The document provides information about several species of birds found in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, including 11 types of birds of paradise. It describes key details about each species such as physical characteristics, habitat, behavior, discovery details, and conservation status. Many of the birds of paradise featured have elaborate mating displays and sexual dimorphism between males and females. Several species are endemic to specific regions and some are threatened due to habitat loss.

1. ANIMAL AND PLANT
CONSERVATION
Created by
Jarisa Alfi Yuliyanti

2. ANIMAL’S CONSERVATION

3. 1. PARADISE

4. NATIONAL PARK
 Washur National Park

5. WASUR NATIONAL PARK
 Wasur National Park is representative of the wetlands of the most widespread in Papua / Irian
Jaya and a little disturbed by human activity.
Approximately 70 percent of the national park area of savanna vegetation, the other was a
swamp forest vegetation, forests season, coastal forests, bamboo forests, grasslands and
swamp forests are large enough sago. Plant species that dominate the forest in this national
park include fires (Avicennia sp.), Tancang (Bruguiera sp.), Ketapan (Terminalia sp.), And
eucalyptus (Melaleuca sp.).
Common species encountered include tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus spadix), musk king
(Psittrichus fulgidus), cassowary gelambir (Casuarius casuarius sclateri), virgin crown / Crowned
Pigeon (Goura cristata), large yellow paradise (Paradisea apoda novaeguineae), king of
paradise ( Cicinnurus regius rex), red paradise (Paradisea rubra), freshwater crocodile
(Crocodylus novaeguineae) and saltwater crocodile (C. porosus).
Valuable biodiversity and amazing National Park Wasur, causing this area better known as
"Serengiti Papua".
Wetlands in this national park is the most productive ecosystems in providing food and protection
materials for the life of various types of fish, shrimp and crabs that have high economic value.
Various types of wildlife such as migratory birds, wallabies and cassowaries often come and
inhabit the Blue Marsh Lake. Therefore, the Blue Marsh Lake is called "Motherland" because the
height of the lives of animals. This location is perfect for observing wildlife attractions that attract
and amaze.

6. SPECIES OF PARADISE
 • Blue Bird
• Paradise Crow
• Goldie's Bird-of-paradise
• Emperor Bird of Paradise
• Superb Bird of Paradise
• Bird of Paradise
• Lesser Bird of Paradise
•-wired Bird of Paradise
• Red Bird of Paradise
• Paradise Panji
• Paradise Parotia
• Raggiana Bird of Paradise
• Bird of Paradise King

7. 1. BLUE BIRD OF PARADISE
 The Blue Bird-of-paradise, Pa ra d is a e a rud o lp hi, is a medium-sized,
approximately 30 cm long, black bird-of-paradise with a bluish-white bill,
dark brown iris, grey legs, broken white eye-ring and bright blue wings.
The male is adorned with violet blue and cinnamon flank plumes and two
long ribbon-like tail feathers. The female has a chestnut brown below.
 The Blue Bird-of-paradise is endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is
distributed to mountain forests of southeastern New Guinea. It is shown
on ITIS to be monotypic, but additional subspecies m a rg a rita e and a m p la
have been described.
 Blue Bird-of-paradise by Ellis Rowan c. 1917
 The male is polygamous and performs a breathtaking courtship display.
But unlike all other Pa ra d is a e a species, he performs solitary with
attending female nearby. In display, the male hangs from a branch upside
down. The black oval with red margin at the centre of his chest is
rhythmically enlarged and contracted. His violet blue plumes spread out
in a fan, swaying its body back and forth while the central tail feathers
form two impressive arches down to either side. Throughout his
performance he vocalizes softly in a low but harsh vibrating voice.
 Regarded by ornithologists as the loveliest of all birds, the Blue Bird-of-
paradise was discovered by Carl Hunstein in 1884. The scientific name
commemorates the ill-fated Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria.

9. 2.PARADISE-CROW
 The Paradise-crow, Ly c o c o ra x p y rrho p te rus , also known as
the Silky Crow, is a medium-sized (approximately 34 cm long)
crow-like bird of paradise with all-dark, soft and silky plumage.
It has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call reminiscent of a
dog's bark. Both sexes are almost similar. The female is
slightly smaller than the male.
 One of the few monogamous birds of paradise, the Paradise-
crow is endemic to lowland forests of the Maluku islands in
Indonesia. The diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods.
Three subspecies are recognized, with the nominate
subspecies having the least or no white patch on the inner
flight feathers.
 A common species throughout its habitat range, the Paradise
Crow is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.

10. Paradise-crow

11. 3. GOLDIE'S BIRD-OF-PARADISE
 The Goldie's Bird-of-paradise, Pa ra d is a e a d e c o ra is a large,
approximately 33 cm long, olive-brown bird-of-paradise. The male
has a yellow and dark green plumage with a lavender grey
breast, yellow iris and grey colored bill, mouth and feet. It is
adorned with large crimson ornamental flank plumes and two
long tail wires. The male is distinguished from other Pa ra d is a e a
species by its lavender grey breast plumage. Unadorned female
has an olive-brown plumage with cinnamon-brown below.
 Endemic to Papua New Guinea, the Goldie's Bird-of-paradise is
distributed in the hill forests of Fergusson and Normanby Island
of the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, eastern Papuan Islands. The
diet consists mainly of fruits.
 The name commemorates the Scottish collector Andrew Goldie,
who discovered the bird in 1882.
 Due to ongoing habitat loss, limited range and overhunting in
some areas, the Goldie's Bird-of-paradise is evaluated as Near
Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is
listed on Appendix II of CITES.

12. Goldie's Bird-of-paradise

13. 4. EMPEROR BIRD-OF-PARADISE
 Emperor Bird of Paradise or in the name of science Paradisaea guilielmi is a kind of medium-sized birds
of paradise, with a length of about 33cm, of the genus Paradisaea. This bird is yellow and brown,
beaked bluish gray, purplish-brown legs and iris reddish brown.
Adult male birds have a face, the head of the front and shiny green throat. The back of the head, back
and wings are yellow, and the lower body is brown. On the side of his chest feathers are white
decoration and there are two diekornya long cord is black. Females are smaller, without ornament
decorated with feathers, has dark brown head, back and body tawny brown bottom. The young bird has
feathers like a bird females.
Emperor Bird of the distribution found in the forests of the lower mountains and hills Huon Jasirah in
Papua New Guinea, usually from a height of 670 meters to 1350 meters altitude above sea level.
Emperor Bird of Paradise is a polygamous species. Lure male birds paired with a ritual dance in a group
lek. Male body hanging down, opened the exhibit decorative feathers. Emperor Bird of Paradise bird
feed consisting of fruits and various insects.
Emperor Bird of Paradise discovered by Carl Hunstein in one of his expeditions on the island of New
Guinea in January 1884. This species scientific name commemorates the German emperor, Frederick
William Albert Victor.
Based on the forest habitat loss continues, and the populations and areas where birds are found very
limited, Emperor Bird of Paradise evaluated as risk almost threatened in the IUCN Red List. Birds are
listed in CITES Appendix II.

14. Emperor Bird-of-paradise

15. 5. SUPERB BIRD-OF-PARADISE
 The Superb Bird-of-paradise, Lo p ho rina s up e rba , is
a small, approximately 26 cm long, passerine bird
of the Paradisaeidae (Birds of Paradise) family. It is
the only member in the genus Lo p ho rina . The male
is black with an iridescent green crown, blue-green
breast shield and a long velvety black erectile cape
covering his back. The female is a reddish-brown
bird with brownish barred buff below. The young is
similar to the female.
 The Superb Bird-of-paradise is distributed
throughout rainforests of New Guinea.

16. Superb Bird-of-paradise

17. 6. BIRD OF PARADISE
 Bird of Paradise, Paradisaea apoda, a large bird of paradise, about 43 cm
long, brown with maroon and yellow crowned. Emerald green throat and
blackish brown breast cushion. Male bird feathers decorated with a large
pelvic yellow and had a pair of long tail wires. The female bird, brown unlined
maroon.
Bird Bird of Paradise is the largest bird of the genus Paradisaea. He
scattered lowland forests and hills in the southwestern island of New Guinea
and Aru Island, Indonesia. The food consists of fruits, seeds and small
insects. A small number of birds was introduced by William Ingram year
1909-1912 on the island of Little Tobago in the Caribbean to save these birds
from extinction due to poaching for the fur trade. Population introduction
lasted until around the year 1958 and probably now extinct.
Carolus Linnaeus gave the name of Paradisaea apoda, which means
"paradise legless", due in early trading in Europe, this bird with no legs
prepared by the natives; this led to a misunderstanding that this bird is a
visitor from heaven that hovered in the air and never touch the ground until
dead.
Because the range commonly found in the habitat, bird Bird of Paradise is
evaluated low risk in the IUCN Red List of threatened species. These birds
are also listed on CITES Appendix II.

18. BIRD OF PARADISE

19. 7. LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE
 Lesser Bird of Paradise or in the name of science is a kind of minor
Paradisaea babbler medium-sized bird, with a length of about 32cm, of the
genus Paradisaea. This bird is yellow and brown, beaked blue-gray and has
a yellow iris. Adult male bird has feathers around the neck shiny emerald
green, on the side of the abdomen feathers are long decorative colored
yellow base and white on the outside. In the tail there are two strings of black
tail. Bird females are smaller than the male bird, has dark brown head, white
chest and without feathers decorated with ornaments.
BxZ Paradisaea minor 04.jpg
Population of Lesser Bird of Paradise is spread in the forest of Irian Jaya and
Papua New Guinea. These birds are also found on the island Misool, West
Irian Jaya province and the island of Yapen, province of Papua.
Lesser Bird of Paradise is a polygamous species. Attract male bird with a
ritual dance of couples who flaunt jewelry feathers. After copulation, the
males leave the female bird and started looking for other couples. The
female birds incubate and care for baby bird alone. Bird feed Lesser Bird of
Paradise consists of fruits and various insects.
This species has a wide distribution area and is often found in the habitat.
Lesser Bird of Paradise evaluated as Low Risk in the IUCN Red List and
listed in CITES Appendix II.

20. LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE

21. 8. WIRED BIRD OF PARADISE
 Wired Bird of Paradise or the scientific name Seleucidis
melanoleucus is a kind of babbler medium-sized bird, with a length
of about 33cm, from a single genus Seleucidis. Adult male bird has a
shiny black feathers, on the side of the belly feathers decorated with
yellow and black wire twelve. Long-beaked bird, black pointy with a
red iris. Female brown bird, smaller than males and birds without
feathers decorated with yellow wire or twelfth on the stomach.
Dead-wired Bird of Paradise is found in lowland forests on the island
of New Guinea. Like many other bird species in the tribe of Paradise,
Lesser Bird-wired is a polygamous species. Male birds attracted by
using the twelve pairs of wire in a ritual dance. After copulation, the
males leave the female bird and started looking for other couples.
The female birds incubate and care for baby bird alone. Bird seed-
wired Bird of Paradise consists of fruits and various insects.
This species has a wide distribution area and is often found in the
habitat. Dead-wired Bird of Paradise evaluated as Lower Risk on the
IUCN Red List and listed in CITES Appendix II.

22. Male
Female

23. 9. RED BIRD OF PARADISE
 Red Bird of Paradise or the scientific name Paradisaea rubra is a kind of babbler
medium-sized bird, with a length of about 33cm, from the clan Paradisaea. This
bird is yellow and brown, and yellow beaked. Adult male bird is about 72cm
which includes decorative feathers with blood red white tip on the side of his
stomach, face fur a dark emerald green and there are two diekornya long strap-
shaped black double spiral. The female birds are smaller than male birds, with
dark brown face and did not have feathers decoration.
Indonesian endemic, Red Bird found only in lowland forests on the island and
Batanta Waigeo the Raja Ampat regency, West Irian Jaya province.
Stavenn Paradisaea rubra 00.jpg
Red Bird is a polygamous species. Attract male bird with a ritual dance of
couples who flaunt jewelry feathers. After copulation, the males leave the female
bird and started looking for other couples. The female birds incubate and care for
baby bird alone. Red Bird bird feed consisting of fruits and various insects.
Based on the forest habitat loss continues, and the populations and areas where
birds are found very limited, Red Bird evaluated as risk almost threatened in the
IUCN Red List. Birds are listed in CITES Appendix II.

24. Red Bird of Paradise

25. 10. PARADISE PANJI
 Paradise Panji or the scientific name Pteridophora alberti is a kind of babbler small
bird, with a length of about 22cm, from a single genus Pteridophora. Adult male bird
has black hair and dark yellow, there is led by two pieces of wire coat scaly shiny blue-
sky, reaching 40cm in length and can be enforced at the time attract females. Fur coat
and grew back shaped black hood. Iris dark brown, legs gray brown and black beak
with the inside of the mouth of the sea-green. The female bird gray brown with stripes
and dark spots. Females are smaller than the male birds and without decorated wire
coat or hair ornaments.
Regional distribution of Saxony Bird of Paradise is in the mountainous island of New
Guinea jungle. Saxony Bird of Paradise Bird Feed consists of fruits, berries and
various insects.
AMNH Pteridophora alberti 00a.jpg
Like many other bird species in the tribe of Paradise, Bird of Bannerman is
polygamous species. Male birds attract couples using fur coat and the two wires in his
head in a ritual dance. After copulation, the males leave the female bird and started
looking for other couples. The female birds incubate and care for baby bird alone.
The scientific name commemorates Saxony Bird of Paradise birds of a German king,
Albert I of Saxony.
This species has a wide distribution area and are often found in the habitat. Paradise
Panji evaluated as low risk in the IUCN Red List and listed in CITES Appendix II.

26. Paradise Panji

27. 11. PARADISE PAROTIA
 Carola berlepschi (Indonesian: Paradise Carola) is
a family paradise bird of Paradise. This bird was
first discovered in the 19th century. Bird was named
after Hans von Berlepsch, a German ornithologis.
In an expedition in December 2005, the
researchers rediscovered this species in the Foja
Mountains, Papua, Indonesia. Given the limitations
of habitat and distribution information, this species
may be proposed as separate species.

29. 12. RAGGIANA BIRD OF PARADISE
 Raggiana Bird of Paradise or the scientific name Paradisaea raggiana is a kind of
babbler medium-sized bird, with a length of about 34cm, from the genus Paradisaea.
This bird is yellow and brown, beaked blue-gray, pink mouth, yellow iris and legs gray
purplish brown.
Adult male birds have feathers colorful decorations of red, orange and red color-a
mixture of orange on the side of his stomach, throat, dark emerald green, the chest hair
dark brown and there are two diekornya long strap is black. The female birds are
smaller than the male bird, with a brown face and did not have feathers decoration.
Regional distribution Raggiana Bird of Paradise is in the tropical rain forests, lowland
forests, hills and mountains of the southern island of New Guinea, from sea level to a
height of 1500 meters.
Stavenn Paradisaea raggiana 00.jpg
Raggiana Bird of Paradise is a polygamous species. Attract male bird with a ritual
dance of couples who flaunt jewelry feathers. After copulation, the males leave the
female bird and started looking for other couples. The female bird is usually incubate
two eggs and pink birds own parenting. Raggiana Bird of Paradise bird feed consisting
of fruits and various insects.
This species name commemorates a nobleman from Genoa, Italy named Francis Raggi.
Raggiana Bird of Paradise is the national animal of Papua New Guinea.
This species has a wide distribution area and are often found on habitat, Raggiana Bird
of Paradise evaluated as low risk in the IUCN Red List. Birds are listed in CITES
Appendix II.

30. Raggiana bird of Paradise

31. 13. KING BIRD OF PARADISE
 King Bird of Paradise, Cicinnurus regius, is a family member
babbler bird Paradise (birds of paradise) a body length of about
16cm. Male bird bright crimson and white with bright blue legs
dams has feathers like a fan of the color green tip on his
shoulders. The two elongated tail end uliran decorated with
emerald green feathers. The female bird is brown and striped
bottom.
King Bird of Paradise scattered throughout the lowland forest in
New Guinea and nearby islands. In English, this bird is called a
"living gem" ( "jewel of life ') which is the smallest birds of
paradise and colorful. Its main food consists of fruits and
artropod.
Male birds will bring the beautiful dances by swinging its tail,
flapping his white belly fur that made him look like cotton balls
and the pendulum acrobatic.
Because of widespread and commonly found in the habitat, King
Bird of Paradise is evaluated low risk in the IUCN Red List and
listed in CITES Appendix II.

32. King bird of Paradise

33. 2. TIGER

34. NATIONAL PARK
 Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park

35. BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL
PARK
 Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is representative of the Bukit Barisan
mountain range consisting of vegetation types of mangrove forest, beach
forest, tropical forest until pamah mountains in Sumatra.
Plant species in national parks include Sonneratia (Sonneratia sp.), Palm
(Nypa fruticans), sea pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), pandan (Pandanus sp.),
Cempaka (Michelia champaka), meranti (Shorea sp.), Mersawa ( Anisoptera
curtisii), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.), damar
(Agathis sp.), rattan (Calamus sp.), and Raflesia flower (Rafflesia arnoldi).
Plants that is characteristic of this national park is a tall corpse flower
(Amorphophallus decus-silvae), giant carrion flower (A. titanum) and the
giant orchid / cane (Grammatophylum speciosum). Higher rates can reach a
tall dead more than 2 meters.
Barisan Selatan National Park is the habitat of bears (Helarctos malayanus
malayanus), Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis),
Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas
maximus sumatranus), tapirs (Tapirus indicus), ungko (Hylobates agilis) ,
gibbon (H. syndactylus syndactylus), hoops (Presbytis melalophos
fuscamurina), deer (Tragulus kanchil javanicus), and hawksbill
(Eretmochelys imbricata).

36. TIGER
 Tigeror tigers belong in the animal kingdom
phylum kordata (has a spinal cord), sub-
phylum vertebrates (vertebrates), class of
mammals (warm-blooded, furry with
mammary glands), meat eaters (carnivores),
the family Felidae (cat), Panthera genus,
species tigris (tiger).
Tigers normally hunt large prey such as deer
rather sambar, deer, pigs, deer, mouse deer,
but will hunt small animals like hedgehogs
when a rather large prey were not there.

37. PHYSICAL OF TIGER

The tiger is known as the largest cat, the tiger is basically similar to
the lion in size, although a bit heavier. Different subspecies of tiger
have different characteristics as well, in general male tigers weigh
between 180 and 320 kg and females weigh between 120 and 180 kg.
The length of males between 2.6 and 3.3 meters, while females
between 2.3 and 2.75 meters. Among the living subspecies, Sumatran
tigers are the smallest and the Siberian tiger most.
In most tiger stripes varies from brown to black. The shape and
density of different lorengnya subspecies of one another, but almost
all the tigers have more than 100 stripes. Javan tiger is now extinct
may have stripes of even more. A unique pattern of each tiger's
stripes, and can be used to distinguish one another, similar to the
function used fingerprints to identify people. This is not, however, the
recommended method of identification, difficulties related to
recording the pattern of stripes on wild tigers. It seems the function
of camouflage is to camouflage, to hide them from prey.

38. SUBSPECIES OF TIGER
There are nine subspecies of tiger in the genus Panthera. Six of them were still alive today.
The three remaining subspecies of tigers have been officially deemed extinct.
[edit] Subspecies are still alive
* Indochina tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) - located in the rain forest and meadow
Malaysia, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
* Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) - located in the rain forests and grasslands of
Bangladesh, Bhutan, People's Republic of China, India, and Nepal.
* South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) - who live in rain forests and grasslands
central and western China.
* Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) - or also known as the Amur, Ussuri, Northeast
China tiger, or Manchurian tiger. Siberian tigers live in rain forests and grasslands of China,
North Korea, and Central Asia in Russia.
* The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) - who live only on Sumatra island.
* Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni) - who lived only in Peninsular Malaysia.
 Subspecies are already extinct
* Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) - an extinct around 1950. This Caspian tiger once
roamed the rain forests and grasslands of Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia, Turkey, central Asia
and Russia region.
* Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) - an extinct around 1972. Javan tiger once roamed
the rain forests of Java, Indonesia.
* Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica) - an extinct around 1937. Bali tiger once roamed the
rain forest islands of Bali, Indonesia.

40. PLANT CONSERVATION

41. 1. RAFFLESIA ARNOLDII

42. NATIONAL PARK / BOTANICAL
GARDEN
 Bogor Botanical Garden
 Bukit Barisan National Park

43. BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDEN
 Regions with an area of 87 hectares has been
established since 1817 on the initiative of Sir
Stamford Raffles, a British national who
served as governor of Java. The trees in this
area hundreds of years old. So not
surprisingly, the trees here have a big trunk
and reach tens of meters high. In each tree,
which contains the label attached to a tree
and when trees began to be planted. So, in
addition to travel, we can also know the trees
that we may not know existed.
A large tree in the Botanic Garden is making
the air cool and rich in oxygen. There are
more than 17,000 species, including species of
rare orchids. The trees are here not only from
domestic bersal but many also come from
abroad. Which is always interesting to watch
is the development of carrion flower (Rafflesia
arnoldi). This flower is unique because the
large size and when the bloom will remove
the stench that was named the dead flowers.

44. BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL
PARK
 Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is representative of the Bukit Barisan
mountain range consisting of vegetation types of mangrove forest, beach
forest, tropical forest until pamah mountains in Sumatra.
Plant species in national parks include Sonneratia (Sonneratia sp.), Palm
(Nypa fruticans), sea pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), pandan (Pandanus sp.),
Cempaka (Michelia champaka), meranti (Shorea sp.), Mersawa ( Anisoptera
curtisii), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.), damar
(Agathis sp.), rattan (Calamus sp.), and Raflesia flower (Rafflesia arnoldi).
Plants that is characteristic of this national park is a tall corpse flower
(Amorphophallus decus-silvae), giant carrion flower (A. titanum) and the
giant orchid / cane (Grammatophylum speciosum). Higher rates can reach a
tall dead more than 2 meters.
Barisan Selatan National Park is the habitat of bears (Helarctos malayanus
malayanus), Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis),
Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas
maximus sumatranus), tapirs (Tapirus indicus), ungko (Hylobates agilis) ,
gibbon (H. syndactylus syndactylus), hoops (Presbytis melalophos
fuscamurina), deer (Tragulus kanchil javanicus), and hawksbill
(Eretmochelys imbricata).

45. RAFFLESIA ARNOLDII
 Giant Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) are obligate parasites of plants
known for having very large flowers, even the largest flower in the
world. He grew up in vines network (liana) Tetrastigma and do not
have leaves that are not able to berfotosintesis. This plant is endemic
on the island of Sumatra, especially the southern part (Bengkulu,
Jambi and South Sumatra). Kerinci Seblat National Park is the main
conservation area of this species. These types, together with members
of the genus Rafflesia others, threatened status due to massive
deforestation. On the island of Java to grow only one type of parasite
patma, Rafflesia patma.
Interest is not rooted parasites, leafless, and not stemmed. The
diameter of the flower when in full bloom can reach 1 meter with a
weight of about 11 kilograms. Flower suck inorganic and organic
elements of the host plant Tetrastigma. The only part that could be
called a "plant" is a network that grows on vines Tetrastigma.
Flowers have five petals that surround the mouth that looks like a
barrel. On the basis of such interest is spiked disc, containing the
stamens or pistils depending on the sex of flowers, male or female.
Animal pollinators are flies attracted by the stench of interest
incurred. Interest only was about one week (5-7 days) and then
wither and die. Very small percentage of fertilization, because the
male flowers and female flowers bloom rarely together in one week, if
there are flies that come fertilize.

47. 2. BLACK ORCHID

48. NATIONAL PARK
 Gunung Palung National Park

49. GUNUNG PALUNG NATIONAL PARK
 Gunung palung National Park is one of nature
conservation area which has a biodiversity of
high-value, and various types of ecosystems
including mangrove forests, swamp forests, peat
swamp, freshwater swamp forests, tropical pamah
forest, and jungle-covered mountains that always
fog .
This national park is the only tropical forest area
Dipterocarpus the best and largest in Borneo.
Approximately 65 percent of the region, is still
primary forest is not disturbed by human
activities and have many plant communities and
wildlife.
Like other areas of West Kalimantan, this area is
generally covered by jelutung (Dyera costulata),
ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), damar (Agathis
borneensis), Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), Rengas
(Gluta renghas), ironwood (Eusideroxylon
zwageri), Bruguiera sp ., Lumnitzera sp.,
Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia sp., the strangler fig,
and medicinal plants.
Unique plants belonging to this national park is
the black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata), which is
easily seen in the River Matan especially in
February-April. The appeal of black orchid
flowers appear on the form marked with green
color combination with black spots on the center

50. BLACK ORCHID
 Black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata) are the only
species of orchids grow on the island of Borneo.
Black orchid flora is the mascot for the East
Kalimantan province. Today, black orchid native
habitat has decreased a significant amount due
to the reduced area of forest in Kalimantan, but
can still be found in the nature reserve Luway
grit in very small amounts. It is estimated that
higher numbers are in the hands of collectors of
orchids.
.

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK
ORCHID
Named after the black orchid because it has a
tongue orchids (labellum) is black with a few
lines of green and hairy. Petal Sepal and light
green color. The flowers are quite fragrant and
unusual fragrance bloom in March until June.
Black orchid orchid groups included in the form
simpodial with swollen bulb at the bottom and
leaves stuck in it. Each bulb has only two leaves
only. The leaves themselves briefly like palm
leaves on the shoot