DOUBLE CAGE D’ASCENSEUR : logements et activités CIRCUIT VERTICAL : culture maraîchère hors-sol CENTRE COMMERCIAL TERRASSE VÉGÉTALISÉE ET BAIES ZÉNITHALES : poursuite de la visite des cultures hors-sol 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 BUREAUX LOGEMENTS CENTRE COMMERCIAL PARKING + 112 M 0 M -12 M 0 5 10 M Axonométrie LAMPES «À DÉCHARGE» pour éclairage nocturne EFFET CHEMINÉE CULTURE MARAÎCHÈRE HYDROPONIQUE CELLULES PHOTOVOLTAÏQUES BAIE VITRÉE FAIBLE ÉMISSIVITÉ GRILLE DE VENTILATION ET CLIMATISATION entraînée par l’effet cheminée de la zone maraîchère NOYAU CENTRAL STRUCTUREL DOUBLE PEAU EN BHP
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SERIE DE PHOTOS D’INITIATIVES DE FERMES URBAINES A TRAVERS LE MONDE (5 PHOTOS).
SERIE DE PHOTOS DE LA VILLE DE SONGDO (4 PHOTOS).
Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse LA CONFLUENCE® LYON Dossier de presse Octobre 2012
2 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse La Confluence®, un quartier durable WWF
Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse SOMMAIRE p.4 1 - HISTORIQUE p.5 2 - UNE PREMIÈRE ÉTAPE CÔTÉ SAÔNE (ZAC 1) Des espaces publics innovants et généreux Un programme de construction équilibré Nedo-Grand Lyon, une coopération unique pour un projet démonstrateur et innovant L’embellissement des rives de Saône L’attractivité économique et commerciale de la Confluence® p.15 3 - UNE DEUXIÈME PHASE CÔTÉ RHÔNE (ZAC 2) Le quartier du marché Le champ Les liens p.18 4 - MUTATIONS ET ÉCO-RÉNOVATION POUR LE QUARTIER ANCIEN L’écorénovation : pour une sobriété énergétique La reconversion des prisons Traverser Perrache p.21 5 - LYON CONFLUENCE, PREMIER QUARTIER DURABLE EN FRANCE Un partenariat tripartite Une convention signée sur 5 ans Le premier plan d’action durabilité, ses objectifs p.24 6 - INFORMER, DIALOGUER, DIFFUSER Le projet urbain en dialogue La concertation p.26 7 - ANNEXES (chiffres clés, calendrier, concepteurs, lexique)
4 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 1. HISTORIQUE Dans le prolongement de l’hypercentre, le territoire de La Confluence®, conquis sur les eaux par remblai entre 1770 et 1850, correspond à la moitié sud de la « Presqu’île de Lyon » entre la place Carnot et la pointe du confluent Rhône/ Saône. Coupé du reste de la ville par deux fleuves, une autoroute et une voie ferrée, il s’est développé sur le mode d’un faubourg industriel. La moitié des 150 hectares était occupée par des activités industrielles ou logistiques, déclinantes au cours de la 2e moitié du 20e siècle, offrant ainsi des disponibilités foncières considérables. L’autre moitié est composée d’un quartier d’habitations, autour de l’église Sainte-Blandine, qui compte aujourd’hui 7000 habitants. Les atouts de ce territoire sont nombreux : une situation centrale dans l’agglomération, un site paysager d’une grande qualité : les berges douces de la Saône, de grands paysages collinaires, 5 kilomètres de quais (aucun point n’est éloigné de l’eau de plus de 400 mètres), l’attrait unique d’un confluent puissant, un quartier habité depuis le 19ème siècle et une desserte très performante (une gare SNCF, une ligne de métro, deux lignes de tramway). L’histoire nouvelle de ce territoire démarre en 1998. Le Grand Lyon présente aux Lyonnais un premier projet signé Bohigas Melot Mosbach et décide d’engager le processus de reconquête de la presqu’île, aujourd’hui en phase de réalisation. En 1999, le Grand Lyon et la Ville de Lyon créent la Société d’Economie Mixte Lyon Confluence (devenue Société publique locale d’aménagement en 2008). Elle confiera en 2000 à l’architecte François Grether et au paysagiste Michel Desvigne, la mission de l’assister dans la mise en œuvre du projet. Les études et la concertation engagées conduiront à l’approbation, en avril 2003, d’un projet de première phase sous la forme d’une Zone d’Aménagement Concerté sur une superficie de 41 hectares, côté Saône. En 2009, la conception d’une deuxième phase, côté Rhône, est confiée aux architectes-urbanistes suisses Herzog & de Meuron ; elle sera approuvée en septembre 2010, en conseil communautaire.
5 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 2. UNE PREMIÈRE ÉTAPE CÔTÉ SAÔNE Lancée en 2003, la première phase tournée vers la Saône met d’emblée en application les grands principes du projet d’ensemble : générosité et rôle structurant des espaces publics une ville pour tous qui favorise la mixité sociale équilibre des fonctions (habitat, bureaux, commerces, loisirs...) développement durable de la ville. Cette première phase représente près de 40 % du projet global, avec un investissement global évalué à 1,2 milliard d’euros. Le programme de construction porte sur 400 000 m2 Shon (Surface hors œuvre net) équilibrés entre toutes les fonctions d’un centre-ville, sur une superficie de 41 hectares. Elle est aujourd’hui engagée à plus de 80% et sera achevée en 2016. Plusieurs secteurs sont concernés : les bords de Saône jusqu’au cours Charlemagne, la pointe du confluent et les abords de la gare de Perrache. Les nouveaux aménagements se situent dans le prolongement du quartier historique qui bénéficie ainsi de manière immédiate et directe du projet Lyon Confluence. Cette phase 1, démarrée dès la libération des premières emprises, comprend un programme particulièrement important de constructions à usage résidentiel et tertiaire, ainsi que plusieurs espaces publics majeurs (Place des Archives, Place Nautique, Place Denuzière et de nombreux espaces ouverts entre les nouveaux immeubles). 1. Des espaces publics généreux Lyon est reconnue pour la qualité de ses espaces publics. La Confluence® n’y fait pas exception, associant étroitement fleuves et constructions, notamment grâce aux promenades. Equilibrant la densité des îlots construits, les espaces publics sont exceptionnellement étendus (25 ha). Faisant écho aux collines boisées bordant la Saône, ils font entrer la nature dans la ville : ils mettent en valeur les qualités du site et structurent fortement le projet d’ensemble. Ils irriguent la ville, facilitent la déambulation et invitent les habitants à se promener en bord de Saône. La place Nautique, longée au nord par les îlots ABC
6 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Le Parc de Saône constitue l’épine dorsale du projet. Cette trame verte irriguant l’ensemble de La Confluence® s’étire le long de la rivière. Une bande principale destinée à la promenade piétonne et cycliste traverse des jardins aquatiques ; directement reliées, des ramifications plus ou moins boisées pénètrent dans la profondeur du quartier. Il se poursuit au sud par les espaces publics de l’ancien port Rambaud qui introduisent, sur 4 hectares, la nature et l’eau du nord au sud du port, et réutilisent les matériaux d’origine : l’ossature d’anciens entrepôts est transformée en pergolas géantes et pierres de taille et béton constituent une partie des revêtements, sorte de patchwork issu de la récupération des matériaux existants. Au nord, le parc se prolonge par les Rives de Saône ; sa première séquence le relie au centre-ville historique. La Place Nautique, indissociable du Parc de Saône, mesure 4 hectares dont 2 hectares de bassin, sur 340 mètres de longueur ; elle fait pénétrer la rivière dans la ville et apporte au sud de la presqu’île un espace public comparable à celui de la place Bellecour. Symbole de la reconquête des fleuves, ce grand espace, inauguré en juin 2010, crée une ouverture vers le grand paysage de la Saône. Une halte fluviale accueille les plaisanciers de passage tandis que l’essentiel du bassin est réservé aux pratiques nautiques d’initiation et exceptionnellement à de grands événements sur l’eau. Le vaporetto, navette fluviale du centre commercial Confluence, y fait également escale chaque jour, reliant le centre historique de Lyon à La Confluence®. Les 2 hectares de quais et gradins, offerts à la déambulation, descendent jusqu’au bassin et facilitent le contact direct des habitants avec l’eau. Les quais sont reliés par deux passerelles du nord au sud. La Place des Archives, et son parc de stationnement en sous sol de 648 places, à la fois espace public de quartier, parvis de la gare de Perrache et des Archives Municipales, améliore le cadre de vie du quartier d’habitation existant. En cela, elle est représentative de la logique de mise en œuvre du projet Lyon Confluence, dont chaque étape est conçue pour apporter un bénéfice direct au territoire. Elle a été inaugurée à l’automne 2010. La Place Denuzière, dans le prolongement de la rue Ravat, offrira un accès direct au théâtre de verdure du bord de Saône. Rythmée par des percées visuelles entre les immeubles, la place tout en longueur permettra une déambulation agréable faite de placettes et de végétation. Début des travaux en 2013, livraison de la première partie en 2014 et de la totalité de la place en 2015. L’esplanade François Mitterrand prolonge la place Nautique au-delà du cours Charlemagne et participe au même geste urbain. Cette place classique du quartier du marché, plantée d’arbres au nord, joue le rôle de parvis de l’hôtel de Région au sud. Le parc de Saône, juin 2012
7 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 2. Un programme de construction équilibré Extension du centre-ville, le programme de construction respecte trois grands objectifs : - Diversités des fonctions L’ensemble des fonctions de la ville trouve sa place à La Confluence®. Environ 2000 logements pour 130 000 m2, les 270 000 m2 restants sont destinés à accueillir bureaux, commerces, services, notamment sous forme d’activités installées en pied d’immeubles (150 000 m2 pour les activités tertiaires, 120 000 m2 pour les commerces, loisirs, services et hôtels). A l’image caractéristique des centres-villes, cette mixité fonctionnelle s’exerce dans chaque îlot, excluant de fait toute idée de zonage par type d’activité. Lieu de vie et de travail, mais aussi destination pour les loisirs, les commerces, la culture, le tourisme urbain, la promenade, La Confluence® est conçue comme un espace de rencontres et d’animations, multifonctionnel, au cœur de la ville. - Mixité sociale C’est un objectif fort du projet ; conformément à la volonté politique du Grand Lyon, la proportion globale du logement social (locatif et en accession) sur la première phase est de 23 %. Pour chacun des lots à construire, les promoteurs ont été invités à respecter, en fonction des clés de répartition attribuées par l’aménageur, une proportion de logements sociaux, intermédiaires, innovants et haut de gamme. Cette mixité sociale s’exerce à l’échelle de l’îlot, comme en témoignent les îlots ABC, qui accueillent 150 logements locatifs sociaux ou en accession et 47 logements en locatif intermédiaire sur les 660 logements programmés. Cet objectif est conforté pour les îlots E et F (240 logements) : ils comptent 50% de logements sociaux, en accession sociale ou intermédiaires. - Une haute qualité environnementale : premiers logements lauréats du programme européen Concerto Tous les bureaux et logements de La Confluence® répondent à des cahiers des charges très stricts en matière de haute qualité environnementale qui s’imposent aux promoteurs. L’effort porte sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments et sur le recours aux énergies renouvelables. L’énergie la moins coûteuse demeure l’énergie que l’on ne consomme pas. Les bâtiments consomment entre 30 et 90 kwh/m2, soit 3 à 10 fois moins que les bâtiments anciens (200 à 400 kwh/m2/an) et 2 à 4 fois moins que la règlementation thermique (120 kwh/m2/an). Les 660 logements et 15 000 m2 de bureaux des îlots ABC, inaugurés en octobre 2010, sont lauréats du programme européen Concerto, lequel récompense le recours massif aux énergies renouvelables et la conception bioclimatique des bâtiments. Résultat : ils fonctionnent à 80 % aux énergies renouvelables (chaufferies bois, chauffe-eau et panneaux solaires) et consomment 50 % de moins que ne l’impose la réglementation thermique. La commission européenne a alloué, via ce programme, 4 millions d’euros de subventions. L’Ademe et la Région Rhône-Alpes ont également contribué à sa réalisation (voir encadré page 8).
8 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse ZOOM SUR... LES PROGRAMMES EUROPÉENS CONCERTO ET NEXT-BUILDINGS Une démarche européenne A travers le protocole de Kyoto, l’Union européenne s’est engagée à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en diminuant la consommation d’énergies fossiles et incitant à recourir aux énergies renouvelables. En 2003, la Commission européenne lance le programme Concerto (dans le cadre du 6e programme cadre de recherche et développement). Ce programme encourage les communautés territoriales à développer des projets urbains majeurs et exemplaires en matière d’efficacité énergétique et d’emploi d’énergie renouvelable. Les bâtiments étant les plus gros consommateurs d’énergie (plus de 40 % des consommations énergétiques nationales), Concerto intervient sur les méthodes de construction, avec deux objectifs : - promouvoir l’efficacité énergétique et l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables - démontrer et diffuser les bénéfices environnementaux mais aussi économiques et sociaux qui en découlent. Concerto vise également à : - sensibiliser les habitants sur les conditions d’utilisation de ces nouveaux logements et à les préparer aux changements de comportement pour mieux maitriser leur consommation d’énergie, - encourager la formation des professionnels de la construction sur les nouvelles techniques, les conditions de maintenance et de gestion des ouvrages et équipements à haute qualité environnementale, - expérimenter des pratiques innovantes qui pourront servir de modèles pour d’autres collectivités. NEXT-Buildings Ce projet de l’Union Européenne porte sur une nouvelle génération de bâtiments performants d’un point de vue énergetique. Il s’agit à travers ce programme de construire et de tester les performances de bâtiments à très basse consommation énergétique, voire à énergie positive, qui s’appuient sur de nouvelles technologies intégrant des composantes actives. L’objectif est également de démontrer que ces solutions sont abordables et peuvent participer à terme et à grande échelle à la performance environnementale des bâtiments. Next-Buildings porte sur 3 projets pilotes en europe : Amsterdam, Helsingborg et Lyon (projet Hikari voir page 10) qui comptent parmi les projets les plus réussis du programme Concerto. Ce programme associe également des instituts de recherche prestigieux : l’école polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne et l’université de Kassel en Allemagne.
9 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 3. Nedo - Grand Lyon, une coopération unique pour un projet démonstrateur et innovant Date clé : 15 décembre 2011 Gérard Collomb en sa qualité de Président du Grand Lyon et Hideo Hato, Président de NEDO (New Energy and industrial technology Development Organization), signent une convention d’engagement pour le projet démonstrateur «Smart community» dans lequel les technologies japonaises avancées contribueront au développement durable du projet urbain Lyon Confluence d’ici à 2015. La coopération NEDO est une agence publique japonaise, équivalent de l’ADEME en France, responsable du soutien à l’innovation et à la R&D dans les nouvelles formes d’énergies et les technologies environnementales et industrielles. NEDO a ainsi identifié le Grand Lyon et le site de la Confluence comme le terrain d’expérimentation européen idéal pour la mise en œuvre d’un démonstrateur « smart community». Ce projet sera le premier démonstrateur smart-community de NEDO en Europe. Pour le Grand Lyon, ce partenariat s’inscrit dans sa démarche de maîtrise de l’énergie et dans son Plan Climat. Un projet, quatre tâches Suite à un appel à projets du NEDO, Toshiba et Toshiba Solutions ont été sélectionnés pour mener le consortium japonais chargé de la réalisation du projet de démonstration dans son ensemble. Le projet de démonstrateur, exemplaire par son ampleur et la qualité de ses innovations, repose sur 4 tâches : - La réalisation de l’îlot P comme bâtiment-modèle (Bâtiment à Energie Positive) en termes d’efficacité énergétique et d’intégration d’énergies renouvelables (voir page 10). - Le déploiement d’une flotte de véhicules électriques en auto-partage, alimentés principalement par un système photovoltaïque, pour les entreprises présentes sur le site de la Confluence. - L’installation d’energy-boxes pour assister les habitants dans la maîtrise de leur consommation énergétique. Tout particulièrement dans la Cité Perrache, HBM des années 30, inscrit dans un projet d’éco-rénovation. - La mise en place d’un CMS (Community Management System), outil de gestion et de contrôle global des données liées à la consommation énergétique de l’ensemble du projet.
10 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse UN ÎLOT DÉMONSTRATEUR POUR ACHEVER LA PLACE NAUTIQUE : L’ÎLOT P Jusqu’alors, la mesure de la consommation portait sur le chauffage, l’eau chaude sanitaire et l’électricité des parties communes. La nouvelle génération de bâtiments « intelligents » va au-delà. Elle prend en compte la consommation électrique des logements et donc les usages des habitants : compteurs intelligents (« smart meters »), qui mesurent en temps réel la production d’énergie renouvelable et la consommation, appareils électroménagers de dernière génération : technologie et gestes verts du quotidien sont les nouvelles sources d’économie d’énergie. Bâtiment à énergie positive, « Hikari* » s’appuie sur des innovations technologiques visant à trouver de nouvelles sources d’économies d’énergie. Il est d’ores et déjà soutenu par des partenaires français et internationaux : l’ADEME et le Conseil régional Rhône-Alpes, L’Union européenne avec le programme NEXT- Buildings et le NEDO (ADEME japonais). La contribution japonaise s’inscrit dans un partenariat conclu entre NEDO et le Grand Lyon pour améliorer les performances énergétiques de La Confluence®. Dans ce cadre, le NEDO met à la disposition de l’îlot P de nouvelles technologies de production d’énergie renouvelable et de maitrise de la consommation énergétique. Ces technologies sont proposées par un consortium d’entreprises japonaises aux équipes lauréates de la consultation. Hikari, réalisé par Bouygues et l’architecte Kengo Kuma, atteint la performance de 42 kWh/m2/an. Situé à l’angle de cours Charlemagne et du quai Rambaud, il est composé de trois bâtiments mixtes (logements et bureaux) pour un total de plus de 120 000 m2. * «lumière» en japonais ZOOM SUR... Vue virtuelle de l’îlot P, Hikari, depuis l’Hôtel de Région cours Charlemagne
11 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 4. L’embellissement des rives de Saône La qualité du paysage environnant est un des atouts du site. La Confluence® bénéficie de 5 km de berges, de grandes vues dégagées. Le projet s’attache à valoriser cet environnement, jusqu’à le faire pénétrer dans le territoire même. Place Nautique et parc de Saône sont autant d’espaces de contact entre la ville et la nature, entre la ville et les fleuves. L’ensemble des quais, dont le linéaire est encore étendu par la création des bassins intérieurs, est aménagé pour la promenade et l’accostage de bateaux. Après l’aménagement des berges du Rhône, les rives de Saône de l’agglomération lyonnaise sont aujourd’hui revalorisées. Du bas-port Rambaud, à partir du square Gensoul, au nord des ponts Kitchener - Marchand jusqu’au Cours Bayard, les rives seront ainsi aménagées afin de relier la Presqu’île nordà La Confluence®, à pied ou à vélo. Cinq séquences Lyon intra-muros seront aménagées et émaillées d’un projet artistique. L’enjeu est de reconquérir le bas-port Rambaud pour lui conférer un rôle majeur de trait d’union entre La Confluence®, nouvelle centralité urbaine, le parc de Saône et le centre historique de Lyon. La promenade paysagère met en valeur les qualités patrimoniales, architecturales, paysagères et historiques du site avec une exigence forte de qualité et de préservation de l’environnement. Chiffres clés Linéaire de promenades : 1,5 km Linéaire d’estacades : 220 m Acteurs L’équipe d’architectes-paysagistes retenue en avril 2011 est ADR Georges Descombes (Genève) associée au bureau d’études Cap vert. Calendrier 2010 : Présentation des grandes lignes de l’aménagement 2011 : Conduite des études pour la conception finalisée de l’aménagement 2013 : Premiers travaux d’aménagement des rives de Saône 2014 : Livraison de la partie sud de la promenade Ambiance des rives de Saône après les aménagements
12 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 5. L’attractivité économique et commerciale de La Confluence® Le 21e siècle signe le retour des entreprises en centre-ville. La Confluence® offre dans un même espace un cadre de vie, de travail et de loisirs. La programmation de la première phase prévoit 150 000 m2 de bureaux, la seconde 229 000m2. Parfaitement desservi, le territoire dispose de nombreux atouts pour le développement d’une activité économique en centre-ville. 6 000 personnes travaillaient sur le site avant la réalisation des premiers bureaux. Depuis le lancement du projet, 6 000 emplois supplémentaires ont été créés ou délocalisés à La Confluence®. A terme, le territoire accueillera 25 000 emplois. Cœur créatif de la métropole, extension du centre ville historique, La Confluence® se positionne comme un espace d’exception au service de l’innovation, économique, sociétale et environnementale. Lieu de gouvernance Quittant Charbonnières, en périphérie lyonnaise, le Conseil Régional Rhône- Alpes (1 400 agents) s’est installé à La Confluence®. Les 44 000 m2 de l’édifice largement ouvert sur le cours Charlemagne ont été conçus par l’Atelier de Portzamparc. Les institutions satellites de la Région (le Comité Régional de Tourisme, le Pôle Rhône-Alpes de l’Orientation, la Transalpine, l’association internationale des régions francophones, l’association Rhône-Alpes pour l’orientation et la promotion des métiers...) sont également regroupées dans le quartier. La Chambre Régionale de Commerce et d’Industrie de Rhône-Alpes a choisi les quais du Rhône (quai Perrache) et la Banque de France, la proximité avec le quartier de Sainte-Blandine : elle s’installe début 2013 dans l’immeuble neuf Le Bayard. Un déménagement qui confirme - et renforce - la centralité du quartier, la situation au cœur de la ville dans un environnement mixte étant un critère essentiel pour les implantations de cet organisme bicentenaire. Le Musée des Confluences construit par le Département du Rhône et conçu par l’agence autrichienne Coop Himmelblau, est en chantier à la pointe sud de la presqu’île. Dédié aux «Sciences et Sociétés », il traitera des grands enjeux scientifiques, éthiques et sociaux, comme les origines de l’univers, le vivant et la place de l’humain, ou encore les inventions, les créations, les technologies. Arrêt Montrochet pour le tram T1, devant l’hôtel de région Rhône-Alpes
13 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Lieu de communication et d’information Avec Le Progrès (presse quotidienne régionale), des agences de communication et galeries d’art (Les Douanes), Espace Group (groupe privé de radios), GL Events en 2012, et l’arrivée du siège de la chaîne internationale d’information Euronews en 2013, les «docks» de l’ancien Port Rambaud reconvertis sont devenus un pôle de média, culture et communication de premier plan. Les entreprises implantent leurs directions régionales La Confluence® accueille aussi des sièges régionaux d’entreprises : des services de la SNCF sont installés depuis 2008 place des Archives, Eiffage a regroupé l’ensemble des filiales du groupe au sud du pôle de loisirs (2009), et le siège régional de GDF SUEZ a emménagé en 2010 dans le Monolithe au bord de la place Nautique. Le bâtiment des Salins du midi, reconverti par les architectes Jakob et Mac Farlane, compte près de 5000 m2 de bureaux, dont le groupe Cardinal. Lieu de commerces Si l’essentiel des commerces de la première phase porte sur le pôle de commerces et de loisirs, la programmation des pieds d’immeubles prévoit l’installation de commerces et activités, particulièrement emblématiques pour les îlots ABC donnant sur la place Nautique. Le cube orange dessiné par les architectes Jakob et Mac Farlane, siège du groupe Cardinal
14 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Conçu par UNIBAIL-RODAMCO (architecte Jean-Paul Viguier), «Confluence» propose une nouvelle vision du commerce à l’image du projet architectural : l’ensemble est organisé dans 7 pavillons en bois, autour d’une rue à l’air libre, sous une toiture en gonflable (polyéthylène EFTE) portée par de fins poteaux en inox. 60 boutiques, 15 surfaces moyennes, 18 restaurants avec terrasses panoramiques, un cinéma UGC Ciné Cité de 14 salles et 3 480 fauteuils, des équipements de loisirs urbains - salles de sport, mur d’escalade, spa, un grand espace dédié aux jeux et aux jouets porté par le Ludopole… Ce nouveau lieu « dedans /dehors » ouvert le 4 avril 2012 prolonge naturellement la promenade au bord de la place Nautique. Un parking de 1 500 places et un hôtel **** de 150 chambres (Novotel) complètent la programmation. Chiffres clés 2,2 millions de visiteurs pour les 12 premières semaines une moyenne de 20 000 visiteurs par jour en semaine 33 000 le samedi, 8000 le dimanche 30 % de part modale automobile, 55 % en transports publics, 4 % en navette fluviale ZOOM SUR... UN PÔLE DE LOISIRS ET DE COMMERCES SUR LE QUAI SUD DE LA PLACE NAUTIQUE «C’est le temps des cerises à La Confluence», juin 2012
15 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Dernière pièce du puzzle, le territoire libéré en 2009 par le départ du Marché d’Intérêt National offre de nouvelles perspectives pour poursuivre le chantier d’extension du centre-ville de Lyon. Sur 35 hectares, cette deuxième étape est appelée à réaliser un nouveau pan de l’hypercentre, abritant logements, bureaux, commerces, espaces et équipements publics. Volontairement dense (420 000 m2 projetés), ce territoire impose aux concepteurs une réflexion sur sa morphologie. Laquelle s’adapte aux exigences du développement durable : ensoleillement, confort de vue, végétalisation, énergies renouvelables, ville «marchable ». Les principes d’aménagement urbain La proposition de l’équipe d’architectes-urbanistes suisses Herzog & de Meuron associée au paysagiste Michel Desvigne, s’est appuyée sur une étude phénoménologique du lieu et de son histoire. Respectueuse de l’identité de Lyon et de l’histoire industrielle et logistique de La Confluence®, elle renouvelle la ville sur elle-même. Le concept développé présente deux parties aux caractéristiques urbaines distinctes : le « quartier du marché » prolonge le tissu urbain lyonnais dense dans la dernière zone non développée du centre-ville le « champ », à prédominance verte, complète le noyau de la ville à la pointe sud de la presqu’île, entre Rhône et Saône. Enfin, les liens sont constitués de ponts et passerelles pour relier le quartier au reste de la ville. 1. Le quartier du marché, la ville dense La proposition dessine une nouvelle forme de ville, variée, ouverte, surprenante. Ici, pas de standard de hauteur ; certains bâtiments s’élèvent pour offrir aux futurs habitants des vues inédites sur leur ville et l’environnement. D’autres, plus bas, offrent intimité et douceur. Les îlots urbains aux typologies variées, destinés à accueillir logements et bureaux, occupent en grande partie l’emprise de l’ancien marché de gros. 30% des anciennes halles du marché sont conservées, contribuant ainsi, avec leur caractère industriel, à l’identité du nouveau quartier et à l’installation d’équipements et d’activités adaptés, comme un groupe scolaire ou des équipements sportifs. Les nouveaux bâtiments présentent un choix important de typologies : des structures basses correspondent à l’échelle des halles existantes (R+2), des constructions de hauteur intermédiaire s’inscrivent dans la continuité de la ville historique (R+5 à 7) ; enfin, des immeubles plus hauts offrent des vues panoramiques et libèrent de l’espace au sol (R+ 9 à 16). Au sud du quartier du marché, l’implantation de la Maison de la danse nouvelle génération est à l’étude. Des cours jardinées : espaces ouverts au caractère intime, ils sont interconnectés par des cheminements piétons à travers tout le quartier. Une forte présence végétale est assurée par des bosquets d’arbres d’espèce noble - chênes et frênes - qui laissent passer la lumière. 3. UNE DEUXIÈME PHASE CÔTÉ RHÔNE
16 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 2. Le champ La pointe sud de La Confluence® constitue un espace singulier dans la géographie lyonnaise. Sur le plan paysager, le « champ » s’assimile à un grand espace vert dans lequel viennent s’insérer des bâtiments de faible hauteur. Le projet s’inspire de la situation historique du site avant le remblaiement, où les bras du Rhône et de la Saône s’enchevêtraient. Ce paysage de méandres implique à la fois un réseau hydraulique et une structure végétale. Le projet propose de conserver et de rénover des entrepôts existants ; leur reconversion permettra d’installer des activités rapidement. Un ensemble de bâtiments de hauteur variable (R+2 à R+7) pourront accueillir des résidences pour chercheurs et des activités économiques. Enfin, deux tours à usage mixte sont proposées par les concepteurs. Finement proportionnées, leur implantation marque la fin de l’axe principal de la ville (cours Charlemagne, rue Victor Hugo, rue de la République...) et la porte d’entrée sud de Lyon. 3. Les liens Nouveaux ponts, nouvelles rues et nouveaux itinéraires piétons : ces liens facilitent l’accès à La Confluence® et relient le projet au reste de la ville. Ce thème de travail prend en compte la question centrale des accès et des déplacements. La traduction urbaine résulte d’une analyse du territoire, des flux, des besoins projetés, d’une réflexion sur l’ambiance urbaine, de la place de la voiture dans la ville, des attentes des habitants largement exprimées dans la période de concertation... Deux ponts et passerelles sont aujourd’hui prévus : une passerelle «modes doux », au sud du pont Pasteur, prolonge la ligne 1 du tramway pour la relier au métro (Ligne B, station Debourg, livraison fin 2013) à Gerland, quartier voisin, à l’est du Rhône, où sont implantées de grandes entreprises dans le secteur pharmaceutique et des établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche (Ecole normale supérieure..) ; un pont interquartiers dit «pont des Girondins» destiné à relier le quartier du marché à Gerland. Ambiance dans le futur quartier du marché
17 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse La transversale : le quartier et le champ se rejoignent le long d’un nouveau boulevard qui se prolonge par deux passerelles, l’une traversant le Rhône, l’autre la Saône. Ce boulevard et ces passerelles constituent ensemble un nouveau passage d’est en ouest reliant les quatre rives en enjambant le fleuve et la rivière. Un ponton piéton sur le Rhône, accessible depuis les passerelles, est destiné à offrir un premier accès au fleuve. L’autoroute A7 : l’axe autoroutier longe le territoire de la deuxième phase. La réalisation projetée du tronçon ouest du périphérique (TOP) conduira à transformer à terme l’autoroute en boulevard urbain connectant le quartier au centre historique de Lyon. Ce dernier scénario, étudié par les concepteurs, vise à terme à renouer avec la façade du Rhône. Lancement opérationnel en 2012 Démolition de 70 % des halles, dépollution des anciennes stations service, réalisation des premières rues prolongées, choix des équipes de maitrise d’œuvre pour les espaces publics, lancement des premières consultations de promoteurs : la 2e phase est entrée en phase opérationnelle, avec la désignation fin 2012 des équipes qui réaliseront le premier grand îlot, à l’angle du cours Charlemagne et de la rue Casimir Perier. L’îlot A3 est composé de 8 bâtiments de hauteur variée (R+2 à R+16), pour un total de 28 200 m2. Il inclut la rénovation de l’ancienne halle aux fleurs destinée à accueillir des équipements sportifs. Un passage public traverse le cœur de l’îlot, très végétalisé. Parallèlement, le plan local d’urbanisme a été modifié (zone UAC) et le programme des équipements publics défini ; il intègre un groupe scolaire, une crèche, des équipements sportifs, la Maison de la danse 2e génération et deux parkings mutualisés sur le quai Perrache. La transversale piétonne, enjambant Rhône et Saône
18 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Avec 7 000 habitants et plus de 6 000 emplois, le quartier «ancien » de Perrache-Sainte-Blandine, construit au 19e et au 20e siècle, est en pleine mutation. Depuis le début des années 2000, il a ainsi connu la reconversion d’un ancien centre de tri postal en archives municipales, la création de la place des archives, et accueille progressivement nouveaux bureaux, logements et commerces. Le transfert des prisons en périphérie lyonnaise en mai 2009 a également offert de nouvelles perspectives urbaines à un quartier irrigué par le tramway et desservi par la gare TGV et TER de Perrache. 1. L’éco-rénovation : pour une sobriété énergétique Élaboré avec l’ensemble des acteurs du territoire, le Plan Climat du Grand Lyon vise à lutter contre l’augmentation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES), et améliorer ainsi le bilan carbone de l’agglomération. Dès 2005, Le Grand Lyon s’est fixé des objectifs en la matière, en adéquation avec ceux poursuivis par l’Europe : moins 20 % d’émissions de GES d’ici 2020 et une division par 4 de celles-ci à l’horizon 2050. Il s’agit d’identifier les provenances des gaz à effet de serre, les consommations d’énergie et le potentiel de développement des énergies renouvelables pour définir les pistes d’actions par secteur. L’un des engagements prioritaires est l’habitat. Il est la cause de 17 % des émissions de CO2 . Celles-ci proviennent essentiellement de la combustion des énergies fossiles (fioul, gaz...) pour le chauffage. Le chauffage représentant plus de 90 % des émissions du secteur résidentiel (source COPARLY 2006). Les bâtiments d’avant 1980 consomment en moyenne entre 200 et 400 KWh/ m2/an. Les efforts de la collectivité se concentrent donc principalement sur les bâtiments existants où les enjeux sont considérables en termes de performance énergétique et dans lesquels les possibilités d’amélioration trouvent d’autant plus d’impact économique. Cela signifie par exemple d’isoler les murs et les parois vitrées, de limiter les déperditions (les ponts thermiques), etc. Le quartier Sainte-Blandine s’inscrit dans cette démarche volontariste de réhabilitation du parc existant. Une étude conduite en 2010 par les bureaux Urbanis/Tribu/Hespul a permis d’opérer des choix techniques (l’isolation thermique par l’extérieur), des faisabilités administratives et financières, s’appuyant sur trois sources de financement (ou mesures fiscales) : le propriétaire, l’Etat (mesures fiscales) et les collectivités (dans le cadre du plan climat). Sur les 4 500 logements du quartier, 1 logement sur 2 a été construit avant 1948. Logements HLM, locaux tertiaires, logements privés : 2 000 équivalents logements sont concernés. L’objectif principal de cette éco-rénovation est de réduire la consommation énergétique des bâtiments du quartier et d’atteindre les 50 KWh/m2/an, en s’appuyant sur l’isolation thermique par l’extérieur. Deux opérations pilote sont en cours sur la cité Perrache (construction des années 1930, 275 logements, gérés par Grand Lyon Habitat) et sur un bâtiment de bureaux, (le Milky Way, Cours Suchet), représentatives du quartier. 4. MUTATIONS ET ÉCO-RÉNOVATION POUR LE QUARTIER ANCIEN
19 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 2. Les prisons : un pôle de connaissances en devenir Au pied de la gare et à proximité du Rhône, les prisons Saint-Joseph et Saint-Paul occupent une situation privilégiée. Construites au XIXe siècle sous la direction des architectes Louis-Pierre Baltard (pour la prison Saint- Jospeh ouverte en 1830) et Antonin Louvier (pour la prison Saint-Paul ouverte en 1860), les prisons ont accueilli des détenus jusqu’en mai 2009. Après leur désaffectation, l’Etat, leur propriétaire, a lancé un appel d’offres pour leur reconversion, souhaitant que leur emplacement dans le quartier de La Confluence®, suscite des projets exemplaires, tant sur le plan architectural qu’environnemental. La Commission chargée d’examiner les projets a retenu celui de « La Vie grande ouverte », un groupement formé de SOFADE et de sa filiale OGIC, auquel différents acteurs ont apporté leur contribution : en premier lieu, l’Université Catholique de Lyon, Habitat et Humanisme, l’Opac du Rhône, les architectes Garbit et Blondeau et le studio Ory, l’urbaniste conseil Thierry Roche et l’architecte en chef des monuments historiques, Frédéric Didier, architecte conseil. Le projet l’a emporté notamment pour l’attention portée au respect du patrimoine. Tous les panoptiques de la prison Saint-Paul seront conservés, de même que l’essentiel des bâtiments caractéristiques de l’architecture carcérale du XIXe siècle. Les architectes ont opté pour l’ouverture des îlots sur la ville depuis la place des Archives jusqu’au quai Perrache, via une rue traversante recouverte en partie par une verrière. L’Université Catholique de Lyon, des logements en accession, des logements sociaux locatifs, des chambres pour étudiants, des bureaux et des commerces de proximité prendront place dans ces nouveaux bâtiments en 2015. Début des travaux en septembre 2012. Ambiance devant l’Université Cathlolique de Lyon, place des Archives
20 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 3. Traverser Perrache Entre la place Carnot et la place des Archives, piétons et cyclistes ont des difficultés à se frayer un chemin et à accéder aux transports en commun de ce pôle multimodal (TGV et TER, métro, tramways, bus). Le projet conduit par l’urbaniste Gérard Penot (atelier Ruelle) invite à faciliter les liens, redonner de la qualité au franchissement de « Perrache » et apporter de la continuité aux espaces publics. Toutes les parties prenantes (RFF, SNCF, Grand Lyon, SYTRAL, Région Rhône-Alpes) sont aujourd’hui coordonnées par la SPLA Lyon Confluence pour définir le schéma d’ensemble et les travaux à engager à l’horizon 2015. « Le centre d’échanges est là pour encore des années. Notre idée est de l’ajourer, de le creuser. Toutes les trémies et tous les murs ne sont pas fonctionnels, loin de là. » Gérard Penot Traverser Perrache, ou comment passer de la place des Archives à la place Carnot plus aisément ?
21 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 1. Un partenariat tripartite WWF-France souhaitait accompagner le développement d’un quartier durable en France, alliant réduction de l’empreinte écologique et excellente qualité de vie. Un pré-requis : le quartier ne devait pas être qu’une vitrine mais s’inscrire dans un projet global du territoire. Le Grand Lyon s’est engagé depuis plusieurs années dans un projet d’aménagement et de développement durable : agenda 21 adopté en 2005, référentiel habitat durable, très bonne desserte en transports en commun et pistes cyclables, planification pilote à travers le Schéma de Cohérence Territorial, valorisation et protection de la nature en ville, accompagnement des plans de déplacement des entreprises, etc. Dans le prolongement de cet engagement, le Grand Lyon et la Société Publique Locale d’Aménagement (SPLA) ont souhaité que le projet de régénération urbaine de Lyon Confluence, un des plus importants de l’agglomération mais aussi d’Europe, réponde au double enjeu de la qualité de vie et de la réduction de l’empreinte écologique. Après une phase de diagnostic (2009), cette envie commune s’est concrétisée par un partenariat innovant entre l’agglomération, l’aménageur et l’ONG. La démarche «quartiers durables WWF» concerne l’ensemble du projet Lyon Confluence : la phase 1 du projet lancé en 2003, la phase 2 en cours de conception et le quartier de Sainte Blandine. Pour la phase 1, pour laquelle les bâtiments sont déjà en partie livrés, les actions se focalisent sur l’animation de la réduction de l’empreinte écologique de la vie du quartier. 2. Une convention signée sur 5 ans Avec la signature d’une convention sur cinq ans, le Grand Lyon et la SPLA Lyon Confluence s’engagent auprès du WWF-France à élaborer et à mettre en œuvre un Plan d’action durabilité (PAD), pilote sur le projet Lyon Confluence. Le rôle du WWF-France est de challenger ses partenaires au regard de l’urgence des enjeux environnementaux, en co-élaborant et en validant le PAD, en participant à la sensibilisation des acteurs, mais aussi en disséminant les bonnes pratiques. Des contacts avec les autres quartiers durables WWF permettront des échanges d’expérience fructueux. La durée du partenariat s’adapte à celle du projet et porte sur cinq ans renouvelables. Les performances du quartier au regard des 10 objectifs de durabilité sont évaluées annuellement. Ce suivi sera complété par : - un audit indépendant par un bureau d’études tiers, des actions de durabilité mises en œuvre, - une analyse de l’empreinte écologique du projet Lyon Confluence. 5. LYON CONFLUENCE, PREMIER QUARTIER DURABLE WWF EN FRANCE
22 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 3. Le premier plan d’action durabilité : les objectifs de durabilité WWF du quartier La Confluence® La démarche «quartiers durables WWF» repose sur un Plan d’action de durabilité (PAD) structuré autour des 10 principes et objectifs internationaux One Planet Living. Un premier Plan d’action de durabilité est développé avec l’ensemble des partenaires du projet, sur la base d’une analyse du WWF du projet Lyon Confluence. Zéro carbone, la grande ambition Avec 1 million de m2 d’espaces construits répondant à des exigences environnementales élevées, le déploiement d’un réseau de chaleur, l’éco- rénovation du quartier ancien et la sensibilisation des habitants, les bâtiments du territoire n’émettront au quotidien pas plus de gaz à effet de serre supplémentaires en 2020 qu’en 2000. Zéro déchets Une étude est engagée pour favoriser la réduction et la valorisation des déchets ménagers, en particulier par la mise en place de compost urbain. Mobilité durable La Confluence® concentre tous les efforts pour faciliter les modes de transport alternatifs : un tramway relie le territoire à La Part-Dieu et à Gerland en 2014, un plan de déplacement inter-entreprises déployé à grande échelle, le covoiturage renforcé, des parcours cyclables confortés, des navettes fluviales privées, une organisation du stationnement innovante et mutualisée entre habitants, salariés et visiteurs. La proximité des commerces et des équipements publics encourage la déambulation piétonne. Matériaux locaux et durables Les cahiers des charges destinés aux promoteurs-constructeurs intègrent progressivement des recommandations environnementales privilégiant l’utilisation de matériaux locaux, sains et recyclables. Ils demandent aux maîtres d’ouvrage de calculer le bilan carbone des matériaux utilisés. Alimentation locale et durable Un réseau d’acteurs et d’associations locales incite les habitants à opter pour une alimentation durable : citons les AMAP et producteurs locaux, une association pour des jardins partagés… En rendant accessibles et conviviales l’information et la consommation de produits locaux et de saison, les circuits courts deviennent une alternative crédible à l’échelle d’un quartier.
23 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Gestion durable de l’eau Les espaces publics sont conçus pour permettre la rétention des eaux de pluie, utilisées ensuite pour l’arrosage des espaces verts. Les réseaux séparatifs deviennent la norme : les eaux usées sont transportées jusqu’à la station d’épuration de Pierre-Bénite, au sud de l’agglomération, tandis que le trop-plein des eaux de pluie est rendu au milieu naturel, la Saône, après avoir cheminé dans des noues*. Habitat naturel et biodiversité La transformation des friches industrielles en centre-ville prolongé s’est fondée sur des choix ambitieux : 60 % des espaces en contact avec la Saône ont été reconvertis en parcs, jardins aquatiques et en une grande place réalisée autour d’un bassin naturel relié à la rivière. L’ensemble constitue un biotope propice au retour de la biodiversité. Il est suivi à la loupe par les associations environnementalistes et constitue un «observatoire» de la biodiversité en ville. Culture et patrimoine local A La Confluence®, la culture urbaine a été marquée par l’activité industrielle, logistique et portuaire. La mutation récente de ce territoire intègre des bâtiments industriels du siècle dernier : centre de tri postal transformé en archives municipales, bâtiments de stockage du port Rambaud reconvertis en restaurants, bureaux et lieux d’exposition culturelle... Demain, une partie des anciennes halles sera intégrée au «quartier du marché »pour accueillir des activités artisanales, commerciales et culturelles. Les prisons érigées au 19e siècle vont connaitre une nouvelle vie, en accueillant l’Université catholique de Lyon et des logements étudiants et sociaux. Equité et développement économique Des logements pour toutes les bourses, de l’emploi, des commerces, des équipements : la Confluence est conçue comme un quartier de centre-ville où la mixité, sociale et fonctionnelle, est la norme. La redensification du centre -ville s’accompagne d’une volonté de faire de La Confluence® un cœur créatif, source d’activités économiques et d’innovation. Qualité de vie et bien-être La conception du quartier et l’orientation des bâtiments respectent l’ensoleillement de l’ensemble des logements. L’apport solaire constitue un double gain : bien-être et économies de chauffage. Les cœurs d’îlot, en pleine terre et plantés d’arbres apportent ombre et fraicheur pendant l’été. Le jardin partagé, au coeur des îlots ABC
24 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 6. INFORMER, DIALOGUER, DIFFUSER 1. Le projet urbain en dialogue La concertation est inscrite dans le processus d’aménagement depuis le début du projet urbain pour assurer le lien entre les publics experts, les élus et les habitants Des chargés de concertation formés à l’école de l’aménagement urbain (géographes, économistes en Master à l’institut d’urbanisme) reçoivent le public et expliquent les partis pris urbains et paysagers à partir de maquettes et de panneaux explicatifs. Ouverture d’un lieu dédié à l’information et la concertation Le tournant est donné en 2006 avec l’ouverture de la Maison de la Confluence, destinée à accueillir un public plus nombreux dans une phase de démarrage des chantiers de grande ampleur et de commercialisation. Dans ce lieu s’installent des expositions, un lieu de projection et se tiennent les ateliers de concertation et tables rondes professionnelles. La maison ouvre ses portes le samedi après-midi et parfois même le dimanche. Résultat, 5 ans après : en 2011, la Maison de la Confluence a reçu 13 000 visiteurs dont 253 délégations qui représentent environ 50% de l’ensemble des personnes accueillies, l’autre moitié est constituée de visiteurs individuels. Ces visiteurs individuels sont des habitants de l’agglomération, des habitants du quartier ancien et de plus en plus des nouveaux habitants ou salariés. Ce lieu d’échange permet non seulement d’informer sur le projet mais aussi d’écouter le grand public et de faire remonter les observations/ questionnements en interne auprès de la Direction et des chefs de projets. La Maison de la Confluence est également un lieu de découverte et d’explications sur la ville durable. Ainsi, elle accueille des formations « gestes verts » dispensés par l’Agence Locale de l’Energie pour les nouveaux habitants et tous les jeudis une AMAP pour une distribution de paniers maraichers locaux ou des conférences sur la biodiversité à La Confluence. 2. La concertation La concertation préalable à la 2e phase d’aménagement Entre 2007 et 2009, une longue période de concertation a été menée en vue de la création d’une deuxième phase d’aménagement. Cette concertation approfondie s’est appuyée sur un dispositif interactif intitulé « Ma ville demain ». Le débat a été riche et constructif : il a fait participer un grand nombre d’habitants et d’acteurs métropolitains et donné lieu à plus de 3000 contributions écrites et autant de commentaires sur le site dédié : www.laconfluenceonendiscute.fr
25 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Création du comité de suivi participatif Pendant la phase d’élaboration des grandes lignes de la 2e phase, un dispositif d’accompagnement permanent s’installe en juillet 2009 : le comité de suivi participatif. Présidé par le vice-président du Grand Lyon en charge de la démocratie participative, sa composition reflète la participation active d’acteurs riverains et métropolitains et la composition spécifique du quartier. Il regroupe 30 personnes : élus, associations de riverains, acteurs institutionnels, représentants des utilisateurs du site… Son rôle n’est pas d’assumer la concertation mais de réfléchir aux sujets sur lesquels il est opportun de concerter. Il se réunit trois fois par an. Une concertation au quotidien Aujourd’hui, la phase de concertation réglementaire est terminée. Le bilan de la concertation a été adopté en conseil de communauté urbaine en juin 2010. La SPLA Lyon Confluence est dotée d’une solide culture de la concertation et il lui parait essentiel de faire dialoguer les « fabricants de la ville » et les « usagers du quotidien ». Elle appuie son action sur dix ans de relations de travail et de confiance avec les habitants, riverains, commerçants, associations métropolitaines et acteurs de la société civile. Le processus actif et continu de concertation répond à deux objectifs : - rendre le projet accessible et transparent - accueillir et accompagner les nouveaux habitants et usagers, en relation étroite avec les riverains installés, vers la pratique des gestes verts. Les sujets de concertation sont variés et portent aussi bien sur l’aménagement d’un espace public que sur la réhabilitation d’un bâtiment ancien ou sur la présence d’équipements publics. Concerter pour sensibiliser : premier quartier durable WWF La concertation s’adresse également aux nouveaux habitants et usagers du site, tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne les « gestes verts » : Lyon Confluence, signataire d’une convention avec le WWF- France, s’est engagée dans un plan d’action durabilité qui porte aussi sur le comportement des habitants vis-à- vis de leurs logements, des modes de déplacements ou de leurs habitudes alimentaires. Lyon Confluence est également l’initiateur d’événements fédérateurs autour de la thématique de la ville durable, permettant de franchir les limites du territoire de la Confluence, d’intéresser le public lyonnais et de conforter le positionnement de Lyon Confluence à la pointe du développement durable et de la qualité de vie en centre-ville. La tenue de forums, du Temps des cerises en juin va dans ce sens.
26 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Territoire du projet 150 ha Foncier mutable 70 ha ZAC 1re phase 41 ha Lancée en 2003 Constructibilité : 400 000 m2 En 2012 : 300 000 m2 livrés Logements : 140 000 m2 soit 1 900 logements / 4000 habitants En 2012 : 1 000 logements livrés / 2 500 habitants Activités (bureaux) : 150 000 m2 ShON, soit 7 500 emplois Commerces : 77 000 m2 Equipements publics : 31 500 m2 Part des espaces publics phase 1 (incluant les voiries) : 22,5 ha (35 dans le projet global) Part des espaces verts phase 1 : 17 ha (25 à 30 dans le projet global) ZAC 2e phase 35 ha Lancée en septembre 2010 Constructibilité : 400 000 m2 Programmation : logements (138 500 m2), bureaux et activités (229 000 m2), commerces (17 000 m2) et équipements publics (35 600 m2). 25 % de logements sociaux (PLUS et PLAI), 15 % de logements intermédiaires (PLS et accession sociale à la propriété), 10 % de logements à prix maîtrisés, 50 % de logements libres. Quartier Sainte-Blandine 600 000 m2 (actuellement) Logements : 350 000 m2, soit 7500 habitants Activités : 200 000 m2 soit 6000 emplois. Constructibilité nouvelle (mutations) : 130 000 m2 Logements : 45 000 m2, soit 1000 habitants Activités : 75 000 m2, soit 2500 emplois Constructibilité globale du territoire 1 million m2 supplémentaires 25 000 emplois à terme 16 000 habitants à terme 1,165 milliard € d’investissements pour la phase 1 Investissements privés : 680 millions € Investissements publics : 485 millions € .Grand Lyon : 153 millions € .Ville de Lyon : 25 millions € .SYTRAL : 37 millions € .Conseil général (Musée) : 150 millions € .Conseil régional : 150 millions € Production d’énergie renouvelables Phase 1 : 3 megawatt. Phase 2 (objectif) : 5 megawatt. Quartier Perrache-Sainte Blandine : 2,5 megawatt ANNEXE 1 LYON CONFLUENCE, CHIFFRES CLÉS
27 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse 2009 Transfert du Marché d’Intérêt National à Corbas (Sud-est de Lyon). Livraison partielle du quartier de la place Nautique (premiers logements). Déménagement des prisons à Corbas. Pose des passerelles de la place Nautique. Ouverture d’un kilomètre de promenade de Saône : espaces publics du port Rambaud. Réalisation du jardin aquatique nord (parc de Saône). Livraison de sièges d’entreprise : groupe Eiffage, Espace Group, Cardinal et restaurant LeBec. 2010 Signature de la convention avec le WWF-France (accompagnement 2010- 2015). Ouverture des rues Casimir Perier et Cours Bayard prolongés jusqu’à la Saône. Livraison finale des îlots ABC (660 logements et 15000 m2 de bureaux). Ouverture du Parc de Saône. Création de la ZAC 2e phase (35 hectares). Démarrage des chantiers des îlots E et F. Livraison de la place des Archives (+ parking de 632 places) et des bureaux « Espace Confluence». 2011 Livraison du siège de la Région Rhône-Alpes. Révision simplifiée du plan local d’urbanisme. Dossier de réalisation de la ZAC 2e phase. Livraison partielle des îlots E et F. 2012 Ouverture du pôle de commerces et de loisirs. . Livraison des îlots E et F (240 logements). Ouverture du groupe scolaire Germaine Tillion (9 classes). Lancement des consultations architectes/promoteurs pour la 2e phase. Démarrage des chantiers des îlots H et K. 2013 Livraison du siège de GL Events. Inauguration de la direction régionale de la Banque de France. Livraison de la MJC et de la capitainerie. Ouverture de l’institut supérieur d’Ostéopathie de Lyon. 2014 Achèvement du siège d’Euronews. Ouverture de la ligne de tramway prolongée jusqu’à Gerland et de la passerelle Raymond Barre sur le Rhône. Ouverture du musée des Confluences. Achèvement des îlots H et K. Livraison de l’esplanade François Mitterrand. Démarrage des travaux îlot A3 2e phase. 2015 Ouverture de l’Université Catholique de Lyon et des programmes de logements et bureaux dans les anciennes prisons. Achèvement d’Hikari (îlot P). 2016 Livraison de l’îlot A3 ANNEXE 2 CALENDRIER
28 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse L’équipe Herzog & de Meuron associée au paysagiste Michel Desvigne a été retenue le 11 juin 2009 pour la deuxième phase du projet urbain. Pour la première phase, la cohérence du projet a été assurée par l’architecte urbaniste François Grether et le paysagiste Michel Desvigne. L’atelier Ruelle a été retenu en mai 2009 pour une mission d’urbanisme du secteur de la gare de Perrache, en mutation (départ des prisons, aménagement des rives de Saône...). ANNEXE 3 CONCEPTEURS (ESPACES PUBLICS) ET ARCHITECTES (BÂTI) Rives de Saône - Georges Descombes - ADR Architectes - Cap Vert - Sogreah - Acogec - LEA Place des Archives - HYL - Berim Parking des Archives - Atelier Arche « Time Square », 8 - 10 cours Charlemagne - Sagittaire Architectes Associés « Espace Confluence », 3 cours Charlemagne - Unanime Architectes « Le K » (îlot K) - Vera & Barrand - Arto - Benoît Crepet Voiries et place Denuzière - Opus - Axe Saône Îlot H1 - Hamonic & Masson « Le Denuzière » (îlot H2) - AFAA Îlot H3 - Atelier Régis Gachon Terrain de football Sonny Anderson et club house - Adequation - Jean-Jacques Hollard « Au fil de l’eau » (îlot E1) - Rue Royale Îlot E2 - Soho Architecture et Urbanisme « Amplia » (îlot E3) - Integral Lipsky + Rollet Architectes « L’Escale » (îlot E4) - Herman Kaufmann - Hervé Vincent Poste RTE (extension) - Rue Royale « La Croisée des Eaux » (îlot F1) - Emmanuelle Colboc Pôle enfance (îlot F2) - Garbit & Blondeau Piste d’athlétisme - Samoe Parc de Saône - ADR Architectes - Georges Descombes - Cap vert « Saône Park » (îlot A) - Tania Concko - Dusapin - Leclercq - Hervé Vincent « Lyon Islands » (îlot B) - Massimiliano Fuksas - Vincenzo Amantea - HTVS Architecture - Clément Vergély « Le Monolithe » (îlot C) - MVRDV - Winy Maas - Manuelle Gautrand - Erick van Egeraat - Combarel - Marrec - Pierre Gautier « Hikari » (îlot P) - Kengo Kuma MJC et capitainerie - Marcillon Thuillier Architecte Place Nautique - ADR Architectes - Georges Descombes - E2CA Passerelle fixe de la place Nautique - RFR Passerelle mobile de la place Nautique - Alto - Pccp Pôle de loisirs et de commerces - Jean- Paul Viguier Hôtel de Région - Atelier de Portzamparc Rue Paul Montrochet - Agnès Deldon - Coteba
29 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Le Progrès - Xanadu Eiffage - Atelier de la Rize Îlot M3 - RAU Pavillon « des Radios » - AAMCO Pavillon des Salins - Jakob - Mac Farlane Pavillon des Douanes - Wilmotte et associés «La Sucrière » - Z Architecture Pavillon 6 - Ruddy Ricciotti Euronews, Pavillon 7 - Jakob + MacFarlane « Dark point », Pavillon 8 - Decq - Cornette Pavillon Z - B+B Espaces Publics du Port Rambaud - Latz und Partners - Egis Aménagement Prisons Saint-Paul et Saint-Joseph (réhabilitation+construction) : « La vie grande ouverte » - Coord. : Thierry Roche - St-Paul : Garbit & Blondeau - St-Joseph : JJ Ory “ Milky Way ”, 42 cours Suchet - Audard et Favaro AFAA 17 - 18 - 19 quai Perrache - Sud architectes « La cure », cours Charlemagne - Atelier de la Rize « Empreinte », 28 - 31 quai Perrache - Soho Aurea « Patio Presqu’île », angle Bayard / Delandine - Agrega Architectes CRCI, quai Perrache - Cardinal Esplanade F. Mitterrand - Michel Desvigne Paysagiste - Herzog & de Meuron Le quartier du marché et Le Champ - Herzog & de Meuron - Michel Desvigne paysagiste Pont Raymond Barre - Alain Spielmann Musée des Confluences - Coop Himmelblau
30 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse ANNEXE 4 LEXIQUE Cogénération Principe de production simultanée de deux énergies différentes dans le même processus. Le cas le plus fréquent est la production d’électricité et de chaleur. Concertation Politique de consultation des personnes concernées par une décision avant que celle-ci soit prise. En urbanisme, elle consiste, a minima, à confronter les propositions du maître d’ouvrage à la critique des habitants, riverains, associations, etc. À La Confluence, la concertation se fait en amont : on sollicite le point de vue de tous les acteurs avant la mise en forme d’une proposition. Estacade Ouvrage assimilé à un pont ou à un viaduc, dont la caractéristique principale est d’être long et relativement bas. Maître d’ouvrage On appelle maître d’ouvrage (parfois maîtrise d’ouvrage, notée MOA) l’entité porteuse du besoin, définissant l’objectif du projet, son calendrier et le budget consacré à ce projet. Le résultat attendu du projet est la réalisation d’un produit, appelé ouvrage. La maîtrise d’ouvrage maîtrise l’idée de base du projet, et représente à ce titre les utilisateurs finaux à qui l’ouvrage est destiné. Ainsi, le maître d’ouvrage est responsable de l’expression fonctionnelle des besoins mais n’a pas forcément les compétences techniques liées à la réalisation de l’ouvrage. Maître d’œuvre Le maître d’oeuvre (ou maîtrise d’oeuvre, notée MOE) est l’entité retenue par le maître d’ouvrage pour réaliser l’ouvrage, dans les conditions de délais, de qualité et de coût fixées par ce dernier conformément à un contrat. La maîtrise d’oeuvre est donc responsable des choix techniques inhérents à la réalisation de l’ouvrage conformément aux exigences de la maîtrise d’ouvrage. Le maître d’oeuvre (en anglais Project Supervisor) a ainsi la responsabilité dans le cadre de sa mission de désigner une personne physique chargée du bon déroulement du projet (on parle généralement de maîtrise du projet), il s’agit du chef de projet. Nedo Agence paragouvernementale japonaise, l’équivalent de l’ADEME en France (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie), qui s’engage dans différents projets à la Confluence (îlot P, energy boxes).
31 Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse Noue Fossé peu profond et large, végétalisé, qui recueille provisoirement de l’eau, soit pour l’évacuer via un trop-plein, soit pour l’évaporer (évapotranspiration) ou l’infiltrer sur place. PLAI Prêt locatif aidé d’intégration. Destiné aux personnes en difficulté, il accueille des ménages disposant de ressources inférieures de 55 à 60 % au plafond de ressources exigé à l’entrée dans un logement PLUS. Plan climat Face au changement climatique, le Grand Lyon prend part aux engagements internationaux et nationaux. D’ici 2020, sur son territoire, il vise l’objectif de réduire de 20 % les gaz à effet de serre (GES) et sa consommation en énergie, et de porter à 20 % la part d’énergie renouvelable dans sa consommation totale. À l’horizon 2050, les émissions de GES pourraient être réduites par quatre. PLI Prêt locatif intermédiaire. Créés pour répondre aux besoins de catégories à revenus intermédiaires entre les plafonds PLA (ex-PLUS) et ceux qui permettent de louer un logement à loyer libre dans les grandes agglomérations. Les plafonds de ressources correspondent généralement à 1,5 fois ceux des PLUS. PLS Prêt locatif social. Les loyers applicables sont plafonnés et dépendent d’un zonage géographique. Les PLS sont destinés aux ménages dont les ressources ne dépassent pas un certain montant. L’investisseur peut ainsi louer son bien à un ménage qui présente un revenu jusqu’à 30 % supérieur aux plafonds du logement social classique. PLUS Prêt locatif à usage social destiné aux organismes de logement social (HLM) et aux sociétés d’économie mixte (SEM). Les opérations financées par le PLUS doivent accueillir au moins 30 % de locataires dont les revenus sont inférieurs à 60 % du plafond des ressources et 10 % de locataires dont les revenus sont supérieurs de 20 % maximum au plafond. Les logements sociaux ainsi réalisés sont accessibles à 75 % de la population. SHON Surface hors œuvre nette. Correspond à la somme des surfaces de plancher de chaque niveau, déduction faite des surfaces non habitables (caves, greniers, balcons…). La première phase d’aménagement de La Confluence atteint 400 000 m² SHON et la deuxième 420 000 m² SHON.
Octobre 2012 SPLA Lyon Confluence Dossier de presse CONTACTS PRESSE SPLA Lyon Confluence Flavie Cluzel 04 78 38 74 00 fcluzel@lyon-confluence.fr Grand Lyon Attachée de presse du Président Agnès Benoist 06 87 72 05 01 abenoist@grandlyon.org

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Annexes