This document provides information about the On Fire Matrix marketing system and pay plan. It includes details on the different levels (Ignite, Flame, Fire, Blaze, Inferno), how the 2x2 Spark and 2x3 matrix levels work, potential earnings at each level, and how the global network builder component allows for additional earnings potential. The goal of On Fire Matrix is to explode the global network marketing industry through top-of-the-line marketing products and a patented business model that pays out 90% and allows members to earn from both their personal team and the overall company network.
Several research groups hope to create transgenic monkeys with immune or brain disorders to study therapies for humans, as mice models are often inadequate. This work will likely use CRISPR gene editing. A brain-controlled exoskeleton is expected to enable a paralyzed person to kick a ball at the 2014 World Cup. Two competing antibody cancer treatments that harness the immune system showed better responses than existing therapies. Antibodies targeting HIV cleared an HIV-related virus in monkeys and will soon be tested in humans, as was curing a baby born with HIV using high-dose antiretroviral drugs. A miniature DNA sequencer the size of a memory stick aims to sequence longer DNA strands in real-time. The first clinical
Hachette Book Group has rebuilt their own digital infrastructure in the past several years to leverage the advantages of scale — scale which they believe can be achieved through efficiency as well as through size. Under the leadership of Ken Michaels, President and COO of Hachette and Chair of the Book Industry Study Group, the company is focused on better providing value to authors by investing in services, capabilities, and agility, rather than relying strictly on volume and size.
IQPC’s Nordic IPR Forum is now in its 9th year running. It is a globally recognised IP event for senior IP professionals looking to manage patent portfolio and benchmark against best practice.
This innovative agenda will address key issues in Intellectual Property Rights, attend to:
• Learn how to deal with patent law in China and other emerging markets in order to protect your patents. You have to be out there, but the legal system is so different, and local contacts are invaluable. How can you plan for Asia, or South America, and how do you avoid the most common pitfalls?
• Optimise your patent portfolio and put cost-saving IP strategies in place. Getting the value of your patents right while cutting unnecessary costs is increasingly important in today’s competitive landscape.
• Stay up to date with EU and US patent law by learning more about the recent America Invents Act as well and learn about the implications of the recent act and the prospect of a single European patent regime.
• Bespoke conference streams for all of our dedicated experts, whatever your IP field is. We will be looking into intellectual property trademarks, top-level domains, portfolio management and case law.
For more information, please visit http://www.nordicipr.com/dl
Whether you are a traditional book publisher, an agent looking at digital publishing as an opportunity, a start up publisher or entrepreneur, or an author faced with the choice and option of publishing your own books, it is critical to know what is involved in digital publishing. Not only the steps, as they are different from or the same as the steps in print publishing have been, but the overall ecosystem that surrounds and supports digital publishing.
How ebooks Have Changed the Print Book Marketplace
Jonathan Nowell heads Nielsen Book. Their Bookscan service tracks sales of books and ebooks in the US, the UK, and other markets around the world.
In this presentation, Nowell will look back over a decade or more of Nielsen book sales data to tell us how the print world has changed. It is accepted fact now that ebooks work commercially for narrative books, but not so well for reference and illustrated books. What that means by category is the focus of Nowell's presentation. He will tell us both how the proportion of print and ebook sales break down in various categories, but also will show how the share of printed books has changed across categories as ebooks have taken hold in the marketplace. The data from Nowell will indicate to us what bookstores might look like in the future as the mainstay sales of bestselling authors move increasingly to digital.
Founder of Children’s Tech Review and host of the Dust or Magic Institute, Warren Buckleitner knows the ins and outs of children’s apps, ebooks, and digital games. Children’s Tech Review offers some of the best and highest quality ongoing trends reporting in the children's digital app space. Warren will explain what works and what’s next in children’s digital technology.
PlayCollective is a global research and strategy group focused on the impact of changing media and technology on education and entertainment for children and families. For the last two years, PlayCollective has also partnered with Digital Book World to track the growth of e-reading among families with children ages 2-13 and parents’ increasing belief in the beneficial power of ebooks. Join David Kleeman, PlayVangelist for PlayCollective, to get some insight on how parents', teachers', and kids' attitudes toward digital media are changing and what today's brands and tech companies are integrating into their products and content for both the home and the classroom.
This document provides information about the On Fire Matrix marketing system and pay plan. It includes details on the different levels (Ignite, Flame, Fire, Blaze, Inferno), how the 2x2 Spark and 2x3 matrix levels work, potential earnings at each level, and how the global network builder component allows for additional earnings potential. The goal of On Fire Matrix is to explode the global network marketing industry through top-of-the-line marketing products and a patented business model that pays out 90% and allows members to earn from both their personal team and the overall company network.
Several research groups hope to create transgenic monkeys with immune or brain disorders to study therapies for humans, as mice models are often inadequate. This work will likely use CRISPR gene editing. A brain-controlled exoskeleton is expected to enable a paralyzed person to kick a ball at the 2014 World Cup. Two competing antibody cancer treatments that harness the immune system showed better responses than existing therapies. Antibodies targeting HIV cleared an HIV-related virus in monkeys and will soon be tested in humans, as was curing a baby born with HIV using high-dose antiretroviral drugs. A miniature DNA sequencer the size of a memory stick aims to sequence longer DNA strands in real-time. The first clinical
Hachette Book Group has rebuilt their own digital infrastructure in the past several years to leverage the advantages of scale — scale which they believe can be achieved through efficiency as well as through size. Under the leadership of Ken Michaels, President and COO of Hachette and Chair of the Book Industry Study Group, the company is focused on better providing value to authors by investing in services, capabilities, and agility, rather than relying strictly on volume and size.
IQPC’s Nordic IPR Forum is now in its 9th year running. It is a globally recognised IP event for senior IP professionals looking to manage patent portfolio and benchmark against best practice.
This innovative agenda will address key issues in Intellectual Property Rights, attend to:
• Learn how to deal with patent law in China and other emerging markets in order to protect your patents. You have to be out there, but the legal system is so different, and local contacts are invaluable. How can you plan for Asia, or South America, and how do you avoid the most common pitfalls?
• Optimise your patent portfolio and put cost-saving IP strategies in place. Getting the value of your patents right while cutting unnecessary costs is increasingly important in today’s competitive landscape.
• Stay up to date with EU and US patent law by learning more about the recent America Invents Act as well and learn about the implications of the recent act and the prospect of a single European patent regime.
• Bespoke conference streams for all of our dedicated experts, whatever your IP field is. We will be looking into intellectual property trademarks, top-level domains, portfolio management and case law.
For more information, please visit http://www.nordicipr.com/dl
Whether you are a traditional book publisher, an agent looking at digital publishing as an opportunity, a start up publisher or entrepreneur, or an author faced with the choice and option of publishing your own books, it is critical to know what is involved in digital publishing. Not only the steps, as they are different from or the same as the steps in print publishing have been, but the overall ecosystem that surrounds and supports digital publishing.
How ebooks Have Changed the Print Book Marketplace
Jonathan Nowell heads Nielsen Book. Their Bookscan service tracks sales of books and ebooks in the US, the UK, and other markets around the world.
In this presentation, Nowell will look back over a decade or more of Nielsen book sales data to tell us how the print world has changed. It is accepted fact now that ebooks work commercially for narrative books, but not so well for reference and illustrated books. What that means by category is the focus of Nowell's presentation. He will tell us both how the proportion of print and ebook sales break down in various categories, but also will show how the share of printed books has changed across categories as ebooks have taken hold in the marketplace. The data from Nowell will indicate to us what bookstores might look like in the future as the mainstay sales of bestselling authors move increasingly to digital.
Founder of Children’s Tech Review and host of the Dust or Magic Institute, Warren Buckleitner knows the ins and outs of children’s apps, ebooks, and digital games. Children’s Tech Review offers some of the best and highest quality ongoing trends reporting in the children's digital app space. Warren will explain what works and what’s next in children’s digital technology.
PlayCollective is a global research and strategy group focused on the impact of changing media and technology on education and entertainment for children and families. For the last two years, PlayCollective has also partnered with Digital Book World to track the growth of e-reading among families with children ages 2-13 and parents’ increasing belief in the beneficial power of ebooks. Join David Kleeman, PlayVangelist for PlayCollective, to get some insight on how parents', teachers', and kids' attitudes toward digital media are changing and what today's brands and tech companies are integrating into their products and content for both the home and the classroom.
In this presentation at Launch Kids, Jonathan Nowell of Nielsen Book will examine the data his company has developed about the habits and preferences of younger readers and children's book buyers. He will offer insight about the consumption habits of younger readers with some thoughtful speculation about how children's book buying is changing over time (across formats and channels) and why young people today continue to remain attached to the printed book.
The growth of digital devices, digital reading, and online purchasing is opening up new opportunities for publishers around the world, and this is particularly true in the classroom environment. Shane Armstrong, Executive Vice President of Scholastic Corporation and President of International Growth Markets, will present an overview of Scholastic’s big plans for global educational publishing, especially in the core areas of math and reading. He’ll talk about new opportunities with assessment, how ancillary products support Scholastic’s goals, and how trade pubs can take advantage of an increasingly global (and increasingly digital) education market.
Nielsen regularly tracks the children’s book consumer market through its BookScan data and on-going consumer surveys. In this presentation, they’ll look at trends in book buying behaviors among parents and kids – and help publishers understand what that means for the future of both print and digital children’s book sales.
These publishers share details about their newly launched products, partnerships, imprints and ventures. Both relatively new and long established children’s publishers will discuss how they’ve built their companies and retooled their strategies for a more digital future.
Publishers are following their customers into mobile as handheld devices take over, developing new strategies to extend print and digital products into the mobile space. This panel will review the latest data about mobile usage among kids and will discuss the impact of mobile on how children’s book consumers find, buy, and interact with books and book-related content.
SARAH MLYNOWSKI is the author of nineteen books for tweens, teens and adults, including the upcoming DON’T EVEN THINK ABOUT IT from Random House, theWhatever After series from Scholastic, TEN THINGS WE DID (AND PROBABLY SHOULDN’T HAVE) from HarperCollins, SEE JANE WRITE: A GIRL’S GUIDE TO WRITING CHICK LIT from Quirk and MILKRUN from Harlequin. Her books have more than 3 million copies in print, and have been translated into twenty-seven languages and optioned to Hollywood. Sarah started her career in the marketing department of Harlequin, and has embraced every sort of social media tool – from her own website to Instagram, Wattpad, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Goodreads, Google Plus, and even, once upon a time, MySpace. You can visit her at http://www.sarahm.com or find her at @SarahMlynowski.
Insight Strategy Group provides research and consulting services to big brands and media companies. CEO Stacey Matthias will take a look at general kids' digital media trends and how books fit into larger digital ecosystem. She'll look at how, when, where kids are consuming their books, games, movies, and video; and she’ll examine how child development impacts media consumption at each stage, and the role of books at each level.
This document discusses licensing and formatting for Made in Me's story, brand, and speed over management. It provides an email and social media contact for Eric at Made in Me.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of 43 publishing start-ups and 25 traditional publishers. It finds that start-ups consider themselves disruptive to many players in publishing. Their biggest challenges are slow industry cycles, marketing, and funding. Publishers face issues with data management and digital workflows. Both groups identified problems around audience engagement, discovery, and simplifying transactions. The survey explores areas of cooperation and evaluation criteria between start-ups and publishers.
Reaching a Global Audience of Readers -- Presented by Allen Lau, CEO and Co-Founder, Wattpad
At Publishers Launch Frankfurt, Frankfurt Book Fair, 8 October 2013
Wattpad has a fast-growing user base of over 15 million members, including readers and emerging writers from the English-speaking world as well as from Spain, Mexico, Germany, the Philippines, Vietnam, the BRIC countries, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere around the globe. Wattpad will describe how some pioneering publishers are using the Wattpad platform as a marketing tool: building author-reader connections, publishing original short stories and prequels within existing series, and creating direct relationships with an increasingly global audience that buys their ebooks. And they'll point to the major markets where their user base is growing quickly, like Germany.
This document discusses e-publishing in developing countries. It notes that developing countries are at different stages of adopting e-publishing, similar to a car race with some countries ahead and others behind. It proposes taking a new approach by recognizing different digital maturity levels and focusing on bridging the digital divide through low-cost devices, education, and local e-commerce. The document concludes by providing tips for adapting e-publishing strategies to local contexts in developing markets.
Data-Driven Publishing: Using Big Data and smart analysis to make better decisions across the business -- Presented by Ken Brooks, Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill
At Publishers Launch Frankfurt, Frankfurt Book Fair, 8 October 2013
With more data from more internal and external sources available to publishers than ever before, and with ever-more powerful tools and service providers to crunch them, it is incumbent on C-level executives to build Big Data capabilities into their organizations. The possibilities, and the imperatives, will be the topic for Ken Brooks, who has held senior management positions at Bantam Doubleday Dell, Simon & Schuster, Barnes & Noble, and Cengage, and is both a master of data and experienced with all kinds of publishing.
Although there are service providers to do Big Data crunching, and any publisher might use them for some challenges, Brooks believes that learning to use available tools routinely will become a necessary skill set in most publishing houses. He says the key is to become more “data-driven” in analysis and decision-making, because data-driven decisions are possible in more ways than ever before and because publishing is particularly amenable to improvement through the skilled use of data.
Brooks also points out that routine Big Data analysis will become increasingly accurate and beneficial over time. He believes it is an emerging competitive tool of great importance and that the companies that get it soonest will gain great advantage. In this presentation, he will give publishers ideas about how to use Big Data across their enterprise: marketing, editorial, operations, and finance.
Benedict Evans of Enders Analysis in London tracks the big companies that manage so much of the environment and ecosystem in which publishers operate. In this presentation, he will review the strategies of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, with a special focus on the aspects of their activities that affect book publishers. Then Evans will talk about how publishers can best take advantage of the opportunities these companies make available while avoiding the pitfalls of dancing with partners who dwarf the publishing industry—let alone any single player—in size.
In several short years, F+W Media has built its thriving ecommerce business to revenues in the tens of millions. Economies of scale have made this possible. David Nussbaum, Chairman & CEO will share how applying a single strategy to its direct-to-consumer ecommerce business has benefitted even the Company’s narrowest communities through increased efficiencies and shared resources. By focusing on creating best practices to serve its largest six communities and by deploying a centralized service model, two dozen of its smaller sub-communities have achieved greater reach and growing revenues. Hear from Nussbaum and learn how economies of scale make ecommerce success possible for publishing companies of any size.
Linda Leonard and Sonia Nash Gupta will present about teen list destination RandomBuzzers.com. They will talk about the importance of creating content that engages readers and draws in new members as well as how they are evolving and amplifying members' interests while promoting RH titles and authors.
- Teens get books from a variety of sources, with Amazon.com and public libraries being the top sources.
- Barnes & Noble bookstores and school libraries are also commonly used acquisition sources.
- Females acquire books from more sources than males, with swapping books among friends being more common for females.
Important changes to copyright law are being made by governments and in courtrooms around the world changes that can have a direct impact on the business of publishing and the ways in which content is licensed and used outside the country whose legislature or court took action. Michael Healy, formerly the head of the Book Industry Study and Group and the Book Rights Registry, is now Executive Director at Copyright Clearance Center, the leading global provider of content and licensing solutions.
In this talk, Healy reviews recent copyright developments around the world and some that are pending and explain how business-critical their implications are for publishers and users everywhere.
Rebecca Smart is the CEO of Osprey Group, which began as a military specialist publisher but is rapidly expanding into other verticals. When they bought the fledgling sci-fi imprint Angry Robot from HarperCollins, Smart remarked at the time that military buffs love science fiction. They also own two businesses publishing for the UK heritage market, Shire and Old House. Recently they acquired the UK publisher Duncan Baird, which owns a substantial and long-standing religion imprint called Watkins as well as a list with many mind body spirit books and titles in food and health. That gives Osprey at least two more vertical areas to work in and a start on some others. In this presentation, Smart describes Osprey's vertical strategy and discusses how what Osprey has learned and developed for its original market of military buffs benefits them in other areas far afield from where they started.
The document discusses delivering enterprise technology as a service. It outlines key requirements for this model including cost, security, best practices, constant enhancement, single sign-on, and seamless data integration. It describes elements of an IT as a service model such as service design, pricing, organizational structure, and technology architecture. Examples of service design and pricing for HCM functions like workforce management and rewards management are provided. The technology architecture separates applications into three types: custom apps, packaged apps, and platform as a service, all built on an infrastructure as a service foundation.
In this presentation at Launch Kids, Jonathan Nowell of Nielsen Book will examine the data his company has developed about the habits and preferences of younger readers and children's book buyers. He will offer insight about the consumption habits of younger readers with some thoughtful speculation about how children's book buying is changing over time (across formats and channels) and why young people today continue to remain attached to the printed book.
The growth of digital devices, digital reading, and online purchasing is opening up new opportunities for publishers around the world, and this is particularly true in the classroom environment. Shane Armstrong, Executive Vice President of Scholastic Corporation and President of International Growth Markets, will present an overview of Scholastic’s big plans for global educational publishing, especially in the core areas of math and reading. He’ll talk about new opportunities with assessment, how ancillary products support Scholastic’s goals, and how trade pubs can take advantage of an increasingly global (and increasingly digital) education market.
Nielsen regularly tracks the children’s book consumer market through its BookScan data and on-going consumer surveys. In this presentation, they’ll look at trends in book buying behaviors among parents and kids – and help publishers understand what that means for the future of both print and digital children’s book sales.
These publishers share details about their newly launched products, partnerships, imprints and ventures. Both relatively new and long established children’s publishers will discuss how they’ve built their companies and retooled their strategies for a more digital future.
Publishers are following their customers into mobile as handheld devices take over, developing new strategies to extend print and digital products into the mobile space. This panel will review the latest data about mobile usage among kids and will discuss the impact of mobile on how children’s book consumers find, buy, and interact with books and book-related content.
SARAH MLYNOWSKI is the author of nineteen books for tweens, teens and adults, including the upcoming DON’T EVEN THINK ABOUT IT from Random House, theWhatever After series from Scholastic, TEN THINGS WE DID (AND PROBABLY SHOULDN’T HAVE) from HarperCollins, SEE JANE WRITE: A GIRL’S GUIDE TO WRITING CHICK LIT from Quirk and MILKRUN from Harlequin. Her books have more than 3 million copies in print, and have been translated into twenty-seven languages and optioned to Hollywood. Sarah started her career in the marketing department of Harlequin, and has embraced every sort of social media tool – from her own website to Instagram, Wattpad, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Goodreads, Google Plus, and even, once upon a time, MySpace. You can visit her at http://www.sarahm.com or find her at @SarahMlynowski.
Insight Strategy Group provides research and consulting services to big brands and media companies. CEO Stacey Matthias will take a look at general kids' digital media trends and how books fit into larger digital ecosystem. She'll look at how, when, where kids are consuming their books, games, movies, and video; and she’ll examine how child development impacts media consumption at each stage, and the role of books at each level.
This document discusses licensing and formatting for Made in Me's story, brand, and speed over management. It provides an email and social media contact for Eric at Made in Me.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of 43 publishing start-ups and 25 traditional publishers. It finds that start-ups consider themselves disruptive to many players in publishing. Their biggest challenges are slow industry cycles, marketing, and funding. Publishers face issues with data management and digital workflows. Both groups identified problems around audience engagement, discovery, and simplifying transactions. The survey explores areas of cooperation and evaluation criteria between start-ups and publishers.
Reaching a Global Audience of Readers -- Presented by Allen Lau, CEO and Co-Founder, Wattpad
At Publishers Launch Frankfurt, Frankfurt Book Fair, 8 October 2013
Wattpad has a fast-growing user base of over 15 million members, including readers and emerging writers from the English-speaking world as well as from Spain, Mexico, Germany, the Philippines, Vietnam, the BRIC countries, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere around the globe. Wattpad will describe how some pioneering publishers are using the Wattpad platform as a marketing tool: building author-reader connections, publishing original short stories and prequels within existing series, and creating direct relationships with an increasingly global audience that buys their ebooks. And they'll point to the major markets where their user base is growing quickly, like Germany.
This document discusses e-publishing in developing countries. It notes that developing countries are at different stages of adopting e-publishing, similar to a car race with some countries ahead and others behind. It proposes taking a new approach by recognizing different digital maturity levels and focusing on bridging the digital divide through low-cost devices, education, and local e-commerce. The document concludes by providing tips for adapting e-publishing strategies to local contexts in developing markets.
Data-Driven Publishing: Using Big Data and smart analysis to make better decisions across the business -- Presented by Ken Brooks, Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill
At Publishers Launch Frankfurt, Frankfurt Book Fair, 8 October 2013
With more data from more internal and external sources available to publishers than ever before, and with ever-more powerful tools and service providers to crunch them, it is incumbent on C-level executives to build Big Data capabilities into their organizations. The possibilities, and the imperatives, will be the topic for Ken Brooks, who has held senior management positions at Bantam Doubleday Dell, Simon & Schuster, Barnes & Noble, and Cengage, and is both a master of data and experienced with all kinds of publishing.
Although there are service providers to do Big Data crunching, and any publisher might use them for some challenges, Brooks believes that learning to use available tools routinely will become a necessary skill set in most publishing houses. He says the key is to become more “data-driven” in analysis and decision-making, because data-driven decisions are possible in more ways than ever before and because publishing is particularly amenable to improvement through the skilled use of data.
Brooks also points out that routine Big Data analysis will become increasingly accurate and beneficial over time. He believes it is an emerging competitive tool of great importance and that the companies that get it soonest will gain great advantage. In this presentation, he will give publishers ideas about how to use Big Data across their enterprise: marketing, editorial, operations, and finance.
Benedict Evans of Enders Analysis in London tracks the big companies that manage so much of the environment and ecosystem in which publishers operate. In this presentation, he will review the strategies of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, with a special focus on the aspects of their activities that affect book publishers. Then Evans will talk about how publishers can best take advantage of the opportunities these companies make available while avoiding the pitfalls of dancing with partners who dwarf the publishing industry—let alone any single player—in size.
In several short years, F+W Media has built its thriving ecommerce business to revenues in the tens of millions. Economies of scale have made this possible. David Nussbaum, Chairman & CEO will share how applying a single strategy to its direct-to-consumer ecommerce business has benefitted even the Company’s narrowest communities through increased efficiencies and shared resources. By focusing on creating best practices to serve its largest six communities and by deploying a centralized service model, two dozen of its smaller sub-communities have achieved greater reach and growing revenues. Hear from Nussbaum and learn how economies of scale make ecommerce success possible for publishing companies of any size.
Linda Leonard and Sonia Nash Gupta will present about teen list destination RandomBuzzers.com. They will talk about the importance of creating content that engages readers and draws in new members as well as how they are evolving and amplifying members' interests while promoting RH titles and authors.
- Teens get books from a variety of sources, with Amazon.com and public libraries being the top sources.
- Barnes & Noble bookstores and school libraries are also commonly used acquisition sources.
- Females acquire books from more sources than males, with swapping books among friends being more common for females.
Important changes to copyright law are being made by governments and in courtrooms around the world changes that can have a direct impact on the business of publishing and the ways in which content is licensed and used outside the country whose legislature or court took action. Michael Healy, formerly the head of the Book Industry Study and Group and the Book Rights Registry, is now Executive Director at Copyright Clearance Center, the leading global provider of content and licensing solutions.
In this talk, Healy reviews recent copyright developments around the world and some that are pending and explain how business-critical their implications are for publishers and users everywhere.
Rebecca Smart is the CEO of Osprey Group, which began as a military specialist publisher but is rapidly expanding into other verticals. When they bought the fledgling sci-fi imprint Angry Robot from HarperCollins, Smart remarked at the time that military buffs love science fiction. They also own two businesses publishing for the UK heritage market, Shire and Old House. Recently they acquired the UK publisher Duncan Baird, which owns a substantial and long-standing religion imprint called Watkins as well as a list with many mind body spirit books and titles in food and health. That gives Osprey at least two more vertical areas to work in and a start on some others. In this presentation, Smart describes Osprey's vertical strategy and discusses how what Osprey has learned and developed for its original market of military buffs benefits them in other areas far afield from where they started.
The document discusses delivering enterprise technology as a service. It outlines key requirements for this model including cost, security, best practices, constant enhancement, single sign-on, and seamless data integration. It describes elements of an IT as a service model such as service design, pricing, organizational structure, and technology architecture. Examples of service design and pricing for HCM functions like workforce management and rewards management are provided. The technology architecture separates applications into three types: custom apps, packaged apps, and platform as a service, all built on an infrastructure as a service foundation.